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Flyby (spaceflight)

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Imagery collected by Voyager 2 of Ganymede during its flyby of the Jovian system
Galileo spacecraft encounters asteroid 243 Ida

A flyby (/ˈflaɪbaɪ/) is a spaceflight operation in which a spacecraft passes in proximity to another body, usually a target of its space exploration mission and/or a source of a gravity assist (also called swing-by) to impel it towards another target.[1] Spacecraft which are specifically designed for this purpose are known as flyby spacecraft, although the term has also been used in regard to asteroid flybys of Earth for example.[2][3] Important parameters are the time and distance of closest approach.[4]

Spacecraft flyby

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See also: List of planetary flybys

Flyby maneuvers can be conducted with a planet, a natural satellite or a non-planetary object such as a small Solar System body.[5][6]

Planetary flybys have occurred with Mars or Earth for example:

An example of a comet flyby is when International Cometary Explorer (formerly ISEE-3) passed about 4,800 miles (7,700 km) from the nucleus of Comet Giacobini-Zinner in September 1985.[7]

Another application of the flyby is of Earth's Moon, usually called a lunar flyby.[8] The Apollo 13 spacecraft had an exploded oxygen tank, and therefore had to flyby around the Moon.[9] The Artemis 2[10] will include a lunar flyby.

Mars

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Illustration of the MarCO 6U cubesat relay flyby probes and technology demonstrators for the Mars InSight lander; the flybys provided bent pipe communication support during the landing in 2018

In regards to Mars flybys, a related concept is a Mars flyby rendezvous, where a spacecraft does not enter orbit but rendezvous before or after a flyby of the planet with another spacecraft.[11] Mars flyby rendezvous was evaluated at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in the 1960s.[11] At that time NASA developed designs for a combination of a Mars lander, short-stay surface habitat, and ascent vehicle called a Mars Excursion Module (MEM); the ascent stage performed the rendezvous with a different spacecraft that did a flyby of Mars without entering orbit or landing.[11] Compared to MOR, a flyby rendezvous means one spacecraft does not have to orbit Mars, so the resources needed on a return journey to Earth are not taken in and out of Mars orbit for example.[11] (See also Mars cycler)

Mariner IV flyby of Mars in July 1965 returned more accurate atmospheric data about Mars and much closer views of its surface then previously.[12]

Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 flyby of Mars in 1969 caused another breakthrough in knowledge about the planet.[13][14] The Mariner 6 & 7 infrared radiometer results from the flyby showed that the atmosphere of Mars was composed mostly of carbon dioxide (CO2), and they were also able to detect trace amounts of water on the surface of Mars.[15]

Rosetta,[16] swung by around Mars at a distance of 250 km[17] and performed a gravity assist. This is the closest flyby of Mars.

In 2018, the twin Mars Cube One performed a flyby to relay communication for InSight lander EDL (they were launched towards Mars with the cruise stage carrying the InSight lander).[18] Both MarCOs reached Mars and successfully relayed data during the Entry, Descent, and Landing phase of Insight on November 26, 2018.[19]

Meanwhile, Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera, imaged Tianwen-1 in on its transit to Mars, in September 2020 and made a flyby of Mars around 10 February, 2021 according to its trajectory thought for Mars, before entering the deep space or a solar orbit.

Kuiper belt

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On the night of December 31, 2018 to the morning of January 1, 2019 New Horizons performed the most distant flyby to date, of the Kuiper belt object Arrokoth.[20] New Horizons previously did a flyby of Pluto in July 2015, and that was at about 32.9 AU (astronomical units) from the Sun, while the New Year's Day 2019 flyby of the Kuiper object Arrokoth was at 43.6 AU.[21][22]

Diagram of the trajectory of New Horizons during its flyby of Pluto

Cassini

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Animation of Cassini's trajectory around Saturn from 1 May 2004 to 15 September 2017
   Cassini ·   Saturn ·   Enceladus ·    Titan ·    Iapetus

Cassini-Huygens (launched 1997), which orbited Saturn (from 2004–2017) performed flybys of many of Saturn's moons including Titan.[23] Cassini-Huygen's had its first flyby of Titan in October 2004.[24] For further examples of Cassini flybys of Saturn's moons see Timeline of Cassini-Huygens.

Cassini conducted many flybys at various distances of the moons of Saturn.[25] It achieved 126 flybys of Titan, and its final close flyby was on April 22, 2017 prior to its retirement.[26]

An animation of the Cassini spacecraft trajectory around Saturn over 10 years, during which it passed closely by many moons of Saturn, is at right.

