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Fiona Scott Morton

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Fiona Scott Morton
Born (1967-02-20) February 20, 1967 (age 57)
EducationYale University (BA)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MA, PhD)
Organization(s)Yale University, Charles River Associates
Academic career

Fiona M. Scott Morton (born 20 February 1967[1]) is an American economist who serves as the Theodore Nierenberg Professor at Yale School of Management.[2] Her research in industrial organization has covered industries including magazines, shipping, pharmaceuticals, and internet retail. She served as associate dean of the Yale School of Management from 2007 to 2010.[2]

Starting 2020, Scott Morton's reputation was marred by repeated controversies related to secret payments that the professor received from large corporations,[3] while advising the US Congress and later when attempting to advise the EU on antitrust.[4]

From 2011 to 2012, she served as the Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Economics at the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division.[5][6][7] In her academic work, she has advocated for the U.S. government's role in ensuring healthy competition in healthcare markets[8] and the tech industry.[9] Scott Morton is a consultant to the competition practice at the economics consulting firm CRA International in parallel with work as professor.[10] Scott Morton is the director of the Thurman Arnold Project at Yale.[11]

She was appointed Chief Economist of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Competition, an appointment that was supposed to take effect on September 1, 2023.[12] However, some European Commission officials, the European Parliament political groups of Renew Europe, the European People's Party, the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats and the Greens/European Free Alliance,[13] as well as French ministers Catherine Colonna and Jean-Noël Barrot requested that the commission reconsider the appointment because of the conflicts of interest arising of her history of advising US big tech companies, including a former controversy of failing to disclose that Apple and Amazon were among her clients, and because she was not a citizen of the European Union.[14] Some economists however spoke out in favour of Morton over her credentials.[15] As a consequence of the controversy, Scott Morton withdrew from the position.[16]

Early life and education

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Scott Morton grew up in Lexington, Massachusetts, where she attended the public school system. She graduated from Yale in 1989 with a Bachelor of Arts magna cum laude in economics (spending a year abroad at Clare College, Cambridge) and then went on to get a Ph.D. in economics at MIT in 1994.

Career

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Early career

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Scott Morton’s first academic job was at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, where she worked for three years before moving the Chicago Graduate School of Business (now known as Booth).[17] In 1999 she became an Associate Professor at the Yale School of Management, where she has taught ever since. She was promoted to Full Professor in 2003, has served as Associate Dean, and has won the Yale School of Management’s Alumni Association Elective Teaching Award three times.

Department of Justice

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In May 2011 Scott Morton took public service leave from Yale to be Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Economic Analysis for the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice. In this position she oversaw a team of almost fifty economists to investigate mergers, analyze monopolization cases, and carry out competition policy work.

During that time the Antitrust Division blocked the merger between H&R Block and TaxAct[18] as well as AT&T and T-Mobile.[19] The AnheiserBusch-GrupoModelo merger,[20] which resulted in the divestiture of the US operations of GrupoModelo, and the Apple-eBooks case[21] started while Scott Morton was chief economist.

Relation to Chicago School economics

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Scott Morton’s views depart from assumptions posited by the “Chicago School” of antitrust. According to Scott Morton, "The Chicago School colonized the field in the 1980s. Few in the judiciary or enforcement communities wanted to vigorously enforce the antitrust laws. The Chicago folks made that worse by using [decades-old] economics, which conveniently left out many of the tools you need to get the job done properly.”[22]

The Chicago School places great weight on the ability of entrants to enter and overthrow an established incumbent regardless of entry barriers, scale economies, network effects and the like, resulting in markets operating at peak efficiency without any need for enforcement. Similarly, little enforcement is needed in mergers either because they are assumed to generate great efficiencies. By contrast, Scott Morton stresses that even very simple models of competition illustrate the incentive for monopolists become established and remain entrenched in the absence of enforcement; and for capitalism to work and benefit regular consumers there must be “rules of the road.”[23]

According to her sometime co-author Steve Salop, Scott Morton is a leading figure in the so-called "post-Chicago" group that has forged "a coherent body of work that can be used by policymakers and advocates.”[22]

According to Scott Morton, “The economic tool kit lets you say, 'Look here, I have identified a new competition problem that is harming consumers.' A lawyer’s response is often, 'That’s a new product, market, or problem. It doesn’t fit existing precedent and we don’t know how to use our legal tools to challenge it.' I realized that very few people in the policy world thought that fixing that second step was their job. Nor did academics."[22]

