Isotopes of fermium

Isotopes of fermium (₁₀₀Fm)
α	248Cf
α	249Cf
α	251Cf
SF	–
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Fermium (₁₀₀Fm) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be discovered (in fallout from nuclear testing) was ²⁵⁵Fm in 1952. ²⁵⁰Fm was independently synthesized shortly after the discovery of ²⁵⁵Fm. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging in atomic mass from ²⁴¹Fm to ²⁶⁰Fm (²⁶⁰Fm is unconfirmed), and 4 nuclear isomers, ^247mFm, ^250mFm, ^251mFm, and ^253mFm. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵⁷Fm with a half-life of 100.5 days, and the longest-lived isomer is ^247mFm with a half-life of 5.1 seconds.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[2] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 5]}^{[n 6]}
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life^[1]	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 5]}^{[n 6]}
²⁴¹Fm	100	141	241.07431(32)#	730(60) μs	SF?	(various)	5/2+#
					α (<14%)	²³⁷Cf
					β⁺ (<12%)	²⁴¹Es
²⁴²Fm	100	142	242.07343(43)#	0.8(2) ms	SF	(various)	0+
²⁴²Fm	100	142	242.07343(43)#	0.8(2) ms	α?	²³⁸Cf	0+
²⁴³Fm^[3]	100	143	243.07441(14)#	231(9) ms	α (91%)	²³⁹Cf	(7/2−)
					SF (9%)	(various)
					β⁺?	²⁴³Es
²⁴⁴Fm	100	144	244.07404(22)#	3.12(8) ms	SF (>97%)	(various)	0+
					β⁺ (<2%)	²⁴⁴Es
					α (<1%)	²⁴⁰Cf
²⁴⁵Fm^[4]	100	145	245.07535(21)#	4.2(13) s	α (88.5%)	²⁴¹Cf	(1/2+)
					β⁺ (11.5%)	²⁴⁵Es
					SF (<0.3%)^[3]	(various)
²⁴⁶Fm	100	146	246.075350(17)	1.54(4) s	α (93.2%)	²⁴²Cf	0+
					SF (6.8%)	(various)
					EC (<1.3%)	²⁴⁶Es
²⁴⁷Fm	100	147	247.07694(19)#	31(1) s	α (~64%)	²⁴³Cf	(7/2+)
²⁴⁷Fm	100	147	247.07694(19)#	31(1) s	β⁺? (~36%)	²⁴⁷Es	(7/2+)
^247mFm	49(8) keV			5.1(2) s	α (88%)	²⁴³Cf	(1/2+)
					IT?	²⁴⁷Fm
					β⁺?	²⁴⁷Es
²⁴⁸Fm	100	148	248.0771855(91)	34.5(12) s	α (99.9%)	²⁴⁴Cf	0+
					SF (0.1%)	(various)
					β⁺?	²⁴⁸Es
^248mFm	1200(100)# keV			10.1(6) ms	IT?	²⁴⁸Fm	6+#
					α?	²⁴⁴Cf
					β⁺?	²⁴⁸Es
²⁴⁹Fm	100	149	249.0789260(67)	1.6(1) min	β⁺? (67%)	²⁴⁹Es	7/2+
²⁴⁹Fm	100	149	249.0789260(67)	1.6(1) min	α (33%)	²⁴⁵Cf	7/2+
²⁵⁰Fm	100	150	250.0795198(85)	31.0(11) min	α (99.99%)	²⁴⁶Cf	0+
					SF (6.9×10⁻³%)	(various)
					EC?	²⁵⁰Es
^250mFm	1199.2(10) keV			1.92(5) s	IT	²⁵⁰Fm	(8−)
					α?	²⁴⁶Cf
					β⁺?	²⁵⁰Es
					SF?	(various)
²⁵¹Fm	100	151	251.081545(15)	5.30(8) h	β⁺ (98.20%)	²⁵¹Es	9/2−
²⁵¹Fm	100	151	251.081545(15)	5.30(8) h	α (1.80%)	²⁴⁷Cf	9/2−
^251mFm	200.0(1) keV			21.8(8) μs	IT	²⁵¹Fm	5/2+
²⁵²Fm	100	152	252.0824660(56)	25.39(4) h	α (99.99%)^{[n 7]}	²⁴⁸Cf	0+
²⁵²Fm	100	152	252.0824660(56)	25.39(4) h	SF (.0023%)	(various)	0+
²⁵³Fm	100	153	253.0851809(16)	3.00(12) d	EC (88%)	²⁵³Es	1/2+
²⁵³Fm	100	153	253.0851809(16)	3.00(12) d	α (12%)	²⁴⁹Cf	1/2+
^253mFm	351(6) keV			0.56(6) μs	IT	²⁵³Fm	11/2-#
²⁵⁴Fm	100	154	254.0868524(20)	3.240(2) h	α (99.94%)	²⁵⁰Cf	0+
²⁵⁴Fm	100	154	254.0868524(20)	3.240(2) h	SF (0.0592%)	(various)	0+
²⁵⁵Fm	100	155	255.0899635(42)	20.07(7) h	α	²⁵¹Cf	7/2+
²⁵⁵Fm	100	155	255.0899635(42)	20.07(7) h	SF (2.4×10⁻⁵%)	(various)	7/2+
²⁵⁶Fm	100	156	256.0917717(32)	157.1(13) min	SF (91.9%)	(various)	0+
²⁵⁶Fm	100	156	256.0917717(32)	157.1(13) min	α (8.1%)	²⁵²Cf	0+
²⁵⁷Fm^{[n 8]}	100	157	257.0951054(47)	100.5(2) d	α (99.79%)	²⁵³Cf	9/2+
²⁵⁷Fm^{[n 8]}	100	157	257.0951054(47)	100.5(2) d	SF (.210%)	(various)	9/2+
²⁵⁸Fm	100	158	258.09708(22)#	370(14) μs	SF	(various)	0+
²⁵⁸Fm	100	158	258.09708(22)#	370(14) μs	α?	²⁵⁴Cf	0+
²⁵⁹Fm	100	159	259.10060(30)#	1.5(2) s	SF	(various)	3/2+#
²⁶⁰Fm^{[n 9]}^{[n 10]}	100	160	260.10281(47)#	1# min	SF	(various)	0+
This table header & footer: view

