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Zhang Fei

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This article is about the Three Kingdoms general. For the Taiwanese comedy show host, see Chang Fei.
Zhang Fei
張飛
Ming dynasty portrait of Zhang Fei
General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍)
In office
221
MonarchLiu Bei
Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隸校尉)
In office
221
MonarchLiu Bei
Succeeded byZhuge Liang
General of the Right (右將軍)
In office
219 (219)–221 (221)
MonarchLiu Bei
Administrator of Baxi (巴西太守)
(under Liu Bei)
In office
214 (214)–219 (219)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Administrator of Nan Commandery
(南郡太守)
(under Liu Bei)
In office
? (?)–214 (214)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Administrator of Yidu (宜都太守)
(under Liu Bei)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
General Who Attacks Barbarians (征虜將軍)
(under Liu Bei)
In office
209 (209)–? (?)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
General of the Household (中郎將)
(under Liu Bei)
In office
199 (199)–209 (209)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Personal details
BornUnknown
Zhuo Commandery, Han Empire
DiedJuly or August 221[a]
Langzhong County, Baxi Commandery, Shu Han
SpouseLady Xiahou
Children
OccupationMilitary general, politician
Courtesy nameYide (益德)
Posthumous nameMarquis Huan (桓侯)
PeerageMarquis of Xixiang
(西鄉侯)
Zhang Fei
"Zhang Fei" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese張飛
Simplified Chinese张飞
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhāng Fēi
Wade–GilesChang1 Fei1
IPA[ʈʂáŋ féɪ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationJēung Fēi
JyutpingZoeng1 Fei1
IPA[tsœŋ˥ fej˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTiun Hui
Tâi-lôTiunn Hui
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhang.

Zhang Fei (pronunciationⓘ) (traditional Chinese: 張飛; simplified Chinese: 张飞; pinyin: Zhāng Fēi; died July or August 221 AD),[a] courtesy name Yide (益德[b]), was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, who were among the earliest to join Liu Bei, shared a brotherly relationship with their lord and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Zhang Fei fought in various battles on Liu Bei's side, including the Red Cliffs campaign (208–209), takeover of Yi Province (212–214), and Hanzhong Campaign (217–218). He was assassinated by his subordinates in 221 after serving for only a few months in the state of Shu Han, which was founded by Liu Bei earlier that year.[2]

Zhang Fei is one of the major characters in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which dramatises and romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, Zhang Fei became sworn brothers with Liu Bei and Guan Yu in the fictional Oath of the Peach Garden at the start of the novel and remained faithful to their oath until his death.

Early career

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Zhang Fei was from Zhuo Commandery. In the 180s, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, he and Guan Yu became Liu Bei's followers. As Guan Yu was several years older than Zhang Fei, Zhang regarded him as an elder brother.[3] Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were known as stalwart and strong men; which made them talented fighters.[4]

When Liu Bei was later appointed as the Chancellor of Pingyuan State (平原國) by the Han central government, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu served as Majors of Separate Command (別部司馬) under him. Liu Bei cherished them as if they were his own brothers and the three of them shared a brotherly relationship to the point of sharing the same room, sleeping on the same mat and eating from the same pot.[5] Zhang Fei and Guan Yu acted as bodyguards for Liu Bei. They followed him on his exploits and were always ready to face any danger and hardship.[6]

Conflict between Liu Bei and Lü Bu

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In 194, Liu Bei succeeded Tao Qian as the Governor of Xu Province. The following year, he led his forces to Huaiyin County, to counter an invasion by Yuan Shu. During this time, he left Zhang Fei behind to guard Xiapi, the capital of Xu Province.[7]

Zhang Fei wanted to kill Cao Bao, a former officer under Tao Qian, for reasons unknown. Cao Bao fled back to his own camp and set up defences while sending a messenger to request aid from Lü Bu, another warlord who was taking shelter under Liu Bei at the time. Lü Bu led his forces to attack Xiapi and succeeded in seizing control of Xiapi. Zhang Fei fled after losing Xiapi to Lü Bu.[8][c]