Prominent research

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Scott Morton has expressed her frustration with the “cramped” thinking on competition topics that has prevailed during the 1980-2010 period. Entering a field in which government representatives reflexively touted the importance of moderation, Scott Morton rapidly became known as an advocate for bold action in the pursuit of anticompetitive measures.[7] Scott Morton's influential 2014 paper "Strategic Patent Acquisitions," co-authored with Carl Shapiro, explains that when Standard Setting Organizations (technical bodies that gather to set standards like 4G) allow the exercise of market power by the patents needed in the standard (SEPs) they are effectively an anticompetitive cartel that could be disciplined by antitrust enforcement.[24]

In 2017, in "A Unifying Analytical Framework for Loyalty Rebates," which appeared in Antitrust Law Journal, Scott Morton and Zachary Abrahamson explained that loyalty discounts and rebates may potentially run afoul of antitrust statutes because they explicitly exclude a challenger who is growing and stealing share from the incumbent. The authors developed a metric called “effective entrant burden” to measure the degree to which a firm leverages its non-contestable assets into anti-competitive exclusion.[25]

In 2018, in the Yale Law Journal, Scott Morton and Jonathan B. Baker authored a paper titled “The Antitrust Case Against Platform MFNs” in which they took up "platform MFN" status as a topic of potential antitrust enforcement attention. Platform MFNs, sometimes called pricing parity provisions, are often seen in hotel-online travel agent relationships, healthcare provider-insurer relationship, and ecommerce platforms. The platform requires that the business users in its network not offer their products or services at a lower prices (or better terms) on their own sites or on other platforms. The authors review the long economics literature showing that these arrangements cause higher prices and block entry, and argue that the Sherman Act might well be used to challenge them.[26]

In the same issue of the Yale Law Journal, Scott Morton and Herbert Hovenkamp contributed a paper, "Horizontal Shareholding and Antitrust Policy," in which they argued that large institutional investors who hold stakes in direct competitors pose a competition problem than could be addressed by antitrust enforcement. Such “horizontal shareholding” or “common ownership” may lessen competition because the same owner of, for example, Coke and Pepsi would benefit from higher prices in the market.[27]

In 2019, Scott Morton and her co-authors Shapiro and Giulio Federico wrote an article titled “Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption” in which they discussed the importance of innovation competition, reiterating its importance in generating consumer welfare.[28]

In the same year Scott Morton and her coauthors Jonathan Baker, Nancy Rose, and Steve Salop authored an article for the journal Antitrust called “Five Principles for Vertical Merger Enforcement Policy.”

In 2019, Scott Morton was the Chair on the Subcommittee on Market Structure and Antitrust for the Stigler Committee on Digital Platforms at the University of Chicago, working on the question of the economic characteristics of digital platforms

In 2019, Scott Morton began her leadership of the Thurman Arnold Project, named after an influential Yale law professor who, in the 1940s, established the modern form of the Antitrust Division and popularized enforcement.[29]

On April 30, 2020, Scott Morton and 11 other well-known economists authored an open letter to the House Judiciary Committee outlining the legal developments that limit the success of meritorious antitrust plaintiffs, both in merger challenges and exclusionary conduct. The letter called on Congress to implement strong antitrust reform in the United States.[30]

In the spring of 2020, Scott Morton and David Dinielli authored three “roadmap” articles relying on public information and facts released by the Competition and Markets Authority in the UK. These articles explained the economics underlying the conduct of Facebook.[31] Google Search,[32] and Google ad tech,[33] The articles argue that in each of those three instances, a viable antitrust case could be brought under existing law.

In 2021 Scott Morton and Steven Salop in an article titled “The 2010 HMGs After Ten Years: Where Do We Go From Here?” warned of problems arising from mergers that generate a Gross Upward Pricing Pressure Index (GUPPI) of greater than 10% and proposed reversing the increase in the Herfindahl-Hirschman index thresholds made in the 2010 guidelines.[34]

In 2021 Scott Morton and Susan Athey co-authored a paper titled "Platform Annexation". The paper illustrated a series of strategies digital platforms use to disadvantage rival firms and maintain their own position as market leaders.[35]

Undisclosed conflict of interest controversy

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Scott Morton advised the US House Judiciary Committee in its 2019 probe of tech giants.[11] She contributed to reports critical of Facebook and Google, while not disclosing that Apple and Amazon were her clients.[36]

In 2020, the American Prospect magazine revealed that Scott Morton did not disclose consulting contracts with Apple and Amazon.[3] The article in the American Prospect was written by David Dayen, the journalist who labelled Scott Morton an antitrust crusader a year earlier. Dayen reported that Scott Morton had herself revealed her apparently long-standing consulting work for Apple and consulting work for Amazon that had at that point lasted a year, in a panel where she spoke in 2020.[36]

