Foremost Formation

Foremost Formation
Foremost Formation
Stratigraphic range: Campanian, 78.5–77.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Outcrops of the Foremost Formation (basal sandstone and MacKay coal zone) along the Milk River at Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Belly River Group (Judith River Group)
Underlies	Oldman Formation
Overlies	Pakowki Formation
Thickness	up to 170 metres (560 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone
Other	Shale, coal
Location
Region	Alberta
Country	Canada
Type section
Named for	Foremost, Alberta
Named by	D.B. Dowling, 1915

The Foremost Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous (Campanian) age that underlies much of southern Alberta, Canada. It was named for outcrops in Chin Coulee near the town of Foremost^[1] and is known primarily for its dinosaur remains and other fossils.^[3]

Geology

The Foremost Formation is the basal unit of the Belly River Group (called the Judith River Group in the United States). It gradationally overlies the marine shales of the Pakowki Formation. It consists of sediments that were eroded from the mountains to the west and carried northeastward by river systems, where they gradually prograded into the Western Interior Seaway.^[4]

The bottom of the formation typically consists of a basal sandstone unit overlain by the interbedded coal seams, carbonaceous shales and mudstones of the Mackay coal zone. The center portion consists of interbedded sandstones, siltstones and mudstones, with minor carbonaceous shales. At the top are the interbedded coal seams, carbonaceous shales and mudstones of the Taber coal zone.^[1]^[4] The basal sandstones, which are commonly referred to as the Basal Belly River Sand, are a significant hydrocarbon reservoir in some parts of Alberta.^[5]

The Foremost Formation outcrops along the Milk, Oldman and Bow Rivers. It is about 168 metres (550 ft) thick near Lethbridge,^[1] 107 metres (350 ft) thick near Medicine Hat,^[1] and 170 metres (560 ft) thick at Dinosaur Provincial Park.^[4]

Paleobiota

Invertebrates

A variety of insects preserved in amber such as the ants Haidoterminus and Boltonimecia have been recovered from the Foremost Formation at a site near Grassy Lake, Alberta.^[6]^[7] The formation also includes a variety of freshwater, brackish water and marine molluscs such as Ostrea and Corbula.^[1]

Dinosaurs

The Foremost Formation has produced a lower diversity of documented dinosaurs than other Late Cretaceous units in the region unlike the Dinosaur Park Formation, Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and Scollard Formation.^[8] This is primarily due to their lower total fossil quantity and neglect from collectors who are hindered by the isolation and scarcity of well-exposed outcrops.^[9] The fossils are primarily isolated teeth recovered from vertebrate microfossil sites.^[10]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Dinosaurs reported from the Foremost Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Description	Images
Colepiocephale	C. lambei					Colepiocephale Dromaeosaurus Hesperornis Probrachylophosaurus Richardoestesia Saurornitholestes Stegoceras Thanatotheristes Xenoceratops
Dromaeosaurus^[3]	Indeterminate^[3]
Hesperornis^[3]	H. regalis^[11]
Paronychodon^[3]	Indeterminate^[3]
Richardoestesia^[3]	Indeterminate^[3]
Saurornitholestes^[3]	Indeterminate^[3]
Stegoceras^[3]	Indeterminate^[3]
Thanatotheristes	T. degrootorum			right maxilla, right jugal, right postorbital, right surangular, right quadrate, right laterosphenoid, left frontal, and both dentaries	A tyrannosaurid closely related to Daspletosaurus
Xenoceratops	X. foremostensis			Skull Fragments
Probrachylophosaurus^[12]	indeterminate

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary; 1423 p. on CD. ISBN 0-920230-23-7.
^ Dowling, D.B. 1915. Southern Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Summary Report 1914, Part L, p. 43-51.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology. In: Currie, P.J. and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 54-82. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.
^ Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I., (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994). "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 24: Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Archived from the original on 2013-07-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ McKellar, R. C.; Glasier, J. R. N.; Engel, M. S. (2013). "A new trap-jawed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) from Canadian Late Cretaceous amber" (PDF). Canadian Entomologist. 145 (4): 454–465. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.23. hdl:1808/14425. S2CID 53993056.
^ Borysenko, L.H. (2017). "Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Insecta Mundi. 570: 1–57.
^ "Introduction," Ryan and Russel (2001); pages 279-281.
^ "Introduction," Ryan and Russel (2001); page 281.
^ " The vertebrate record of the Foremost Formation is best represented by vertebrate microfossil localities. " (Southern Alberta Dinosaur Research Group: Foremost Formation).
^ Listed as "Hesperornis cf. regalis in Weishampel et al."
^ Thompson, Michael G. W.; Bedek, Fern V.; Schröder-Adams, Claudia; Evans, David C.; Ryan, Michael J. (2021-08-09). "The oldest occurrence of brachylophosaurin hadrosaurids in Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 58 (10): 993–1004. Bibcode:2021CaJES..58..993T. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0007. S2CID 238720084.

References

Ryan, M. J.; Russell, A. P. (2001). "Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves)". In Tanke, D. H.; Carpenter, K. (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press. pp. 279–297. ISBN 0253339073.

[Glass-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary; 1423 p. on CD. ISBN 0-920230-23-7.

[Dowling-2] Dowling, D.B. 1915. Southern Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Summary Report 1914, Part L, p. 43-51.

[cretaceousdistribution-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

[Eberth2005-4] Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology. In: Currie, P.J. and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 54-82. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.

[5] Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I., (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994). "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 24: Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Archived from the original on 2013-07-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[McKellar2013-6] McKellar, R. C.; Glasier, J. R. N.; Engel, M. S. (2013). "A new trap-jawed ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) from Canadian Late Cretaceous amber" (PDF). Canadian Entomologist. 145 (4): 454–465. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.23. hdl:1808/14425. S2CID 53993056.

[Borysenko2017-7] Borysenko, L.H. (2017). "Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Insecta Mundi. 570: 1–57.

[alberta-intro-279-281-8] "Introduction," Ryan and Russel (2001); pages 279-281.

[alberta-intro-281-9] "Introduction," Ryan and Russel (2001); page 281.

[10] " The vertebrate record of the Foremost Formation is best represented by vertebrate microfossil localities. " (Southern Alberta Dinosaur Research Group: Foremost Formation).

[11] Listed as "Hesperornis cf. regalis in Weishampel et al."

[12] Thompson, Michael G. W.; Bedek, Fern V.; Schröder-Adams, Claudia; Evans, David C.; Ryan, Michael J. (2021-08-09). "The oldest occurrence of brachylophosaurin hadrosaurids in Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 58 (10): 993–1004. Bibcode:2021CaJES..58..993T. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0007. S2CID 238720084.

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v t e Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
Hydrocarbon history	Oil sands and heavy oil Frontier exploration and development Natural gas liquids Natural gas
Depositional regions	Southern Alberta Central Alberta Northwestern Alberta Plains South-central Canadian Rockies foothills North-east Plains North-central foothills Liard River Fort Nelson Northern Rocky Mountains Fort St. John Saskatchewan Western Manitoba
Southern Alberta plains	Cypress Hills FM Porcupine Hills FM Ravenscrag FM Edmonton GRP Belly River GRP Oldman FM Foremost FM Pakowki FM Milk River FM Colorado GRP Mannville GRP Ellis GRP Swift FM Rierdon FM Sawtooth FM Rundle GRP Banff FM Exshaw FM Bakken FM Wabamun FM Crowfoot FM Nisku FM Ireton FM Leduc FM Cooking Lake FM Beaverhill Lake GRP Elk Point GRP Canadian Shield