Fiddler on the Roof (film)

Fiddler on the Roof
Theatrical release poster by Ted CoConis
Directed by	Norman Jewison
Screenplay by	Joseph Stein
Based on	Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein Jerry Bock Sheldon Harnick Tevye and His Daughters by Sholem Aleichem
Produced by	Norman Jewison
Starring	Chaim Topol Norma Crane Leonard Frey Molly Picon Paul Mann
Cinematography	Oswald Morris
Edited by	Antony Gibbs Robert Lawrence
Music by	Jerry Bock Adapted Score: John Williams
Production companies	The Mirisch Company Cartier Productions
Distributed by	United Artists
Release date	November 3, 1971 (1971-11-03)
Running time	181 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$9 million
Box office	$83.3 million

Fiddler on the Roof is a 1971 American period musical film produced and directed by Norman Jewison from a screenplay written by Joseph Stein, based on the 1964 stage musical of the same name by Stein, Jerry Bock, and Sheldon Harnick. Set in early 20th-century Imperial Russia, the film centers on Tevye (Chaim Topol), a poor Jewish milkman who is faced with the challenge of marrying off his five daughters amidst the growing tension in his shtetl. The cast also features Norma Crane, Leonard Frey, Molly Picon, Paul Mann, Rosalind Harris, Michèle Marsh, Neva Small and Paul Michael Glaser. The musical score, composed by Bock with lyrics by Harnick, was adapted and conducted by John Williams.

Filmed at Pinewood Studios in England and on-location in SR Croatia, Fiddler on the Roof was theatrically released on November 3, 1971, by United Artists to critical and commercial success. Reviewers praised Jewison's direction, the screenplay, and the performances of the cast, while the film grossed $83.3 million worldwide on a $9 million budget, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1971.

The film received a leading eight nominations at the 44th Academy Awards, including for Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Score Adaptation (Williams), Best Cinematography (Oswald Morris) and Best Sound (Gordon K. McCallum, David Hildyard). The film also won two Golden Globes: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for Topol.

The film has continued to receive acclaim since its release and is often considered to be one of the greatest musical films of all time. An independently produced documentary about the making of the film, titled Fiddler's Journey to the Big Screen, was released in 2022. A remake of the film, directed by Thomas Kail, is currently in development.

Plot

The film centers on Tevye, a Jewish milkman, and his family, who live in the small (fictional) village of Anatevka in Tsarist Russia. Tevye occasionally breaks the fourth wall by talking to the audience or to the heavens for the audience's benefit. Tevye is poor despite working hard, like most other Jews in Anatevka. He and his wife, Golde, have five daughters, and cannot afford a dowry to marry them off.

Life in the shtetl of Anatevka is very hard, and Tevye speaks not only of the hardships of poverty but also of the Jewish community's constant fear of harassment from their non-Jewish neighbors. Tevye explains that the lot of the Jews in Russia is as precarious as a fiddler on a roof, trying to eke out a pleasant tune while not breaking their necks. What keeps them alive is the balance they achieve through obedience to their ancient traditions. The fiddler appears throughout the film as a metaphoric reminder of the Jews' ever-present fears and danger.

While in town, Tevye meets Perchik, a student with modern religious and political ideas. Tevye invites Perchik to stay with him and his family in exchange for Perchik tutoring his daughters. Through Yente the matchmaker, Tevye arranges for his eldest daughter, Tzeitel, to marry widower Lazar Wolf, an affluent butcher, many years older than she. However, Tzeitel is in love with her childhood sweetheart, Motel the tailor, and begs her father not to make her marry Lazar. Tevye reluctantly agrees, and despite Lazar Wolf's humiliation, Tzeitel and Motel arrange to be married. Tevye persuades Golde to accept the marriage by claiming that a prophetic dream told him that Tzeitel is fated to marry Motel, and Lazar's dead wife will haunt her if she marries the butcher.

At the wedding, an argument erupts among the guests over whether a girl should be able to choose her own husband. Perchik addresses the crowd and says it should be left for the couple to decide. He creates further controversy when he asks Tevye's daughter Hodel to dance with him, crossing the barrier between the men and women. Eventually, the crowd warms to the idea and the wedding proceeds with great joy. Suddenly, a mob of local peasants arrive and begin a pogrom, attacking the Jews and their property.