^ ^mFm – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

SF: Spontaneous fission
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Theoretically capable of β⁺β⁺ decay to ²⁵²Cf
^ Heaviest nuclide produced via neutron capture
^ Discovery of this isotope is unconfirmed
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs as decay product of ²⁶⁰Md

Chronology of isotope discovery

Isotope	Discovered	Reaction
²⁴¹Fm	2008	²⁰⁴Pb(⁴⁰Ar,3n)
²⁴²Fm	1975	²⁰⁴Pb(⁴⁰Ar,2n), ²⁰⁶Pb(⁴⁰Ar,4n)
²⁴³Fm	1981	²⁰⁶Pb(⁴⁰Ar,3n)
²⁴⁴Fm	1967	²³³U(¹⁶O,5n)
²⁴⁵Fm	1967	²³³U(¹⁶O,4n)
²⁴⁶Fm	1966	²³⁵U(¹⁶O,5n)
²⁴⁷Fm	1967	²³⁹Pu(¹²C,4n)
²⁴⁸Fm	1958	²⁴⁰Pu(¹²C,4n)
²⁴⁹Fm	1960	²³⁸U(¹⁶O,5n)
²⁵⁰Fm	1954	²³⁸U(¹⁶O,4n)
²⁵¹Fm	1957	²⁴⁹Cf(α,2n)
²⁵²Fm	1956	²⁴⁹Cf(α,n)
²⁵³Fm	1957	²⁵²Cf(α,3n)
²⁵⁴Fm	1954	Neutron capture
²⁵⁵Fm	1954	Neutron capture
²⁵⁶Fm	1955	Neutron capture
²⁵⁷Fm	1964	Neutron capture
²⁵⁸Fm	1971	²⁵⁷Fm(d,p)
²⁵⁹Fm	1980	²⁵⁷Fm(t,p)
²⁶⁰Fm?	1992?	²⁵⁴Es+¹⁸O, ²²Ne — transfer (EC of ²⁶⁰Md)

