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Frank Drake

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For the Australian rugby league player, see Frank Drake (rugby league). For the comic book character, see Frank Drake (comics). For the 16th century naval commander, see Francis Drake.

Frank Drake
Drake speaking at Cornell University in 2017
Born
Frank Donald Drake

(1930-05-28)May 28, 1930
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedSeptember 2, 2022(2022-09-02) (aged 92)
Aptos, California, U.S.
Alma mater
Known for
Spouses
Elizabeth Procter Bell
​
​
(m. 1952; div. 1976)​
Amahl Shakhashiri
​
(m. 1978)​
Children5, including Nadia
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy, astrophysics
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Santa Cruz, SETI
Doctoral advisorCecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

Frank Donald Drake (May 28, 1930 – September 2, 2022) was an American astrophysicist and astrobiologist.

He began his career as a radio astronomer, studying the planets of the Solar System and later pulsars. Drake expanded his interests to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), beginning with Project Ozma in 1960, an attempt at extraterrestrial communication. He developed the Drake equation,[1] which attempts to quantify the number of intelligent lifeforms that could potentially be discovered. Working with Carl Sagan, Drake helped to design the Pioneer plaque, the first physical message flown beyond the Solar System, and was part of the team that developed the Voyager Golden Record. Drake designed and implemented the Arecibo message in 1974, an extraterrestrial radio transmission of astronomical and biological information about Earth. He is the father of Advanced SETI.

Drake worked at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Cornell University, University of California at Santa Cruz, and the SETI Institute.

Early life and education

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Born on May 28, 1930, in Chicago, Illinois,[2] Drake showed an early interest in electronics and chemistry.[3] Drake first considered the possibility of life existing on other planets as an eight-year-old, after conjecturing that if human civilization was the result of chance then civilizations might also exist elsewhere in the universe.[4]

He enrolled at Cornell University on a Navy Reserve Officer Training Corps scholarship.[2] Once there he began studying astronomy. His ideas about the possibility of extraterrestrial life were reinforced by a lecture from astrophysicist Otto Struve in 1951.[4] After receiving a B.A. in Engineering Physics, Drake served briefly as an electronics officer on the heavy cruiser USS Albany. He then went on to graduate school at Harvard University from 1952 to 1955 where he received a M.S. and Ph.D. in Astronomy. His doctoral advisor was Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin.[5][2]

Career

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Drake began his research career as a radio astronomer, working at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Green Bank, West Virginia from 1958–63. At NRAO, he conducted research into radio emissions from the planets of the Solar System: using the radio telescope at Green Bank, Drake discovered the ionosphere and magnetosphere of Jupiter, and observed the atmosphere of Venus. He also mapped the radio emission from the Galactic Center.[4][6] Drake extended the capabilities of the under-construction Arecibo Observatory to allow it to be used for radio astronomy (it was originally designed purely for ionospheric physics).[6]

In April 1959, Drake obtained approval from the director Otto Struve of NRAO to begin Project Ozma, a search for extraterrestrial radio communications.[7] Initially, they agreed to keep the project secret, fearing public ridicule. However, Drake decided to publicize his project after Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison published a paper in Nature in September 1959, entitled "Searching for Interstellar Communications".[4][8] Drake began his Project Ozma observations in 1960, using the NRAO 26-meter radio telescope, by searching for possible signals from the star systems Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani. No extraterrestrial signals were detected and the project was terminated in July 1960. After learning about Project Ozma, Carl Sagan (then a graduate student) contacted Drake, initiating a lifelong collaboration between them.[7][4]

In 1961, Drake devised the Drake equation, which attempted estimate the number of extraterrestrial civilizations that might be detectable in the Milky Way.[1][4] The Drake equation has been described as the "second most-famous equation in science", after E=mc2.[9]

In 1963, Drake served as section chief of Lunar and Planetary Science at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He returned to Cornell in 1964, this time as a member of the faculty (academic staff), where he would spend the next two decades. He was promoted to Goldwin Smith Professor of Astronomy in 1976.[4][7][10] Drake served as associate director of the Cornell Center for Radiophysics and Space Research[when?], as director of the Arecibo Observatory from 1966 to 1968, and as director of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC, which includes the Arecibo facility), from its establishment in 1971 to 1981.[10]

In 1972, Drake co-designed the Pioneer plaque with Carl Sagan and Linda Salzman Sagan. The plaque was the first physical message sent into space and intended to be understandable by any sufficiently technologically advanced extraterrestrial lifeforms that might intercept it.[11] In 1974, Drake wrote the Arecibo message, the first interstellar message transmitted deliberately from Earth.[12] He later served as technical director, with Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan, in the development of the Voyager Golden Record, an improved version of the Pioneer plaque which also incorporated audio recordings.[10][13]