Later, as Perchik prepares to leave Anatevka to work for the revolution, he tells Hodel that he loves her, and she agrees to marry him. Tevye is furious to learn they want to marry without his permission and with Perchik leaving Anatevka, but he eventually relents because they love each other. Weeks later, when Perchik is arrested in Kiev and exiled to Siberia, Hodel leaves to join him there.

Meanwhile, Tevye's third daughter, Chava, has fallen in love with a young Russian man, Fyedka. She eventually works up the courage to ask Tevye to allow her to marry him. In a soliloquy, Tevye concludes that while he could accept his older daughters' choosing their own husbands, he cannot countenance Chava marrying a non-Jew, in effect abandoning the Jewish faith. He forbids her to associate with him. Chava and Fyedka elope and marry in a Russian Orthodox Church. Tevye rejects and disowns Chava when she tries to beg forgiveness and acceptance from him.

Finally, the Jews of Anatevka are notified that the Russian government will force the Jews to leave the village; they have three days to leave. Tevye and his family and friends pack and head variously for New York, Chicago, Jerusalem, and other places they know nothing about. Just before the credits, Tevye spots the fiddler and motions to him to come along, and the film ends with the fiddler following Tevye down the road.

Cast

• Chaim Topol as Tevye, the milkman of Anatevka
• Norma Crane as Golde, his wife
• Rosalind Harris as Tzeitel, the oldest daughter
• Michele Marsh as Hodel, the second daughter
• Neva Small as Chava, the third daughter
• Molly Picon as Yente, the matchmaker
• Paul Mann as Lazar Wolf, the butcher, Tzeitel's older suitor
• Leonard Frey as Motel Kamzoil, the tailor, Tzeitel's eventual husband
• Paul Michael Glaser as Perchik, the student revolutionary, Hodel's eventual husband
• Raymond Lovelock as Fyedka, a Christian farmer, Chava's eventual husband
• Elaine Edwards as Shprintze, the fourth daughter
• Candy Bonstein as Bielke, the fifth daughter
• Shimen Rushkin as Mordcha
• Zvee Scooler as Rabbi
• Louis Zorich as Constable
• Alfie Scopp as Avram
• Howard Goorney as Nachum
• Barry Dennen as Mendel
• Ruth Madoc as Fruma-Sarah, the butcher's late wife
• Patience Collier as Grandmother Tzeitel
• Arnold Diamond as Moishe
• Marika Rivera as Rifka
• Aharon Ipalé as Sheftel
• Roger Lloyd-Pack as Sexton
• Carl Jaffe as Isaac
• Vernon Dobtcheff as Russian official
• Tutte Lemkow as the fiddler

Musical numbers

All songs by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick, arranged by John Williams.

1. "Prologue / Tradition" – Tevye and Company
2. "Overture"
3. "Matchmaker, Matchmaker" – Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke
4. "If I Were a Rich Man" – Tevye
5. "Sabbath Prayer" – Tevye, Golde and Chorus
6. "To Life" – Tevye, Lazar Wolf, Townsmen and Cossacks
7. "Tevye's Monologue (Tzeitel and Motel)" – Tevye
8. "Miracle of Miracles" – Motel
9. "Tevye's Dream" – Tevye, Golde, Grandmother Tzeitel, Rabbi, Fruma-Sarah and Ghostly chorus
10. "Sunrise, Sunset" – Tevye, Golde, Perchik, Hodel and Guests
11. "Wedding Celebration / The Bottle Dance"
12. "Entr'acte" – Orchestra
13. "Tradition" (Reprise) – Chorus
14. "Tevye's Monologue (Hodel and Perchik)" – Tevye
15. "Do You Love Me?" – Tevye and Golde
16. "Far from the Home I Love" – Hodel
17. "Chava Ballet Sequence (Little Bird, Little Chavaleh)" – Tevye
18. "Tevye's Monologue (Chava and Fyedka)" – Tevye
19. "Anatevka" – Tevye, Golde, Lazar Wolf, Yente, Mendel, Mordcha and Full company
20. "Exit Music"

Differences from Broadway

The film follows the plot of the stage play very closely, retaining nearly all of the play's dialogue, although it omits the songs "Now I Have Everything" and "The Rumor (I Just Heard)". Lyrical portions of "Tevye's Dream (tailor Motel Kamzoil)" were omitted to avoid repetition. The film's soundtrack release contained some of these omissions. These include Golde blessing herself before going back to sleep.

