Jump to content

Familial natural short sleep

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Familial natural short sleep
This condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
SpecialtyMedical genetics
CausesGenetic mutation
Preventionnone

Familial natural short sleep is a rare, genetic, typically inherited trait where an individual sleeps for fewer hours than average without suffering from daytime sleepiness or other consequences of sleep deprivation. This process is entirely natural in this kind of individual, and it is caused by certain genetic mutations.[1][2][3][4] A person with this trait is known as a "natural short sleeper".[5]

This condition is not to be confused with intentional sleep deprivation, which leaves symptoms such as irritability or temporarily impaired cognitive abilities in people who are predisposed to sleep a normal amount of time but not in people with FNSS.[6][7][8]

This sleep type is not considered to be a genetic disorder nor are there any known harmful effects to overall health associated with it; therefore it is considered to be a genetic, benign trait.[9]

Presentation

[edit]

Signs

[edit]

Individuals with this trait are known for having the life-long ability of being able to sleep for a lesser amount of time than average people, usually 4 to 6 hours (less than the average sleeptime of 8 hours) each night while waking up feeling relatively well-rested, they also have a notable absence of any sort of consequence that derives from depriving oneself of sleep, something an average person would not be able to do on the sleeptime (and the frequency of said sleeptime) that is common for people with FNSS.[10][11][12][13][14]

Another common trait among people with familial natural short sleep is an increased ability at recalling memories.[15] Other common traits include outgoing personality, high productiveness, lower body mass index than average (possibly due to faster metabolism), higher resilience and heightened pain tolerance.[15][16][17][12][18][19] All of these traits are of slightly better quality in people with natural short sleep than in people with natural normal sleep, essentially making them slightly more efficient than average people.[20][21]

Onset

[edit]

This condition is life-long, meaning that a natural short sleeper has naturally slept for a shorter time than average for most, if not all, of their lives.[22]

Inheritance

[edit]

This trait is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, which means that for a person to be a natural short sleeper, they must have at least one copy of a mutation related to this condition, this mutation must have been either inherited or it must have arisen from a spontaneous genetic error.[23][24] A carrier for a mutation associated with FNSS has a 50% chance of transmitting the mutation to one of their offspring.

Complications

[edit]

This condition has no known health complications associated with it.

A study done in 2001 showed that natural short sleepers are more prone to subclinical hypomania,[25] a temporary mental state most common during adolescence characterized by racing thoughts, abnormally high focus on goal-directed activities, unusually euphoric mood, and a perceptual innecessity for sleep.[26]

Genetics

[edit]

Five genes and around four to seven genetic mutations have been found to be implicated in the condition:[27][28]

DEC2/BHLHE41

[edit]

BHLHE41, also known as DEC2,[29] is a gene located in chromosome 12 which encodes a protein called "basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor repressor". The gene is known for influencing the mechanics of the circadian rhythm which in and of itself influences sleep patterns, specifically the amount of sleep one gets.[30][31]

hDEC2-P385R

[edit]

This missense mutation (also known as "rs121912617") is located in exon 5 of the gene and it consists of a G>C substitution in the coding region of DEC2 which results in a proline to arginine substitution at amino acid position 385 of the gene.[32][33][34][35] This mutation impairs DEC2's ability at suppressing expression of the prepro-orexin, leading to higher expression of orexin.[36][34][37]

A mouse animal model was made in the same study that described the first 2 patients known to medical literature with the mutation; the mice that carried the mouse equivalent to the human DEC2-P385R mutation had, on average, about 1.2 hours more daytime activity than mice without the mutation. There were numerous other findings in the mutant mice, including an increased number of wakefulness episodes during a 12-hour time period compared to wild-type mice.[32]

Y362H

[edit]

This mutation has only been described in one of two dizygotic African-American twins. The affected twin was a 27-year old man who was found to have a non-synonymous mutation in amino acid position 362 in the fifth exon of the BHLHE41 gene which consisted of a substitution in the coding region of the gene from C>T which lead to an amino acid substitution of tyrosine to histidine. After deprivating them of sleep for over 38 hours, the researchers leading the study that described the pair of twins, total sleep time from both twins was measured; the results showed that the twin carrying the Y362H mutation had a recovering total sleep time of 482 minutes, while his twin slept for 572 minutes. Other findings in the Y362H twin included a higher delta power (measured with EEG) during NREM compared to his unaffected twin brother, resistance to the effects sleep deprivation has on one's neurobehavioral system, etc.[35]