In 1984, Drake moved to the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC), becoming their Dean of Natural Science. The non-profit SETI Institute was founded the same year, with Drake as president of its board of trustees. Drake left his role as dean in 1988, but remained a professor at UCSC while also becoming director of the SETI Institute's Carl Sagan Center.[2][3] Drake was President of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific from 1988 to 1990. From 1989 to 1992, he was chairman of the Board of Physics and Astronomy for the National Research Council.[14] He retired from teaching in 1996 but remained emeritus professor of astronomy and astrophysics at UCSC.[15] In 2010, Drake stepped down as director of The Carl Sagan Center but continued to serve on the SETI Institute's board of trustees.[4][16]

On the subject of the search for the existence of extra-terrestrial life, Drake said: "[A]s far as I know, the most fascinating, interesting thing you could find in the universe is not another kind of star or galaxy … but another kind of life."[17]

Personal life

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Drake's hobbies included lapidary and the cultivation of orchids.[18]

He had five children, including science journalist Nadia Drake.[19][2]

Drake died on September 2, 2022, at his home in Aptos, California, from natural causes at the age of 92.[20][21]

Honors

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Physics Today 14 (4), 40–46 (1961). Drake, F. D. (April 1961). "Project Ozma". pubs.aip.org. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved April 27, 2023. The question of the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in space has long fascinated people, but, until recently, has been properly left to the science‐fiction writers.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Frank Drake, pioneer in the search for alien life, dies at 92". Science. September 2, 2022. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Frank D. Drake 1930 – 2022".
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Frank Drake – Biography, Facts and Pictures".
  5. ^ "Personal Portrait: CECILIA PAYNE". Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Dr. Frank Drake". ISDC 2018.
  7. ^ a b c "Frank Donald Drake". Oxford Reference.
  8. ^ Ccocconi, Giuseppe; Morrison, Philip (1959). "Searching for Interstellar Communications". Nature. 184 (4690): 844–846. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..844C. doi:10.1038/184844a0. S2CID 4220318.
  9. ^ "Drake Equation". September 29, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c Stephens, Tim. "Pioneering radio astronomer Frank Drake dies at 92". UC Santa Cruz News.
  11. ^ Sagan, Carl; Sagan, Linda Salzman; Drake, Frank (February 25, 1972). "A Message from Earth". Science. 175 (4024): 881–884. Bibcode:1972Sci...175..881S. doi:10.1126/science.175.4024.881. PMID 17781060.
  12. ^ David, Leonard (Summer 1980). "Putting Our Best Signal Forward". Cosmic Search. 2 (3): 2–7. Bibcode:1980CosSe...2....2D.
  13. ^ "Cornellians celebrate the Voyagers' historic Golden Record". Cornell Chronicle.
  14. ^ "Frank Drake".
  15. ^ University of California | Lick observatory www.ucolick.org retrieved 18:29 23 October 2011
  16. ^ "SETI Institute Names New Chief Alien Life Hunter". Space.com. June 14, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  17. ^ Scoles, Sarah (September 15, 2022). "Frank Drake (1930–2022)". Nature. 609 (7928): 672. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..672S. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02962-8. PMID 36109616. S2CID 252310226.
  18. ^ Billings, Lee (October 3, 2013). Five Billion Years of Solitude: The Search for Life Among the Stars (1st ed.). New York: Current, a member of Penguin Group. ISBN 9781617230066.
  19. ^ Broad, William J. (April 10, 1985). "EAVESDROPPERS LISTEN FOR COSMIC HELLO". The New York Times.
  20. ^ Overbye, Dennis (September 5, 2022). "Frank Drake, Who Led Search for Life on Other Planets, Dies at 92 – He was convinced that human beings would eventually connect with extraterrestrials, and he inspired others to share that belief". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  21. ^ Timmer, John (September 2, 2022). "Frank Drake, astronomer famed for contributions to SETI, has died". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  22. ^ "IAU Minor Planet Center". www.minorplanetcenter.net.
  23. ^ "Frank D. Drake". www.nasonline.org.
  24. ^ "Frank Donald Drake". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. February 9, 2023.
  25. ^ "Drake Award".
  26. ^ "National Space Society to Present Space Pioneer Award to SETI Astronomer Frank Drake". April 16, 2018.
  27. ^ "SITE FACILITIES".
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