Changes were also made in the song "Tradition", with the film omitting the dialogue between Reb Nachum the beggar (who, in the film, seems unable to speak, at least clearly) and Lazar Wolf as well as dialogue spoken by Yente and Avram. In addition, in the film, two men argue about whether a horse claimed to be six years old was actually twelve, rather than whether the horse was actually a mule. The LP film soundtrack retained their names, Yitzhak and Avram, however this was also omitted in the film's release. Instead, an on-set, improvised take of Topol (saying "he sold him"), rather than the recorded dubbing, was used.

Six additional scenes were added to the film:

1. The Constable gets orders from his superior for a "demonstration" against the Jews (referred to by the superior as "Christ-killers") in Anatevka.
2. Perchik is arrested at a workers' rally in Kyiv.
3. Golde goes to the priest to look for Chava (described by her in the stage production). She is confronted there with Christian images (of historically Jewish individuals) in a juxtaposition with the synagogue montage at the start of the film.
4. The rabbi and his students inside the synagogue receive news of the arrival of Motel's new sewing machine.
5. The rabbi takes the Torah out of the ark inside the synagogue for the last time. He weeps and chants quietly about having to abandon the synagogue.
6. Tevye feeds his animals in the barn for the final time. He tells his lame horse to take care of his leg and to treat his new owner and master well.

The scene with Hodel and Perchik, where he plans to leave to start a revolution, was extended in the film. A new song sung by Perchik was recorded ("Any Day Now"), but was omitted from the final print; however, it was included in the 2004 reissue of the soundtrack. The song was later implemented in the 2018 Yiddish production as a song sung by Perchik to Shprintze and Bielke. When the film was re-released to theaters in 1979, 32 minutes were cut, including the songs "Far from the Home I Love" and "Anatevka".

In the film, Tevye and Lazar Wolf discuss Wolf's proposed marriage to Tzeitel in Wolf's home, then go to the tavern for a celebration drink. In the stage version, the two meet directly in the tavern. The film shows Wolf's home as filled with golden artifacts. Prior to Lazar Wolf entering the scene, Tevye speaks to a female servant, who tells him not to touch anything.

Although a faithful adaptation of the original stage version, Fiddler scholar Jan Lisa Huttner has noted several differences between stage and screen. She argues that changes in American culture and politics and developments in Israel led the filmmakers to portray certain characters differently and to offer a different version of Anatevka. Huttner also notes that the "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka.

Production

Principal photography was done on-location in Yugoslavia and at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England. Most of the exterior shots were done in Mala Gorica, Lekenik, and Zagreb within the Yugoslav constituent republic of Croatia. Though the area was under heavy snow during location scouting in 1969, during the filming the producers had to ship in marble dust to stand in for snow. Additional scenes were shot at the Jadran Film studios. 300 extras conversant in various foreign languages were used, as were flocks of geese and pigs and their handlers.

Casting

The decision to cast Topol, instead of Zero Mostel, as Tevye was a somewhat controversial one, as the role had originated with Mostel and he had made it famous. Years later, Jewison said he felt Mostel's larger-than-life personality, while fine on stage, would cause film audiences to see him as Mostel, rather than the character of Tevye. Before Topol was cast, Orson Welles, Anthony Quinn and Marlon Brando were all considered.

Rosalind Harris, who played Tzeitel, was previously Bette Midler's understudy in the role during the original Broadway production.

Assi Dayan, a well-known Israeli actor and filmmaker, was originally cast as Perchik, but couldn't handle the English dialogue and was replaced by Paul Michael Glaser. Rob Reiner auditioned for the role of Motel. Richard Thomas was Jewison's choice to play Fyedka, but ultimately Italian actor Ray Lovelock was cast in the part. Though Lovelock was a singer who released several singles, he did not appear in any of the film’s musical numbers.

Talia Shire and Katey Sagal both auditioned to play Topol's daughters.

Norman Jewison makes two cameo appearances, first as the voice of the rabbi the "Tevye's Dream" number, and later as a wedding guest.

Fiddler on the Roof was the final film of Norma Crane, who died of breast cancer two years after its release.

Music

The music for the film was conducted and adapted by John Williams from the original score by Jerry Bock. Williams also composed additional music and an original cadenza for Isaac Stern, who performed the various violin solos in the film.