ADRB1

[edit]

ADRB1 is a gene located in chromosome 10 which encodes for the beta-1 adrenergic receptor protein. It plays a role in certain sleep patterns.[38][39]

β1AR A187V

[edit]

Only 4.028 out of every 100,000 people worldwide carry this mutation, it involves a C>T substitution in the coding region of ADRB1 which causes a substitution of alanine to valine in amino acid position 507 of the gene.[22][40]

NPSR1

[edit]

NPSR1 (formerly known as GPR154) is a gene located in chromosome 7. It encodes a plasma membrane protein which works as a neuropeptide S receptor of sorts, the function of the protein influences various cellular processes.[41]

NSPR1-Y206H

[edit]

This is a rare genetic mutation that has only been found in a man and his son, who slept between 4 and 5 hours a night each. This mutation consists of a substitution from tyrosine to histidine at amino acid position 206 of the gene.[42]

A mouse animal model in the same study that described the father and son showed that mutant mice (206H) slept, on average, around 71 minutes less than mice with the wild-type version (Y206) of the gene. They also found other characteristics in mutant mice, including high delta power during sleep, lesser memory deficits, etc.[42]

GRM1

[edit]

GRM1 is a gene located in chromosome 6, it encodes a protein called metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 whose main function is activating phospholipase C.[43]

GRM1b-R889W

[edit]

This loss-of-function mutation is located in the C-terminal intracellular domain of the isoform mGluR1b in GRM1, it consists of a substitution from arginine to tryptophan at amino acid position 889 of the gene. The mutation impairs ERK activation. Only one family with the mutation has been officially described in the medical literature.[44]

Mouse animal models of the mutation showed that mice with the mutant allele (889W) slept on average 25 minutes less than mice with the wild-type (R889) allele, mutant mice also had a tendency to sleep less during their dark phase.[44]

GRM1-S458A

[edit]

This loss-of-function mutation is located in the large N-terminal extracellular domain of all GRM1 isoforms, and it consists of a substitution from serine to alanine at amino acid position 458 of the gene. The mutation impairs ERK activation. Only one family with the mutation has been officially described in the medical literature.[44]

Mouse animal models of the mutation showed that mice with the mutant allele (458A) slept on average 25 minutes less than mice with the wild-type (S458) allele, mutant mice also had a tendency to sleep less during their dark phase.[44]

Diagnosis

[edit]

Diagnosis is usually not necessary, as this trait is not considered a disorder in and of itself, however, there are various methods one's doctor can use to diagnose the condition, including but not limited to the use of questionnaires such as the morningness-eveningness questionnaire, the Munich chronotype questionnaire, etc.[45][46] Clinical diagnostic methods for the condition include electroencephalograms, delta-power analyses, and genetic testing.[35]

Differential diagnosis

[edit]
See also: Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

There are other conditions similar to this specific trait that share some characteristics between each other, these include:[47]

  • Advanced sleep phase syndrome, this is a rare condition affecting the circadian rhythm[48] in which individuals have an early sleep onset and equally early sleep awakening that is part of their regular sleep schedule.[49][50] While both sleep traits are similar in the sense of early awakening, patients with FASP typically spend the same amount of time (8 hours) sleeping as an average person, while patients with FNSS do not. Another difference between the two is that early sleep onset is not a feature shown by people with familial natural short sleep. Like familial natural short sleep, it has the tendency to be hereditary.[48][51]
  • Delayed sleep phase syndrome, this is a more common circadian rhythm condition (estimated to affect around 16% of adolescents in the U.S.) characterized by late sleep onset and equally late sleep awakening.[citation needed] While both sleep traits are similar in the sense of late sleep-onset, individuals with FNSS do not suffer from late sleep awakening. Unlike FNSS, this condition is not highly heritable, but it does seem to have at least some genetic component linked to it.[46]

List of conditions that may be confused with FNSS include:

  • Insomnia, this is a common sleep disorder which can be acute or chronic and is characterized by an individual's difficulty to fall asleep, this usually leads to them to stay up late involuntarily which shortens their sleep time.[52] While insomnia and FNSS share some common features (late sleep onset, for example), those with insomnia do suffer from the consequences associated with sleep deprivation, something people with FNSS do not suffer from, as they actually have a resistance against them.[53]