Liu Bei returned to Xu Province, which was now under Lü Bu's control, and reluctantly accepted Lü Bu's offer to move to Xiaopei while Lü Bu remained in Xiapi. Tensions between Liu Bei and Lü Bu increased until the point of conflict. Liu Bei sought help from Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government. Cao Cao and Liu Bei combined forces and defeated Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 198, after which they returned to the imperial capital Xu together. In Xu, Zhang Fei was appointed as a General of the Household (中郎將).[9]

Roaming the land with Liu Bei

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In 199, Liu Bei pretended to volunteer to lead an army to attack Yuan Shu, and used that opportunity to leave Xu and escape from Cao Cao's watch. He headed to Xu Province, killed Che Zhou, the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao, and seized control of Xiapi again. The following year, Cao Cao personally led his forces to attack Liu Bei, defeated him, and took back control of Xu Province. After his defeat, Liu Bei fled to Ji Province, where he took refuge under Cao Cao's rival, Yuan Shao.

Liu Bei later left Yuan Shao by pretending to help Yuan Shao gain support from local rebels in Runan in his war against Cao Cao. He eventually found shelter under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Liu Biao put him in charge of Xinye County on the northern border of Jing Province.[10][11]

It is not known whether Zhang Fei followed Liu Bei to join Yuan Shao after Liu Bei's defeat in Xu Province, or whether he, like Guan Yu, was separated from Liu Bei during that period of time.

Red Cliffs campaign

[edit]

Battle of Changban

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Main article: Battle of Changban
Zhang Fei in Japanese Ukiyo-e.

In 208, following Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao launched a military campaign aimed at wiping out opposing forces in Jing Province and the Jiangdong (or Wu) region. In the meantime, Liu Bei evacuated Xinye County and led his followers towards Xiakou, which was controlled by Liu Biao's elder son, Liu Qi.

Cao Cao was worried that Liu Bei would occupy Jiangling County, which was abundant in military resources, before he did. He immediately ordered his troops to leave behind their heavy equipment and baggage, and move swiftly to Xiangyang.[12] When Cao Cao reached Xiangyang, Liu Biao's younger son and successor, Liu Cong, surrendered to him without putting up resistance. After learning that Liu Bei had already passed by Xiangyang, Cao Cao personally led a 5,000-strong elite cavalry force to pursue Liu Bei. After travelling over 300 li in just one day and one night, Cao Cao and his riders caught up with Liu Bei at Changban and attacked him. During the battle, Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled, with only Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and a small number of soldiers accompanying him. Cao Cao's forces captured many of Liu Bei's followers and his equipment.[13]

Zhang Fei led 20 horsemen to cover Liu Bei's retreat. After destroying a bridge, he stood guard at one end (facing the enemy), brandished his spear, glared at the enemy and shouted: "I'm Zhang Yide. You can come forth and fight me to the death!" Cao Cao's soldiers were all afraid and did not dare to approach him. Liu Bei and his followers were hence able to retreat safely.[14]

Battle of Red Cliffs and after

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See also: Battle of Red Cliffs and Battle of Jiangling (208)

In 208, Liu Bei and Sun Quan combined forces and defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. Liu Bei later took control of southern Jing Province, with his headquarters at Nan Commandery and Gong'an County. Zhang Fei was appointed General Who Attacks Barbarians (征虜將軍) and Administrator (太守) of Yidu Commandery. He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xin Village (新亭侯). He was later reassigned to serve as the Administrator of Nan Commandery.[15]

Zhang Fei (center) talks with Liu Bei, from a 2015 Peking opera performance by Shanghai Jingju Theatre Company at Tianchan Theatre, Shanghai.

Yi Province campaign

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Main article: Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province

Earlier defence of Jing Province

[edit]

In 211, Liu Bei led an army to Yi Province to assist the governor Liu Zhang in countering the advances of a rival warlord, Zhang Lu of Hanzhong Commandery. He left Zhang Fei and others behind to guard Jing Province in his absence. Earlier in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister Lady Sun to strengthen the alliance between him and Sun Quan. Because of her brother's strong influence, Lady Sun was arrogant and she allowed her close aides to behave lawlessly. Even Liu Bei was afraid of her. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to Jing Province to fetch his sister home. Lady Sun attempted to bring along Liu Bei's son Liu Shan with her, but Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun led their men to stop her and managed to retrieve Liu Shan.[16]