In another instance, Scott Morton authored an op-ed advocating against any initiatives to break up Big Tech, without disclosing her ongoing consulting work for Apple.[36] In her defense, Scott Morton stated “I work for companies that I’m comfortable are not breaking the law.”[37]

At the time of the revelations on the undisclosed conflicts of interest, Scott Morton was the director of the Thurman Arnold Project at the Yale University.[36] In the wake of the revelations about Scott Morton's undisclosed conflicts of interest, two fellows of the Thurman Arnold Project, Sanjukta Paul and Stacey Mitchell, resigned.[3] Stacey Mitchell indicated that she resigned because Scott Morton's paid for advisory work for Apple and Amazon made it difficult for the project to achieve its objective and was at odds with the legacy of Thurman Arnold.[38]

The author and critic of monopoly power Zephyr Teachout called for Scott Morton to resign as the director of the Thurman Arnold Project.[3] Scott Morton did not resign and remains the director of the project.

Appointment to EU position and withdrawal

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On July 11, 2023, the European Commission Vice-President and Commissioner for Competition Margrethe Vestager announced the appointment of Scott-Morton as the new chief economist of the EU’s Competition Directorate. A “senior official” was quoted as calling Morton “the best of the 11 candidates."[39] Morton had the support of Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission.[40] On July 19, Vestager announced that Morton had submitted a letter of withdrawal. In the letter Morton stated: “Given the political controversy that has arisen because of the selection of a non-European to fill this position, and the importance that the Directorate General has the full backing of the European Union as it enforces, I have determined that the best course of action is for me to withdraw and not take up the chief economist position.”[41]

Concerns about conflicts of interest prevailed

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Concerns about conflicts of interest of Scott Morton for the job of the Chief Economist of the Directorate General for Competition first emerged in May 2023. Following an article in Bloomberg hinting at the upcoming appointment of Scott Morton,[42] a group of civil society associations led by the Balanced Economy Group, and including the Open Markets Institute, co-signed an open letter to Vestager asking to cancel the appointment due to the extensive conflicts of interest of Scott Morton.[43] Commentators expressed specific concerns regarding Scott Morton's work at the economic consultancy firm CRA.[44][45]

On 18 July 2023, the European Parliament summoned Vestager for a hearing on the appointment of Scott Morton. The hearing centered around the extensive conflicts of interest of Scott Morton, focusing on her consulting work for Big Tech.[46] The conflicts were such that Vestager was not able at the hearing to give an exhaustive list, when asked repeatedly by the Members of the European Parliament.[47]

Opposition by French politicians

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French President Emmanuel Macron quickly raised objections to the appointment. “Isn’t there a European researcher who can do this job?” he asked. “If that’s the conclusion we’re drawing, it’s extremely worrying, and we need to invest massively in the academic systems of our economies.”[48] Macron found support from French foreign minister Catherine Colonna[48] and French Minister for Digital Transition and Telecommunications Jean-Noël Barrot as well as Cristiano Sebastiani, head of Renouveau & Démocratie, a trade union representing EU employees.[40]

On July 17, 2023, Le Monde published an editorial opposing the selection and criticizing Vestager.[49]

Selection procedure issues

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In May 2023, Balanced Economy Project, Corporate Europe Observatory, European Digital SME Alliance, the Irish Council for Civil Liberties, LobbyControl and Open Markets Institute pointed out in their open letter addressed to Vestager,[50] that the recruitment rules for the chief economist post have been altered ahead of the Scott Morton possible nomination. Under prior rules only candidates from the countries of the EU could apply for the job, the change in the job advertisement, that allowed Scott Morton to apply was not explained.[47]

The choice of Scott Morton was ultimately validated by the college of all European Commissioners, including 5 members of the college of European commissioners that later contested the nomination.[51]

In July 2023, the Balanced Economy Project linked the appointment of Scott Morton to the sudden removal from the team Scott Morton was to head at the European Commission of Helena Malikova. Malikova was an enforcer who had been critical of situations of conflict of interest in academia. The removal further fueled concerns about the integrity of the process of appointment of Scott Morton and what the Balanced Economy Project called "manoeuvring behind the scenes."[47]

