Franconiasaurus

Franconiasaurus; Temporal range: Early Jurassic; (late Toarcian), ~175 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Holotype specimen of Franconiasaurus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	†Sauropterygia
Order:	†Plesiosauria
Superfamily:	†Plesiosauroidea
Genus:	†Franconiasaurus
Species:	†F. brevispinus
Binomial name
	†Franconiasaurus brevispinus; Sachs, Eggmaier & Madzia, 2024

Franconiasaurus (meaning "Franconia reptile") is an extinct genus of basal plesiosauroid plesiosaurs from the Early Jurassic of Germany. The genus contains a single species, F. brevispinus, known from two well-preserved three-dimensional skeletons.^[1]

Discovery and naming

The Franconiasaurus fossil material was discovered in sediments of the Mistelgau fossil pit of the lower Jurensismergel Formation (Grammoceras thouarsense Zone) in Bayreuth District, Bavaria, Germany. The holotype specimen, BT 011224.00, was discovered between 2014 and 2018 and consists of a nearly complete, partially articulated skeleton. BT 011241.00, an incomplete disarticulated specimen discovered in 2005, was also referred to Franconiasaurus.^[1]

In 2024, Sachs, Eggmaier & Madzia described Franconiasaurus brevispinus as a new genus and species of plesiosauroid based on these fossil remains. The generic name, "'Franconiasaurus", combines Franconia, after the Bavarian region of the type locality, with the Greek "σαῦρος" ("sauros"), meaning "reptile". The specific name, "brevispinus", references the short neural spines of some of the cervical and dorsal vertebrae.^[1]

Classification

In their phylogenetic analyses, Sachs, Eggmaier & Madzia (2024) recovered Franconiasaurus as a plesiosauroid member of the Plesiosauria, as the sister taxon to the Cryptoclidia. This suggests that Franconiasaurus fills an evolutionary gap between more basal taxa (like early plesiosauroids including Plesiosaurus-like forms and microcleidids) and later-diverging taxa (including cryptoclidids, leptocleidians, and elasmosaurids). Their results are displayed in the cladogram below:^[1]