²⁶⁰Fm was not confirmed in 1997.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^ ^a ^b Khuyagbaatar, J.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Ackermann, D.; Burkhard, H. G.; Heinz, S.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lommel, B.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Nishio, K. (12 October 2020). "α decay of Fm 243 143 and Fm 245 145 , and of their daughter nuclei". Physical Review C. 102 (4): 044312. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.102.044312. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 241259726. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
^ Tezekbayeva, M. S.; Yeremin, A. V.; Svirikhin, A. I.; Lopez-Martens, A.; Chelnokov, M. L.; Chepigin, V. I.; Isaev, A. V.; Izosimov, I. N.; Karpov, A. V.; Kuznetsova, A. A.; Malyshev, O. N.; Mukhin, R. S.; Popeko, A. G.; Popov, Yu. A.; Rachkov, V. A.; Sailaubekov, B. S.; Sokol, E. A.; Hauschild, K.; Jacob, H.; Chakma, R.; Dorvaux, O.; Forge, M.; Gall, B.; Kessaci, K.; Andel, B.; Antalic, S.; Bronis, A.; Mosat, P. (24 March 2022). "Study of the production and decay properties of neutron-deficient nobelium isotopes". The European Physical Journal A. 58 (3): 52. arXiv:2203.15659. Bibcode:2022EPJA...58...52T. doi:10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00707-9. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 247720708. Retrieved 24 June 2023.

Isotope masses from:
- M. Wang; G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; F. G. Kondev; M. MacCormick; X. Xu; et al. (2012). "The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 36 (12): 1603–2014. Bibcode:2012ChPhC..36....3M. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003. S2CID 250839471.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- G. Audi; F. G. Kondev; M. Wang; B. Pfeiffer; X. Sun; J. Blachot; M. MacCormick (2012). "The NUBASE2012 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 36 (12): 1157–1286. Bibcode:2012ChPhC..36....1A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-22.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- M. Thoennessen (2012). "Discovery of Isotopes of Elements with Z≥100". Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. 99 (3): 312–344. arXiv:1203.2105. Bibcode:2013ADNDT..99..312T. doi:10.1016/j.adt.2012.03.003. S2CID 94982856.

[2] Fm – Excited nuclear isomer.

[4] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-5] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[6] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

SF: Spontaneous fission

[7] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-8] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[11] Theoretically capable of β⁺β⁺ decay to ²⁵²Cf

[12] Heaviest nuclide produced via neutron capture

[uc-13] Discovery of this isotope is unconfirmed

[14] Not directly synthesized, occurs as decay product of ²⁶⁰Md

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[AME2020_II-3] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[:0-9] Khuyagbaatar, J.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Ackermann, D.; Burkhard, H. G.; Heinz, S.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lommel, B.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Nishio, K. (12 October 2020). "α decay of Fm 243 143 and Fm 245 145 , and of their daughter nuclei". Physical Review C. 102 (4): 044312. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.102.044312. ISSN 2469-9985. S2CID 241259726. Retrieved 24 June 2023.

[10] Tezekbayeva, M. S.; Yeremin, A. V.; Svirikhin, A. I.; Lopez-Martens, A.; Chelnokov, M. L.; Chepigin, V. I.; Isaev, A. V.; Izosimov, I. N.; Karpov, A. V.; Kuznetsova, A. A.; Malyshev, O. N.; Mukhin, R. S.; Popeko, A. G.; Popov, Yu. A.; Rachkov, V. A.; Sailaubekov, B. S.; Sokol, E. A.; Hauschild, K.; Jacob, H.; Chakma, R.; Dorvaux, O.; Forge, M.; Gall, B.; Kessaci, K.; Andel, B.; Antalic, S.; Bronis, A.; Mosat, P. (24 March 2022). "Study of the production and decay properties of neutron-deficient nobelium isotopes". The European Physical Journal A. 58 (3): 52. arXiv:2203.15659. Bibcode:2022EPJA...58...52T. doi:10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00707-9. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 247720708. Retrieved 24 June 2023.

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