Conquest of Yi Province

[edit]

Around 212, relations between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang deteriorated to the point of conflict, when Liu Bei started a campaign aimed at seizing Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Liu Bei ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun, Zhang Fei and others to lead reinforcements into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.[17][18] When Liu Zhang heard that Liu Bei received reinforcements from Jing Province, he dispatched Zhang Yi (Junsi) with an army to stop them at Deyang County. However, Zhang Fei defeated them and forced Zhang Yi to withdraw back to Chengdu.[19]

Along the way, Zhang Fei attacked Jiangzhou, which was defended by Zhao Zan (趙筰) the Administrator of Ba Commandery along with his more famous subordinate Yan Yan, a military officer serving under Liu Zhang. He defeated both of them and captured Yan Yan alive. Zhang Fei asked him: "When my army showed up, why did you put up resistance instead of surrendering?" Yan Yan replied: "You people launched an unwarranted attack on my home province. There may be generals in my province who will lose their heads, but there are none who will surrender." Zhang Fei was enraged and he ordered Yan Yan's execution. An expressionless Yan Yan asked: "If you want to chop off my head, then do it! What's with that outburst of anger?" Zhang Fei was so impressed with Yan Yan's courage that he released him and treated him like an honoured guest.[20][21]

Zhang Fei's army then proceeded to break through Liu Zhang's defences until they reached Chengdu (Yi Province's capital), where they rendezvoused with Liu Bei and the others. In 214, Liu Zhang surrendered and yielded Yi Province to Liu Bei. Liu Bei rewarded Zhuge Liang, Fa Zheng, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu each with 500 jin of gold, 1,000 jin of silver, 50 million coins and 1,000 rolls of silk. Zhang Fei was also appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Baxi Commandery.[22]

Hanzhong Campaign

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Main article: Hanzhong Campaign

Battle of Baxi

[edit]
Main article: Battle of Ba

In around 215, Cao Cao attacked and defeated Zhang Lu, after which Hanzhong Commandery came under his control. Cao Cao left Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and others behind to defend Hanzhong while he returned to Ye.[23]

During that time, Zhang He led his forces to attack Baxi Commandery with the aim of forcing Baxi's residents to relocate to Hanzhong Commandery. His army passed through Dangqu (宕渠), Mengtou (蒙頭) and Dangshi (盪石) counties, and encountered Zhang Fei's troops. Both sides held their positions for over 50 days, after which Zhang Fei led about 10,000 elite soldiers and took an alternative route to attack Zhang He. As the mountain paths were very narrow and inaccessible, Zhang He's army was effectively divided into two because the troops at the front and the rear were unable to contact and assist each other, resulting in a victory for Zhang Fei. Zhang He and about ten of his men escaped on foot through a shortcut and retreated back to Nanzheng. Peace was restored in Baxi Commandery.[24]

Conquest of Hanzhong

[edit]
A statue of Zhang Fei in Zhuge Liang's temple in Chengdu, Sichuan.

In 217, Liu Bei mobilised his forces and personally led a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao. He ordered Zhang Fei and Ma Chao to supervise Wu Lan (吳蘭), Lei Tong (雷銅) and Ren Kui (任夔) to attack Wudu Commandery, which was defended by Cao Hong. Zhang Fei attempted to trick Cao Hong into believing that they were planning to seal his retreat route, but Cao Xiu saw through the ruse, and Wu Lan suffered a major defeat which absolved Zhang Fei from continuing the campaign – Lei Tong and Ren Kui were killed in action while Wu Lan fled to Yinping Commandery (陰平郡) and was killed by a Di chieftain, Qiangduan (強端).[25][26][27]

In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign and proclaimed himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王). He appointed Zhang Fei as General of the Right (右將軍).[28] Liu Bei later planned to return to Chengdu and he wanted to leave a veteran general behind to guard Hanzhong. Many people believed that Zhang Fei would receive this responsibility and even Zhang Fei himself thought so too. However, to everyone's surprise, Liu Bei chose Wei Yan instead and appointed him as the Administrator of Hanzhong.[29]