Economists rallied behind Scott Morton

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French economist Jean Tirole stated that Europe was "very lucky to have drawn someone of her caliber," calling her a global leader "in the domain of industrial organization." According to a Commission official, some of the 11 candidates "didn't have the minimum qualifications required."[52] On July 17 a statement signed by 39 top competition experts, including Nobel Prize winner Bengt Holmstrom and French economist Olivier Blanchard, was distributed urging the EU to stick with Morton. "Scott Morton is one of the best economists in the world in the domain of industrial organization, a major contributor to policy thinking on tech regulation, and strongly motivated for public service," they added, and the Commission should "recruit the best possible collaborators in the service of European citizens, independently of their nationality."[15]

Broader political reactions to the Scott Morton "affair"

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The withdrawal of Morton led to mixed reactions among European politicians. Among Members of the European Parliament, Stéphanie Yon-Courtin and Paul Tang welcomed the withdrawal. Kira Peter-Hansen and Rasmus Andresen from the European Green Party expressed concerns that the decision was driven by nationalism.[53] In its Charlemagne section dedicated to coverage of European affairs, The Economist quickly weighed in on what it called a "sorry saga." The Economist wrote in an opinion piece that the French push to oust Morton made “the EU look provincial" and "a continent lacking in economic dynamism" that might someday find it worth "importing" sound policymaking expertise.[54]

In Politico, Lionel Barber linked the French-led rejection of Morton to "paranoia about America’s influence and power."[40] In his "Digital Bridge" column, Politico writer Mark Scott pointed out that "her pre-emptive downfall had nothing to do with her qualifications" and that it is common for highly qualified economists to act as consultants for large firms. Scott quoted one EU official as saying "In the end, it came down to her passport. … I don’t see how this helps us implement the Digital Markets Act."[55]

The Balanced Economy Project wrote that the Commission may have been so keen to insist on picking Morton because of her adherence to the doctrine of consumer welfare standard, which the Balanced Economy Project deem obsolete and ultimately anti-competition and pro-monopolies or pro-oligopolies.[47]