The score was orchestrated by Williams and Alexander Courage.

Release

Roadshow presentation

Because the film follows the stage musical so closely, and the musical did not have an overture, the filmmakers chose to eliminate the customary film overture played before the beginning of most motion pictures shown in a roadshow-style presentation. However, there is a solo by the Fiddler played over the opening credits (after the conclusion of "Tradition"), an intermission featuring entr'acte music, and exit music played at the end after the closing credits.

Reception

The film was a success, earning United Artists profits of $6.1 million, plus distribution profits of $8 million.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 81% rating based on 77 reviews, with an average of 7.90/10. The consensus summarizes: "A bird may love a fish - and musical fans will love this adaptation of Fiddler on the Roof, even if it is not quite as transcendent as the long-running stage version."

Roger Ebert thought the storyline of the musical was "quite simply boring", but still gave the screen version three stars out of four, explaining that Jewison "has made as good a film as can be made" from the material. Gene Siskel awarded three-and-a-half stars out of four, writing that the musical numbers were "better staged and choreographed than in any recent Broadway film adaptation". Vincent Canby of The New York Times thought the film version was inferior, explaining that by "literalizing" the show with real landscapes and houses, Jewison and Stein "have effectively overwhelmed not only Aleichem, but the best things about the stage production ... pushed beyond its limits, the music goes flat and renders banal moments that, on the stage, are immensely moving." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "has been done not only with such artistry, but also with such evident love, devotion, integrity and high aspiration that watching it is a kind of duplex pleasure." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post stated, "Jewison's Fiddler is a great film, by which I mean great in the sense that matters most – greatly moving, an extraordinarily powerful, emotional experience." Pauline Kael of The New Yorker called it "an absolutely smashing movie; it is not especially sensitive, it is far from delicate, and it isn't even particularly imaginative, but it seems to me the most powerful movie musical ever made."

Retrospective reception

The film continues to receive acclaim since its original release and it is often seen as one of the best musical films ever made. When the film celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2021, The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship collaborated on a retrospective celebrating the film and its legacy, including a virtual roundtable discussion with film critics, scholars and historians regarding the film's relevance in modern times and how it would be remembered in years time. One of the participants, Matthew Kennedy, called it "a very fine and enduring work of popular entertainment. Of all the big musicals at the end of the roadshow era, this one ages the best. If anything, it looks and sounds better today than it did fifty years ago. The music, the visuals, the story that's so specific yet moves people throughout the world. Humor, heartbreak, memorable songs, big themes, and moral lessons - Fiddler has it all." In his 2021 retrospective, Devin McGrath-Conwell of Cinema Scholars wrote "This film may take place in 1905, but you can easily compare the themes of family, faith, and rebellion with more contemporary films like Rebel Without a Cause or Splendor in the Grass and find that they synch up." In conclusion, he wrote that it "remains beloved," and that "As Tevye told us, we are all fiddlers on the roof, fighting to maintain balance in a tumultuous and unpredictable world. And so, we must always seek to treat ourselves and our neighbors with the love and care of the citizens of Anatevka, and make that our "tradition."

In 2023, the film ranked number 15 on IndieWire's list of "The 60 Best Movie Musicals of All Time," with Jude Dry writing "It's hard to go wrong with such great material, yet many have failed in their attempts to translate the epic nature of a live Broadway show to the comparatively flat screen. Led by Israeli actor Chaim Topol as the indefatigable narrator Tevye (though the decision not to cast Zero Mostel was controversial at the time), the movie delivers all of the laughs, tears, and chills of the musical ... From its rousing opening to its plaintive final notes, Fiddler on the Roof is nothing less than a cinematic tradition." It also ranked number 9 on Screen Rant's list of "The 35 Best Musicals of All Time" and number 22 on Parade's list of the "67 Best Movie Musicals of All Time." In a 2021 piece for Collider, Gregory Lawrence believed modern filmmakers looking to make their own musical films should look to this film for inspiration, mainly for Norman Jewison's direction, the cinematography and the staging and handling of the musical numbers, writing "By examining the traditional filmmaking of Fiddler on the Roof and carrying the most useful techniques with them, perhaps our future musical movies can sing even brighter."