Service in Shu Han

[edit]

In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han. He promoted Zhang Fei to General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隸校尉), and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Xi District (西鄉侯).[30]

Liu Bei sent an imperial edict to Zhang Fei as follows:

"I have received the Mandate of Heaven and inherited the noble work of my ancestors. I am obliged to restore peace and purge the Empire of chaos. As of now, there are villains and barbarians causing destruction and harm to the people, while those who miss the Han dynasty eagerly hope for its restoration. I feel distressed, I can neither rest well nor have my meals in peace. I have prepared the armies and made an oath to bring Heaven's punishment upon those evildoers. You are loyal and resolute, your deeds are comparable to those of Shao Hu,[d] your fame spreads near and far. As such, I give you special appointments, grant you a peerage, and put you in charge of affairs in the capital. You are born with Heaven's might, you use virtue to win over others, and you dish out punishments to wrongdoers. I am very pleased with you. The Classic of Poetry says: 'Not to distress the people, nor with urgency, but making them conform to the royal state. You have commenced and earnestly displayed your merit, and I will make you happy.'[31] How can I not give encouragement to you?"[32]

Death

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An illustration of Zhang Fei's assassination at the Long Corridor of the Summer Palace, Beijing.

Earlier in late 219, Sun Quan broke his alliance with Liu Bei and sent his general Lü Meng to lead an invasion of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province, which resulted in the death of Guan Yu. Around July or August 221, Liu Bei launched a campaign against Sun Quan to take revenge and seize back his territories in Jing Province. Zhang Fei was ordered to lead 10,000 troops from Langzhong to rendezvous with Liu Bei's main force at Jiangzhou.[33]

During this mobilisation, Zhang Fei gave a seemingly impossible task to two of his subordinates, Fan Qiang (范彊) and Zhang Da (張達): the two were to design saddles for the horses the Shu army was going to use. Fearing punishment for their failure, the two came up to Zhang Fei and assassinated him. They subsequently decapitated him, defected to Wu, and delivered his head directly to Sun Quan.[34]

When Liu Bei heard that Zhang Fei's adjutant had sent him a report, he exclaimed: "Oh! (Zhang) Fei is dead."[35]

In October or November 260, Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan granted Zhang Fei the posthumous name "Marquis Huan" (桓侯).[36][37]

Family and descendants

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In the year 200, Zhang Fei chanced upon Xiahou Yuan's niece, Lady Xiahou, while she was out gathering firewood and abducted her. She was around 13 years old at the time. Zhang Fei knew that she was of good upbringing, so he married her. They had one daughter,[e] who later married Liu Shan and became Empress of the state of Shu.[38][39] Empress Jing'ai had a younger sister who also married Liu Shan and was known as Empress Zhang.[40]

Zhang Fei's eldest son, Zhang Bao, died at a young age.[41] Zhang Bao's son, Zhang Zun (張遵), served as a Master of Writing (尚書). In 263, during the Conquest of Shu by Wei, he followed Zhuge Zhan to defend Mianzhu from the Wei general Deng Ai but was killed in action.[42][43]

Zhang Fei's second son, Zhang Shao (張紹), inherited his father's marquis title and served as a Palace Attendant (侍中) and Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書僕射) in Shu.[44] In 263, the Shu emperor Liu Shan ordered Zhang Shao, Qiao Zhou and Deng Liang (鄧良) to represent him when he officially surrendered to Deng Ai and brought an end to the Shu regime. After the fall of Shu, Zhang Shao accompanied Liu Shan to the Wei capital Luoyang, where he was enfeoffed as a marquis along with other former Shu officials.[45]

Appraisal

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illustration of Zhang Fei by Yashima Gakutei in the Chester Beatty Library

Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Fei's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on the latter as follows: "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were praised as mighty warriors capable of fighting ten thousand of enemies (萬人敵). They were like tigers among (Liu Bei's) subjects. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei both had the style of a guoshi.[f] Guan Yu repaid Cao Cao's kindness while Zhang Fei released Yan Yan out of righteousness. However, Guan Yu was unrelenting and conceited while Zhang Fei was brutal and heartless. These shortcomings resulted in their downfalls. This was not something uncommon."[46]