References

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  1. ^ "Bio" (PDF). Congress.gov. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Fiona M. Scott Morton". Yale School of Management. 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  3. ^ a b c d Ongweso Jr, Edward (27 July 2020). "Yale Antitrust Scholars Resign Because Director Advises Apple, Amazon". Vice. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  4. ^ "Regarding media reports about the next Chief Competition Economist" (PDF). Balanced Economy Project, Corporate Europe Observatory, European Digital SME Alliance, Irish Council for Civil Liberties, LobbyControl and Open Markets Institute (Europe). 2 May 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  5. ^ "Fiona M. Scott Morton". yale.edu. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  6. ^ "Fiona M. Scott Morton". yale.edu. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  7. ^ a b Dayen, David (2019-05-23). "The Radicalization of Fiona Scott Morton". The New Republic. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  8. ^ "Prof. Fiona Scott Morton Outlines Fixes for Healthcare Markets in Congressional Testimony". Yale Insights. 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  9. ^ "Is antitrust law keeping up?". Yale Insights. 2013-07-12. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  10. ^ "CRA Our People Fiona Scott Morton". CRA. Retrieved 22 April 2023. Fiona M. Scott Morton is a senior consultant to the Competition Practice at CRA. She is the Theodore Nierenberg Professor of Economics at the Yale University School of Management where she has been on the faculty since 1999.
  11. ^ a b Nylen, Leah (25 June 2020). "How U.S. enforcers could take on Google's search monopoly". Politico. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  12. ^ "Vestager faces blowback over selecting US professor for key competition post". POLITICO. 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  13. ^ Faggionato, Giovanna; Wax, Eddy; Sorgi, Gregorio. "European Commission rebuffs calls to retract US antitrust hire". Politico.com.
  14. ^ "France tells EU Commission to rethink American choice for top job". POLITICO. 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  15. ^ a b Braun, Elisa; Faggionato, Giovanna. "US academic's appointment to EU job should stand, economists say". Politico. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  16. ^ Kayali, Laura (19 July 2023). "Top US economist quits EU job after Macron speaks out". Politico Europe.
  17. ^ "Fiona Scott-Morton". Antitrust Division. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  18. ^ Kendall, Brent. "At Last, the Story Behind the Failed Merger of H&R Block and TaxAct". WSJ. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  19. ^ "Justice Department Files Antitrust Lawsuit to Block AT&T's Acquisition of T-Mobile". Office of Public Affairs. US Department of Justice. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  20. ^ "Justice Department Reaches Settlement with Anheuser-Busch InBev and Grupo Modelo in Beer Case". Office of Public Affairs. US Department of Justice. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  21. ^ Osborne, Charlie. "Apple settles ebook antitrust case, set to pay millions in damages". ZDNet. ZDNet. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  22. ^ a b c Beyer, Rebecca. "Building a Foundation for the Future of Antitrust and Competition Policy". Yale School of Management. Yale School of Management. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  23. ^ "Educational Videos: Antitrust in the 21st Century". Yale School of Management. Yale School of Management. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  24. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Shapiro, Carl. "Strategic Patent Acquisition" (PDF). Berkeley. Antitrust Law Journal. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  25. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Abrahamson, Zachary. "A Unifying Analytical Framework for Loyalty Rebates". JSTOR. JSTOR. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  26. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Baker, Jonathan. "Antitrust Enforcement Against Platform MFNs". JSTOR. JSTOR. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  27. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Hovenkamp, Herbert. "Horizontal Shareholding and Antitrust Policy". Yale Law Journal. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  28. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Shapiro, Carl; Federico, Giulio. "Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption". SSRN. SSRN. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  29. ^ "Thurman Arnold Project". Thurman Arnold Project. Yale School of Management. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  30. ^ "Joint Response to the House Judiciary Committee on the State of Antitrust Law and Implications for Protecting Competition in Digital Markets" (PDF). Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  31. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Dinielli, David. "A Roadmap for an Antitrust Case against Facebook" (PDF). Omidyar Network. Omidyar Network. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  32. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Dinielli, David. "A Roadmap for a Monopolization Case against Google Regarding the Search Market" (PDF). Omidyar Network. Omidyar Network. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  33. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Dinielli, David. "A Roadmap for a Digital Advertising Monopolization Case against Google" (PDF). Omidyar Network. Omidyar Network. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  34. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Salop, Steven. "The 2010 HMGs After Ten Years: Where Do We Go From Here?". Springer. Review of Industrial Organization. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  35. ^ Scott Morton, Fiona; Athey, Susan. "Platform Annexation" (PDF). American Bar Association. Antitrust Law Journal. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  36. ^ a b c d Dayen, David (20 July 2020). "Fiona, Apple, and Amazon: How Big Tech Pays to Win the Battle of Ideas". The American Prospect. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  37. ^ McLaughlin, David. "Star Critic of Big Tech Has Side Gig Working for Amazon, Apple". Bloomberg. Bloomberg. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  38. ^ "Stacy Mitchell Resigns Fellowship from Yale's Thurman Arnold Project". Corporate Crime Reporter. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  39. ^ Malingre, Virginie. "US professor gets key post at European Commission, sparking criticism". Le Monde. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  40. ^ a b c Barber, Lionel. "French rejection of top American economist is a blow to liberal Europe". Politico. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  41. ^ Vestager, Margarethe. "Professor Fiona Scott Morton has informed me". Twitter. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  42. ^ Nylen, Leah; Bodoni, Stephanie (21 April 2023). "EU to Tap Former Obama Enforcer as Top Antitrust Economist". Bloomberg. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  43. ^ Wheaton, Sarah (4 May 2023). "EU Influence: Parliament's debatable Qatargate debate — Want WhoisWho back — Rillettes in Red Square". Politico. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  44. ^ E.R. (13 July 2023). "UE : qui est cette Américaine, ex-consultante pour des Gafam, qui rejoint Bruxelles ?". L'Express (in French). Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  45. ^ "Amerikanka na visokoj funkciji u EU?". Hrvatsko kulturno vijeće (in Croatian). 18 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  46. ^ "MEPs quiz commissioner Vestager about nomination of chief economist". European Parliament. 18 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  47. ^ a b c d "The Scott Morton affair: anatomy of a democratic victory". Balanced Economy Project. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  48. ^ a b O'Carroll, Lisa. "Appointment of American by EU directorate 'dubious', says Macron". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  49. ^ "EU: The shocking appointment of Fiona Scott Morton". Le Monde. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  50. ^ Foo, Yun Chee (11 July 2023). "US economist picked for senior EU antitrust job overseeing Big Tech". Reuters. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  51. ^ AFP (19 July 2023). "US economist renounces EU job after Macron doubts". rfi. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  52. ^ Faggionato, Giovanna; White, Aiofe; Braun, Elisa. "Too American? The top US economist under fire for taking an EU job". Politico. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  53. ^ Basso, Davide (19 July 2023). "US economist steps back from top EU job offer after political controversy". Euractiv. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  54. ^ "A spat in Brussels pits an open vision of Europe against an insular one". The Economist. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  55. ^ Scott, Mark. "AI's 'puppy paradox'". Politico. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
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