Awards and nominations

Year	Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result	Ref.
1971	Academy Awards	Best Picture	Norman Jewison	Nominated
		Best Director		Nominated
		Best Actor	Chaim Topol	Nominated
		Best Supporting Actor	Leonard Frey	Nominated
		Best Art Direction	Art Direction: Robert F. Boyle and Michael Stringer; Set Decoration: Peter Lamont	Nominated
		Best Cinematography	Oswald Morris	Won
		Best Music: Scoring Adaptation and Original Song Score	John Williams	Won
		Best Sound	Gordon K. McCallum and David Hildyard	Won
	American Cinema Editors Awards	Best Edited Feature Film	Antony Gibbs and Robert Lawrence	Nominated
	British Academy Film Awards	Best Cinematography	Oswald Morris	Nominated
		Best Editing	Antony Gibbs and Robert Lawrence	Nominated
		Best Sound Track	Les Wiggins, David Hildyard, and Gordon K. McCallum	Nominated
	British Society of Cinematographers Awards	Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film	Oswald Morris	Won
	David di Donatello Awards	Best Foreign Actor	Topol	Won
	Golden Globe Awards	Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy		Won
		Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy	Topol	Won
		Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture	Paul Mann	Nominated
		Best Director – Motion Picture	Norman Jewison	Nominated
	Golden Reel Awards	Best Sound Editing – Dialogue		Won
	Sant Jordi Awards	Best Performance in a Foreign Film	Topol	Won
	Writers Guild of America Awards	Best Comedy – Adapted from Another Medium	Joseph Stein	Nominated
2007	Satellite Awards	Best DVD Extras	Fiddler on the Roof (Collector's Edition)	Nominated

American Film Institute recognition

• AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers - #82

Soundtrack

A 2-LP soundtrack album was issued by United Artists Records in 1971. A cassette release shortly followed which featured two instrumental tracks not on the original LP release: "Entr'acte" and "The Pogrom" (tracked as "First Act Finale" on later CD releases).

In 2001, EMI Records released a remastered soundtrack CD to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. This was the first time the "First Act Finale" and "Entr'acte" were featured on CD. This release also included the previously unreleased "Wedding Procession" track. It also featured the demo of "Any Day Now", a song that was cut from the final film.

On December 7, 2021, La-La Land Records released a 3-disc limited edition soundtrack which featured alternate versions of songs, as well as unreleased instrumental score composed by Williams.

In February 2022, the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre, & Dance presented a concert version of Fiddler using the arrangements written by John Williams for the film. Broadway performers Chuck Cooper and Loretta Ables Sayre played the roles of Tevye and Golde with The Grand Rapids Symphony as the backing orchestra. The event was the first live performance of Williams' orchestrations for the film.

Documentary

An independently produced documentary about the making of the film, Fiddler's Journey to the Big Screen, was made by Adama Films in 2021. Produced, directed and edited by Daniel Raim and featuring interviews with the surviving cast and crew members, as well as behind-the-scenes footage, it premiered at the Miami Jewish Film Festival on January 26, 2022, and was released theatrically by Kino Lorber and Zeitgeist Films that Spring. It was later made available to stream on Paramount+.

Remake

On May 28, 2020, it was announced that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and producers Dan Jinks and Aaron Harnick will oversee a remake, with Thomas Kail (known for his work on Hamilton and Grease Live!) directing and co-producing, and Dear Evan Hansen librettist Steven Levenson penning the screenplay.

See also

• List of American films of 1971

Sources

• Bial, Henry (2005). Acting Jewish: Negotiating Ethnicity on the American Stage & Screen. University of Michigan Press. p. 78. ISBN 047206908X.
• Isenberg, Barbara (2014). Tradition!: The Highly Improbable, Ultimately Triumphant Broadway-to-Hollywood Story of Fiddler on the Roof, the World's Most Beloved Musical. St. Martin's Press. p. ix. ISBN 978-1466862524.

Further reading

• Solomon, Alisa (October 22, 2013). Wonder of Wonders: A Cultural History of Fiddler on the Roof. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-9529-6.
• Grant, Brigit (April 10, 2021). "As hit film 'Fiddler On The Roof' turns 50, celebrate with the original cast". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 19, 2021.

External links

• Fiddler on the Roof at AllMovie
• Fiddler on the Roof at IMDb
• Fiddler on the Roof at the TCM Movie Database
• Fiddler on the Roof at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
• Fiddler on the Roof at Box Office Mojo
• Fiddler on the Roof at Rotten Tomatoes