Cheng Yu, an adviser to Cao Cao, once mentioned that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were "capable of fighting ten thousand of enemies" (萬人敵). This assessment is also that of Guo Jia and Zhou Yu,[47][48] as did another lesser-known official working for Cao Cao's state, Fu Gan (傅幹).[49]

In the main text of Zhang Fei's biography, Chen Shou wrote that Zhang Fei respected virtuous persons and detested those of vile character. Liu Bei had constantly warned Zhang Fei about his barbaric behaviour as he once told the latter: "You have dealt out far too excessive punishments. You often flog your men, who are actually the ones who will carry out your orders. Your behaviour will get you into trouble." Zhang Fei still did not change his ways.[50]

The Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny commented: "There are anecdotes describing Zhang Fei as a man of literary tastes who composed verse in the midst of battle, but he is more generally known as arrogant, impetuous and brutal. While Guan Yu was said to be harsh towards men of the gentry but treated his soldiers well, Zhang Fei was courteous towards the virtuous but cruel to his rank and file. The two men were nonetheless regarded as the finest fighting men of their lifetime."[2]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

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Statues of the three sworn brothers. From left to right: Liu Bei, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei.

In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhang Fei's physical appearance was described in the following: eight spans tall (身高八尺), had a head of a panther's and huge round eyes (豹頭環眼), a swallow's jowls and a tiger's beard (燕頷虎鬚)，a voice like thunder and a stance of a dashing horse (聲若巨雷 勢如奔馬). Zhang Fei's courtesy name is written as 翼德 in Chinese instead of 益德, but both names have the same pronunciation in Mandarin. Zhang Fei was also described to be an alcoholic, and his obsession with alcohol caused his judgment to be affected from time to time. Throughout the novel, Zhang Fei was depicted as an exceedingly loyal and formidable warrior, but also a short-tempered man, who often got into trouble when he was not on the battlefield. His weapon was a "1.8 zhang long refined steel spear" (丈八點鋼矛), which was also called a "1.8 zhang long serpent spear" (丈八蛇矛), meaning "spear as long as a 1.8 zhang serpent" or later "1.8 zhang spear with serpent-shaped head".

See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Zhang Fei:

In art

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  • Dai Jin's Looking Three Times at the Thatched Hut (early Ming Dynasty), depicting Zhang Fei (right) with Guan Yu and Liu Bei at Zhuge Liang's thatched hut
    Dai Jin's Looking Three Times at the Thatched Hut (early Ming Dynasty), depicting Zhang Fei (right) with Guan Yu and Liu Bei at Zhuge Liang's thatched hut
  • Portrait of Zhang Fei on horseback by Zhao Zhi (Ming Dynasty)
    Portrait of Zhang Fei on horseback by Zhao Zhi (Ming Dynasty)
  • Zhang Fei dueling Zhao Yun in Utagawa Kuniyoshi's Heroes of the Popular History of the Three Kingdoms (c. 1836)
    Zhang Fei dueling Zhao Yun in Utagawa Kuniyoshi's Heroes of the Popular History of the Three Kingdoms (c. 1836)
  • Tsukioka Yoshitoshi's Zhang Fei on the Long Sloped Bridge Turning Away One Million Wei Troops with a Powerful Stare (c. 1883)
    Tsukioka Yoshitoshi's Zhang Fei on the Long Sloped Bridge Turning Away One Million Wei Troops with a Powerful Stare (c. 1883)
  • Zhang Fei whipping a government official, from a Ming Dynasty edition of Romance of the Three Kingdoms (c. 1591)
    Zhang Fei whipping a government official, from a Ming Dynasty edition of Romance of the Three Kingdoms (c. 1591)
  • Portrait of Zhang Fei from a Qing Dynasty edition of Romance of the Three Kingdoms (19th century)
    Portrait of Zhang Fei from a Qing Dynasty edition of Romance of the Three Kingdoms (19th century)
[edit]

Zhang Fei sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, partnered with Guan Yu.

Zhang Fei appears on the Kunqu stage as a hualian. In one particular famous scene, The Swaying Reeds, Zhang Fei ambushes and humiliates Zhou Yu before setting him free.

