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Korean clans of foreign origin

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Korean clans of foreign origin (Korean: 한국의 외래 귀화 성씨) refers to Korean clans (also "bon-gwan") that claim descent from a progenitor of foreign origin, based on genealogical records.

Authenticity

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The ancestral origins of many Korean clans of foreign origin cannot be historically verified outside of a clan's own genealogical records: the ones from the Joseon period, as well as several from the Goryeo period, can be considered historical and factual, but the ones dating before the Goryeo period are impossible to confirm.[1] The adoption of clans and progenitors of Chinese origin was rare during the Three Kingdoms and Later Silla periods, but increased during the Goryeo period, despite clans not having actual historical connections to China, due to admiration and emulation of Chinese culture.[2] There were some Korean clans that had an actual progenitor of Chinese origin, but many others made ancestral connections to China without any historical basis; most Korean clans that claim descent from Jizi, the Han dynasty, or immigrants from China during the Three Kingdoms or Later Silla periods are not supported by historical records and were founded mostly by Goryeo people.[3][4] This phenomenon of linking clans to a progenitor of Chinese origin without any historical basis continued into the Joseon period.[3] Korean clans originating from the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties that immigrated during the Goryeo period have ample details to support a Chinese origin, unlike pre-Goryeo clans.[5]

In South Korea, there are a total of 286 Korean family names, roughly half of which are of foreign origin (mostly Chinese), and 4,179 clans (bon-gwan).[6] Out of the 286 Korean family names, the top 10 account for 64.1 percent of the population of South Korea: of those 10, three lay claim to a progenitor of Chinese origin, and account for 5.8 percent of the population.[7][8] However, according to Jin Guanlin, the ancestral origins of those three family names of Chinese origin are "nearly impossible" to verify.[7] Although many Korean clans claim to be of Chinese origin, the number of legitimately foreign Korean clans (i.e. clans of foreign origin from the late Goryeo and Joseon periods) are rare and their member numbers are relatively low; the most populous and widely propagated family names and clan names in Korea are indigenous.[7][9]

Criticism

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According to historian Han Hong-koo of Sungkonghoe University, "About 40 to 50 percent of Korean family names are probably 'naturalized family names', but to say that there are actually that many naturalized families is not true. The book that contains the most lies is probably the jokbo (genealogy book)." Han continues that 100 years ago, only 15 to 20 percent of Koreans were registered in genealogy books, but today genealogy books have become completely ubiquitous.[10]

Immigration

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According to Jin Guanlin, "It can be said that from the end of the Chinese Warring States period to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, many Chinese moved to Manchuria and the Korean peninsula, blended among the indigenous people, and over time forgot about their Chinese origins."[11] Many scholars came from China during the Western and Eastern Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties, Sui, and Tang periods.[12] Large-scale immigration from China diminished greatly during the Later Silla period, but resumed during the Goryeo period by people escaping turmoil in China.[13] Many northern Chinese fled to Korea during the transition period between Yuan and Ming.[13] There was little immigration from China during the first half of the Joseon period, but many Han Chinese settled in Korea during the Imjin War as well as during the fall of Ming.[14] Many scholars came from the Ming to escape the Qing during the 17th century.[13]

According to Park Cheol-hee of Gyeongin National University of Education, 238,000 immigrants naturalized during the Goryeo period.[15] Among them, many naturalized Han Chinese became bureaucrats thanks to their knowledge in international affairs and literature, and naturalized Balhae people made great achievements during the Goryeo–Khitan War against the Liao dynasty. Yi Won, who taught Ch'oe Mu-sŏn how to manufacture gunpowder, came from Jiangnan, China. Naturalized Jurchens of the Goryeo period reported on the state of the North, constructed fortresses, and some attained high government positions through military achievements, such as Go Yeol. Yi Seong-gye, the founder of the Joseon dynasty, was born in the northeast region and supported by the Jurchens of the region, such as Yi Ji-ran, who contributed to the founding of Joseon and played an important role in improving relations between Joseon and Jurchens of the Northeast.[16]

Approximately 18 clans were founded by people of various ethnicities from the Yuan dynasty accompanying Mongol princesses who came to Goryeo to marry Korean kings.[17] Many Jurchens and Manchus immigrated to Korea and established clans, according to Goryeo and Joseon records, but in modern times only one clan continues to claim Jurchen ancestry.[18] Records from the History of Goryeo and the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty reveal that Japanese immigrants became naturalized in 999, 1012, 1039, 1425, 1426, and 1435; they were bestowed Korean clans, but most of them have been lost.[19]

China

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Uyghur

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Jurchen

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Vietnam

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Mongolia

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Japan

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India

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Netherlands

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United States

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Tajikistan

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Notes

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  1. ^ Jin 2014, p. 25.
  2. ^ Jin 2014, p. 28–30.
  3. ^ a b Jin 2014, p. 30.
  4. ^ Jin 2014, p. 18–19.
  5. ^ Jin 2014, p. 20.
  6. ^ Jin 2014, p. 16.
  7. ^ a b c Jin 2014, p. 31.
  8. ^ "2000 인구주택총조사 성씨 및 본관 집계결과". 통계청 (in Korean). Statistics Korea. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  9. ^ Jin 2014, p. 42.
  10. ^ Han, Hong-koo (2006). 21세기에는 바꿔야 할 거짓말 (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. p. 122. ISBN 8984311979. Retrieved 24 July 2018. 한국 성씨 중에서 인구로 따져서 한 40퍼센트에서 50퍼센트 정도는 귀화 성씨일 겁니다. 실제로 귀화족이 그렇게 많으냐 하면 그렇지 않지요. 책 중에 거짓말을 제일 많이 기록해놓은 게 족보일 겁니다.
  11. ^ Jin 2014, p. 32.
  12. ^ Jin 2014, p. 32–33.
  13. ^ a b c Jin 2014, p. 33.
  14. ^ Jin 2014, p. 22–23.
  15. ^ Park, Cheol-hee. "다문화 교육의 관점에 기초한 초등 사회ㆍ도덕 교과서 내용에 대한 비판적 고찰 (A Critical Study on the Content of Elementary Social and Moral Textbooks Based on the Viewpoint of Multicultural Education)". 교육사회학연구. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  16. ^ 강병한 (21 August 2007). "초등교과서, 고려때 '23만 귀화' 언급도 안해". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  17. ^ Jin 2014, p. 21–22.
  18. ^ Jin 2014, p. 22.
  19. ^ Jin 2014, p. 24.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 사소 娑蘇. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "국어국문학자료사전 사소 娑蘇". 국어국문학자료사전.
  22. ^ a b 野村伸一. 東シナ海周辺の女神信仰という視点 (PDF). 慶應義塾大学日吉紀要. 言語・文化・コミュニケーション No.26. 慶應義塾大学日吉紀要刊行委員会. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
  23. ^ a b 延恩株 (March 2011). "新羅の始祖神話と日神信仰の考察 ― 三氏（朴・昔・金）の始祖説話と娑蘇神母説話を中心に ―". 桜美林論考. 言語文化研究 = the Journal of J. F. Oberlin University. Studies in Language and Culture. 桜美林大学桜美林論考『言語文化研究』第2号. 2. 桜美林大学: 94. Retrieved 2017-01-22.

References

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