Comets

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Further information: List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft § List of comets visited by spacecraft
Flyby of comet Hartley 2 on Nov. 4, 2010 (EPOXI mission)

International Cometary Explorer (ISEE-3) passed through the plasma tail of comet Giacobini-Zinner doing a flyby of the distance of 7,800 km (4,800 mi) of the nucleus on September 11, 1985.[27]

In 2010, the Deep Impact spacecraft, on the EPOXI mission did a flyby of comet Hartley 2.[28]

Natural flyby

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During an asteroid flyby of Earth, sometimes they are imaged by radar. Animation of 2014 JO25, which had an Earth flyby in 2017

Flyby is also sometimes loosely used to describe when, for example, an asteroid approaches and coasts by the Earth.[29][30]

This was also the term for when a comet did a flyby of Mars in 2014.[31]

P/2016 BA14 was radar imaged at distance of 2.2 million miles (3,500,000 km) from Earth in 2016, during its flyby.[32] This enabled the size of the nucleus to be calculated to about 3,300 feet (1 km) in diameter.[33]

On December 16, 2018 the short period comet 46P/Wirtanen had its closest approach of Earth, coming within 7.1 million miles or 11.4 million kilometres (one of its closest approaches to Earth).[34]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Basics of Space Flight - Solar System Exploration: NASA Science". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  2. ^ "Basics of Space Flight - Solar System Exploration: NASA Science". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  3. ^ "'Tunguska'-Size Asteroid Makes Surprise Flyby of Earth". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  4. ^ "Titan A Flyby Closest Approach". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  5. ^ "Our SpaceFlight Heritage: ICE—The first comet flyby". SpaceFlight Insider. 2018-09-12. Archived from the original on 2021-12-18. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  6. ^ "First mission to Mars: Mariner 4's special place in history | Cosmos". cosmosmagazine.com. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  7. ^ "Our SpaceFlight Heritage: ICE—The first comet flyby". SpaceFlight Insider. 2018-09-12. Archived from the original on 2021-12-18. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  8. ^ "SpaceX says its BFR will fly someone around the Moon; we have questions". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  9. ^ Woods, W. David; Kemppanen, Johannes; Turhanov, Alexander; Waugh, Lennox J. (May 30, 2017). "Day 3: 'Houston, we've had a problem'". Apollo Lunar Flight Journal. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  10. ^ esa. "Exploration Mission 2". European Space Agency. Retrieved 2019-01-02.
  11. ^ a b c d Portree, David S. F. (February 2001). "Chapter 3: EMPIRE and After" (PDF). Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950 - 2000. NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 15–16. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  12. ^ "Origin of the Apollo-shaped Manned Mars Lander (1966)". WIRED. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  13. ^ "Infrared Spectrometer and the Exploration of Mars". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  14. ^ Chdse, S. C. (1969-03-01). "Infrared radiometer for the 1969 mariner mission to Mars". Applied Optics. 8 (3): 639. Bibcode:1969ApOpt...8..639C. doi:10.1364/AO.8.000639. ISSN 1559-128X. PMID 20072273.
  15. ^ "Infrared Spectrometer and the Exploration of Mars". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  16. ^ ESA - Rosetta successfully swings-by Mars,
  17. ^ "Space probe performs Mars fly-by". BBC News. February 25, 2007.
  18. ^ "MarCO: CubeSats to Mars!". www.planetary.org. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  19. ^ "Touchdown on Mars! NASA's InSight Lands to Peer Inside the Red Planet". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  20. ^ "MSN". MSN.
  21. ^ Bagenal, F.; Delamere, P. A.; Elliott, H. A.; Hill, M. E.; Lisse, C. M.; McComas, D. J.; McNutt Jr, R. L.; Richardson, J. D.; Smith, C. W.; Strobel, D. F. (2015). "Solar wind at 33 AU: Setting bounds on the Pluto interaction for New Horizons". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 120 (9): 1497–1511. arXiv:1509.04660. Bibcode:2015JGRE..120.1497B. doi:10.1002/2015JE004880. S2CID 118518239.
  22. ^ "New Horizons". pluto.jhuapl.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
  23. ^ "Titan A Flyby Closest Approach". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  24. ^ "Titan A Flyby Closest Approach". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  25. ^ "Titan Flyby T-126: Final Close Encounter, Gateway to the Grand Finale".
  26. ^ "Titan Flyby T-126: Final Close Encounter, Gateway to the Grand Finale". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
  27. ^ Stelzried, C.; Efron, L.; Ellis, J. (July–September 1986). Halley Comet Missions (PDF) (Report). NASA. pp. 241–242. TDA Progress Report 42-87.
  28. ^ Grossman, Lisa (2010-11-04). "New Super Close-Up Images From Comet Flyby". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  29. ^ "Two Small Asteroids Are Buzzing Earth This Weekend. See One Live Tonight!". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  30. ^ "Asteroid seen after it makes the closest flyby of the year". CNET. 2018-08-13. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  31. ^ "Comet's 2014 Mars Flyby Caused Most Intense Meteor Shower Ever Recorded". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  32. ^ "Flyby Comet Was WAY Bigger Than Thought". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  33. ^ "Flyby Comet Was WAY Bigger Than Thought". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  34. ^ "Brightest comet of the year will zoom near Earth this week". USA Today.
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