Zhang Fakui, a general in the National Revolutionary Army, was nicknamed "Zhang Fei".[51] In 1959, Peng Dehuai, a marshal of the People's Liberation Army, identified himself with Zhang Fei. Because Mao Zedong was popularly associated with Cao Cao, Mao and other members of the Chinese Communist Party interpreted Peng's identification with Zhang as confrontational, eventually leading to Mao ending Peng's career.[52]

Notable actors who have portrayed Zhang Fei in films and television series include: Li Jingfei in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Chen Zhihui in Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon (2008); Zang Jinsheng in Red Cliff (2008–09); Kang Kai in Three Kingdoms (2010); Justin Cheung in Dynasty Warriors (2019).

Zhang Fei is featured as a playable character in all instalments of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series, as well as Warriors Orochi, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors. He also appears in other video games produced by Koei, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dynasty Tactics and Kessen II. Other non-Koei titles that he is featured in include Heroes Evolved, Clash of Kingdoms, Three Kingdoms: Fate of the Dragon, Destiny of an Emperor and Koihime Musō.

The creative nonfiction travel essay 'Facing Zhang Fei: Hero or Villain or Man' featured in The Bangalore Review (April 2020). The narrative follows the movements of Australian writer Dean Kerrison in the ancient town Langzhong, Sichuan, which Zhang Fei governed and died in. The piece mixes insights of contemporary Chinese culture, critique relating to Zhang Fei and the Three Kingdoms period, and the theme of heroism including relevant personal anecdotes.[53]

In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering, there is a card named "Zhang Fei, Fierce Warrior" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set.

The Pokémon Emboar was based on Zhang Fei.[54]

