Fervidobacterium islandicum
| Fervidobacterium islandicum | |
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| Species: | F. islandicum
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| Fervidobacterium islandicum Huber et al. 1991
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Fervidobacterium islandicum is a species of extremely thermophilic anaerobic bacteria, first isolated from an Icelandic hot spring.
Biology and biochemistry
[edit]Morphology
[edit]F. islandicum cells are Gram-negative motile rods, about 1.8 μm in length, and 0.6 μm in width occurring singly or in pairs.[1] About 50% of cells form large spheroids at one end known as a 'toga' commonly found in members of the phylum Thermotogota (formerly Thermotogae)[2]
Physiology
[edit]F. islandicum isolate H21 grows in a pH range from 6.0 to 8.0 with an optimum at around 7.2.[1] Growth is observed at a temperature range between 40 °C and 80 °C, with an optimum of 70 °C.[3] At a temperature of 65 °C, strain H21 has a doubling time of 150 minutes.[1]
Culture growth
[edit]Growth of isolate H21 requires low amounts (0.3%) of yeast extract. When this is used as a single carbon and energy source, the final cell concentration is 1x107 cells/ml.[1] Growth is strongly enhanced by the addition of 0.2% pyruvate, ribose, glucose, maltose, raffinose, starch and, less efficiently, cellulose. Final cell concentrations with these additions can range from 2 to 5x108.[1] In the presence of glucose, F. islandicum produces the following end products: L(+) lactate, acetate, ethanol, H2 and CO2.[1] Isolate H21 shows a sensitivity to common antibiotics, its growth is inhibited by addition of vancomycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and rifampicin at 10 g/ml.[1]
Genomics
[edit]F. islandicum strain AW-1 has a total genome size of 2.4 million base pairs, which is slightly larger than the genomes of other Fervidobacterium strains.[3] It has a G + C content of 40.7%.[3] It contains 2,184 protein coding genes in a total of 2,248 genes.[3]
Environment
[edit]F. islandicum was originally isolated from an Icelandic hot spring on the banks of the river Varma close to Hverageri, Iceland. The anaerobic samples were taken from hot waters and muds.[1] Here, the temperatures were between 70 °C and 102 °C, and the pH was between 1.5 and 9.[1]
Biotechnological applications
[edit]F. islandicum AW-1 is capable of complete feather degradation at 70 °C and a pH of 7.[4] Feather keratin has a very high cysteine content, which makes it very rigid and hard to digest.[5] 5 million tons of chicken feathers are generated by the poultry industry every year, making chicken feathers a serious solid waste problem.[4] Therefore, F. islandicum's ability to degrade native chicken feathers is very appealing.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Huber, Robert; Woese, Carl R.; Langworthy, Thomas A.; Kristjansson, Jakob K.; Stetter, Karl O. (1990). "Fervidobacterium islandicum sp. nov., a new extremely thermophilic eubacterium belonging to the ?Thermotogales?". Archives of Microbiology. 154 (2): 105–111. doi:10.1007/BF00423318. ISSN 0302-8933. S2CID 40470196.
- ^ Bhandari, Vaibhav; Gupta, Radhey S. (2014), Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko (eds.), "The Phylum Thermotogae", The Prokaryotes: Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 989–1015, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_118, ISBN 978-3-642-38954-2, retrieved 2021-10-11
- ^ a b c d Lee, Yong-Jik; Jeong, Haeyoung; Park, Gun-Seok; Kwak, Yunyoung; Lee, Sang-Jae; Lee, Sang Jun; Park, Min-Kyu; Kim, Ji-Yeon; Kang, Hwan Ku; Shin, Jae-Ho; Lee, Dong-Woo (December 2015). "Genome sequence of a native-feather degrading extremely thermophilic Eubacterium, Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 10 (1): 71. doi:10.1186/s40793-015-0063-4. ISSN 1944-3277. PMC 4587914. PMID 26421103.
- ^ a b Nam, Gae-Won; Lee, Dong-Woo; Lee, Han-Seoung; Lee, Nam-Ju; Kim, Byoung-Chan; Choe, Eun-Ah; Hwang, Jae-Kwan; Suhartono, Maggy; Pyun, Yu-Ryang (2002-12-01). "Native-feather degradation by Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1, a newly isolated keratinase-producing thermophilic anaerobe". Archives of Microbiology. 178 (6): 538–547. doi:10.1007/s00203-002-0489-0. ISSN 0302-8933. PMID 12420177. S2CID 39043722.
- ^ Gregg, Keith; Rogers, George E. (1986), Bereiter-Hahn, Jürgen; Matoltsy, A. Gedeon; Richards, K. Sylvia (eds.), "Feather Keratin: Composition, Structure and Biogenesis", Biology of the Integument, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 666–694, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-00989-5_33, ISBN 978-3-662-00991-8, retrieved 2021-10-11
Further reading
[edit]- Ravot, Gilles, et al. "L-Alanine production from glucose fermentation by hyperthermophilic members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea: a remnant of an ancestral metabolism?." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62.7 (1996): 2657-2659.
- Dworkin, Martin, and Stanley Falkow, eds. The Prokaryotes: Vol. 7: Proteobacteria: Delta and Epsilon Subclasses. Deeply Rooting Bacteria. Vol. 7. Springer, 2006.
- Gödde C, Sahm K, Brouns SJ, Kluskens LD, van der Oost J, de Vos WM, et al. (2005). "Cloning and expression of islandisin, a new thermostable subtilisin from Fervidobacterium islandicum, in Escherichia coli". Appl Environ Microbiol. 71 (7): 3951–8. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.7.3951-3958.2005. PMC 1168981. PMID 16000809.
- Nam GW, Lee DW, Lee HS, Lee NJ, Kim BC, Choe EA, et al. (2002). "Native-feather degradation by Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1, a newly isolated keratinase-producing thermophilic anaerobe". Arch Microbiol. 178 (6): 538–47. doi:10.1007/s00203-002-0489-0. PMID 12420177. S2CID 39043722.
- Jabbour, Dina; Klippel, Barbara; Antranikian, Garabed (2011). "A novel thermostable and glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase from Fervidobacterium islandicum". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 93 (5): 1947–1956. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3406-0. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 22146852. S2CID 18254613.
- de la Tour, Claire Bouthier; Portemer, Christiane; Forterre, Patrick; Huber, Robert; Duguet, Michel (1993). "ATP-independent DNA topoisomerase from Fervidobacterium islandicum". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1216 (2): 213–220. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(93)90147-6. ISSN 0167-4781. PMID 8241262.