See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b Liu Bei's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that Zhang Fei died in the 6th month of the 1st year of the Zhangwu era of Liu Bei's reign.[1] This month corresponds to 8 July to 5 August 221 in the Julian and the Proleptic Gregorian calendars.
  2. ^ Not the homophonous 翼德 as popularized by Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
  3. ^ Another account stated that Zhang Fei killed Cao Bao in a quarrel. See the article on Cao Bao for details.
  4. ^ Duke Mu of Shao (召穆公), personal name Shao Hu (召虎), was a noble who lived in the Western Zhou dynasty during the reigns of King Li and King Xuan. He was known for assisting King Xuan in governing the state, and once led troops to defeat barbarian forces in the Huai River area.
  5. ^ It is not recorded which of the daughters (the elder or the younger) of Zhang Fei was the mother of the boy that Liu Shan commented was related to Xiahou Ba.
  6. ^ Guoshi (國士) could loosely be translated as "gentleman of the state". It referred to persons who had made very outstanding contributions to their countries. See the dictionary definition of 國士.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ ([章武元年]六月， ... 車騎將軍張飛為其左右所害。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  2. ^ a b de Crespigny 2007, p. 1042.
  3. ^ (張飛字益德，涿郡人也，少與關羽俱事先主。羽年長數歲，飛兄事之。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  4. ^ (河東關羽雲長，同郡張飛益德，並以壯烈，禦侮。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6.
  5. ^ (先主與二子寢則同床，食則共器，恩若弟兄。然於稠人廣眾中，侍立終日。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6.
  6. ^ (先主於鄉里合徒衆，而羽與張飛為之禦侮。先主為平原相，以羽、飛為別部司馬，分統部曲。先主與二人寢則同牀，恩若兄弟。而稠人廣坐，侍立終日，隨先主周旋，不避艱險。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  7. ^ (英雄記曰：備留張飛守下邳，引兵與袁術戰於淮陰石亭，更有勝負。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  8. ^ (陶謙故將曹豹在下邳，張飛欲殺之。豹衆堅營自守，使人招呂布。布取下邳，張飛敗走。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  9. ^ (先主從曹公破呂布，隨還許，曹公拜飛為中郎將。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  10. ^ (... 先主還紹軍，陰欲離紹，乃說紹南連荊州牧劉表。紹遣先主將本兵復至汝南，與賊龔都等合，衆數千人。 ... 曹公旣破紹，自南擊先主。先主遣麋笁、孫乾與劉表相聞，表自郊迎，以上賔禮待之，益其兵，使屯新野。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  11. ^ (先主背曹公依袁紹、劉表。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  12. ^ (曹公以江陵有軍實，恐先主據之，乃釋輜重，輕軍到襄陽。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  13. ^ (聞先主已過，曹公將精騎五千急追之，一日一夜行三百餘里，及於當陽之長坂。先主棄妻子，與諸葛亮、張飛、趙雲等數十騎走，曹公大獲其人衆輜重。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  14. ^ (表卒，曹公入荊州，先主奔江南。曹公追之，一日一夜，及於當陽之長阪。先主聞曹公卒至，棄妻子走，使飛將二十騎拒後。飛據水斷橋，瞋目橫矛曰：「身是張益德也，可來共決死！」敵皆無敢近者，故遂得免。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  15. ^ (先主旣定江南，以飛為宜都太守、征虜將軍，封新亭侯，後轉在南郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  16. ^ (先主入益州，雲領留營司馬。此時先主孫夫人以權妹驕豪，多將吳吏兵，縱橫不法。先主以雲嚴重，必能整齊，特任掌內事。權聞備西征，大遣舟船迎妹，而夫人內欲將後主還吳，雲與張飛勒兵截江，乃得後主還。) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  17. ^ (先主軍益強，分遣諸將平下屬縣，諸葛亮、張飛、趙雲等將兵溯流定白帝、江州、江陽，惟關羽留鎮荊州。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  18. ^ (先主入益州，還攻劉璋，飛與諸葛亮等泝流而上，分定郡縣。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  19. ^ (張飛自荊州由墊江入，璋授裔兵，拒張飛於德陽陌下，軍敗，還成都。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  20. ^ (至江州，破璋將巴郡太守嚴顏，生獲顏。飛呵顏曰：「大軍至，何以不降，而敢拒戰？」顏荅曰：「卿等無狀，侵奪我州，我州但有斷頭將軍，無有降將軍也。」飛怒，令左右牽去斫頭，顏色不變，曰：「斫頭便斫頭，何為怒邪！」飛壯而釋之，引為賔客。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  21. ^ (十九年，關羽統荊州事。諸葛亮、張飛、趙雲等泝江，降下巴東。入巴郡。巴郡太守巴西趙筰拒守，飛攻破之。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 5.
  22. ^ (飛所過戰克，與先主會于成都。益州旣平，賜諸葛亮、法正、飛及關羽金各五百斤，銀千斤，錢五千萬，錦千匹，其餘頒賜各有差，以飛領巴西太守。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  23. ^ (曹公破張魯，留夏侯淵、張郃守漢川。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  24. ^ (郃別督諸軍下巴西，欲徙其民於漢中，進軍宕渠、蒙頭、盪石，與飛相拒五十餘日。飛率精卒萬餘人，從他道邀郃軍交戰，山道迮狹，前後不得相救，飛遂破郃。郃棄馬緣山，獨與麾下十餘人從間道退，引軍還南鄭，巴土獲安。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  25. ^ (二十三年，先主率諸將進兵漢中。分遣將軍吳蘭、雷銅等入武都，皆為曹公軍所沒。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  26. ^ (曹洪破吳蘭，斬其將任夔等。三月，張飛、馬超走漢中，陰平氐強端斬吳蘭，傳其首。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  27. ^ (劉備遣將吳蘭屯下辯，太祖遣曹洪征之，以休為騎都尉，參洪軍事。太祖謂休曰：「汝雖參軍，其實帥也。」洪聞此令，亦委事於休。備遣張飛屯固山，欲斷軍後。衆議狐疑，休曰：「賊實斷道者，當伏兵潛行。今乃先張聲勢，此其不能也。宜及其未集，促擊蘭，蘭破則飛自走矣。」洪從之，進兵擊蘭，大破之，飛果走。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  28. ^ (先主為漢中王，拜飛為右將軍、假節。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  29. ^ (先主為漢中王，遷治成都，當得重將以鎮漢川，衆論以為必在張飛，飛亦以心自許。先主乃拔延為督漢中鎮遠將軍，領漢中太守，一軍盡驚。) Sanguozhi vol. 40.
  30. ^ (章武元年，遷車騎將軍，領司隷校尉，進封西鄉侯， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  31. ^ Classic of Poetry translation Archived September 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ (... 策曰：「朕承天序，嗣奉洪業，除殘靖亂，未燭厥理。今寇虜作害，民被荼毒，思漢之士，延頸鶴望。朕用怛然，坐不安席，食不甘味，整軍誥誓，將行天罰。以君忠毅，侔蹤召、虎，名宣遐邇，故特顯命，高墉進爵，兼司于京。其誕將天威，柔服以德，伐叛以刑，稱朕意焉。詩不云乎，『匪疚匪棘，王國來極。肇敏戎功，用錫爾祉』。可不勉歟！」) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  33. ^ (先主伐吳，飛當率兵萬人，自閬中會江州。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  34. ^ (臨發，其帳下將張達、范彊殺飛，持其首，順流而奔孫權。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  35. ^ (飛營都督表報先主，先主聞飛都督之有表也，曰：「噫！飛死矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  36. ^ (追謚飛曰桓侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  37. ^ ([景耀]三年秋九月，追謚故將軍關羽、張飛、馬超、龐統、黃忠。) Sanguozhi vol. 33. The month corresponds to 23 Oct to 20 Nov 260 in the Julian calendar.
  38. ^ (初，建安五年，時霸從妹年十三四，在本郡，出行樵採，為張飛所得。飛知其良家女，遂以為妻，產息女，為劉禪皇后。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  39. ^ (後主敬哀皇后，車騎將軍張飛長女也。) Sanguozhi vol. 34.
  40. ^ (後主張皇后，前后敬哀之妹也。) Sanguozhi vol. 34.
  41. ^ (長子苞，早夭。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  42. ^ (苞子遵為尚書，隨諸葛瞻於綿竹，與鄧艾戰，死。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  43. ^ (忠、纂馳還更戰，大破之，斬瞻及尚書張遵等首，進軍到雒。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  44. ^ (次子紹嗣，官至侍中尚書僕射。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  45. ^ (用光祿大夫譙周策，降於艾，奉書曰：「... 謹遣私署侍中張紹、光祿大夫譙周、駙馬都尉鄧良奉齎印緩，請命告誠， ...」 ... 紹、良與艾相遇於雒縣。 ... 後主舉家東遷，旣至洛陽， ... 尚書令樊建、侍中張紹、光祿大夫譙周、祕書令郤正、殿中督張通並封列侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  46. ^ (評曰：關羽、張飛皆稱萬人之敵，為世虎臣。羽報效曹公，飛義釋嚴顏，並有國士之風。然羽剛而自矜，飛暴而無恩，以短取敗，理數之常也。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  47. ^ (傅子曰：...。嘉言於太祖曰：「備有雄才而甚得衆心。張飛、關羽者，皆萬人之敵也，為之死用。....) Fu Zi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 14.
  48. ^ (... 瑜上疏曰：「劉備以梟雄之姿，而有關羽、張飛熊虎之將，必非乆屈為人用者。...」) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  49. ^ (徵士傅幹曰：“...張飛、關羽勇而有義，皆萬人之敵，而為之將：此三人者，皆人傑也。以備之略，三傑佐之，何為不濟也？”) Fu Zi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  50. ^ (初，飛雄壯威猛，亞於關羽，魏謀臣程昱等咸稱羽、飛萬人之敵也。羽善待卒伍而驕於士大夫，飛愛敬君子而不恤小人。 ... 先主常戒之曰：「卿刑殺旣過差，又日鞭檛健兒，而令在左右，此取禍之道也。」飛猶不悛。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  51. ^ Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association, JSTOR (Organization) (1944). The Journal of Asian studies, Volumes 3-4. Association for Asian Studies. p. 163.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Domes, Jurgen (1985). Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image. London: C. Hurst & Company. p. 91. ISBN 0-905838-99-8.
  53. ^ Kerrison, Dean (April 2020). "Facing Zhang Fei: Hero or Villain or Man". The Bangalore Review. April 2020.
  54. ^ "Ken Sugimori Reveals Origins Stories of Forty Gen 5 Pokemon". 12 November 2019.

Bibliography

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