Prevalence

[edit]

It is estimated that approximately 1 to 3 percent of the population has the trait.[54][55] In the U.S., natural short sleepers are a small part of a larger group comprising 30–35% of the population who sleep less than recommended.[56][57][58]

Familial natural short sleep and Alzheimer's disease

[edit]

For some unknown reason, individuals with this condition (and their associated mutations) might be genetically protected against neurodegenerative disorders, mainly those that cause dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.[59][60][61][62]

Ying-Hui Fu did a study using animal mouse models who were genetically engineered to carry mutations associated with natural short sleep and mutations associated with an increased risk of suffering from dementia; the results showed that mice with both FNSS and dementia mutations did not show as much symptoms of dementia as their dementia-alone predisposed mice counterparts.[63][64][65] the same mice who had both Alzheimer's and short sleep gene mutations also had lesser amounts of Aβ plaque depositions in their hippocampuses and brain cortexes than those who only carried the Alzheimer's mutations. The FNSS-related mutations that were used in the study were DEC2-P384R and NPSR1-Y206H, and the Alzheimer's disease-related mutations were PS19 and 5XFAD.[66]

History

[edit]

This condition first entered the medical literature in 2009 when Ying-Hui Fu, from the University of San Francisco,[67] described a woman and her daughter from the United States who manifested signs of the condition, the both of them slept for an average of 6 hours, while their unaffected family members slept from 7 to 9 hours a night. The mother, who was well into her 70s, reportedly had a very active and healthy lifestyle, and so did her daughter.[68] DNA sequencing done on them showed that a heterozygous mutation in their DEC2 gene, said mutation was later proved to be responsible for their short sleep phenotype through the use of mouse animal models.[32][69][70]

The ADRB1 gene mutation was discovered in 2019 by Ying-Hui Fu when she described a large, 5-generation family where the short sleeping phenotype segregated as an autosomal dominant trait in multiple members. After having SNP-based linkage analysis followed by whole-exome sequencing, the researchers leading the study found a rare genetic mutation in the family's ADRB1 gene that was present in affected family members but absent in otherwise unaffected family members. Like in the other study, mouse animal models confirmed the role this mutation had in the short sleep phenotype that segregated within the family.[22]

The NPSR1 gene mutation was discovered in 2019 by Ying-Hui Fu, her patients were a father and his son, both of whom had the short sleep phenotype. Whole-exome sequencing done on them afterwards revealed a heterozygous mutation in the NPSR1 gene which the both of them shared. Like in the last two studies, mouse animal models also helped confirm this mutation's involvement in the short-sleep phenotype.[42]

The GMR1 gene mutations were discovered in 2021, by Ying-Hui Fui, when she described affected members from 2 un-related families.[44]

Notable people

[edit]

Various famous/historical individuals have been known to sleep for 4 hours or less across human history, these include:[71][72][12][73][74][75]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Short Sleeper Syndrome: What Causes Short Sleep Duration?". Circle Magazine | Health, Wellness & Genetics Blog. 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  2. ^ "Short Sleeper Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments". Sleep Foundation. 2022-04-27. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  3. ^ Hancock, Jay (9 October 2022). "This easy, no-cost solution could help treat a super common sleep condition". Inverse. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  4. ^ Yook, Ji Hyun; Rizwan, Muneeba; Shahid, Noor ul ain; Naguit, Noreen; Jakkoju, Rakesh; Laeeq, Sadia; Reghefaoui, Tiba; Zahoor, Hafsa; Mohammed, Lubna (2021-10-25). "Some Twist of Molecular Circuitry Fast Forwards Overnight Sleep Hours: A Systematic Review of Natural Short Sleepers' Genes". Cureus. 13 (10): e19045. doi:10.7759/cureus.19045. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 8547374. PMID 34722012.
  5. ^ "Natural short sleeper: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  6. ^ "Is it Dangerous to Be a Chronic Short Sleeper?". healthcare.utah.edu. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  7. ^ Panchin, Yuri; Kovalzon, Vladimir M. (2021). "Total Wake: Natural, Pathological, and Experimental Limits to Sleep Reduction". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15: 643496. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.643496. ISSN 1662-453X. PMC 8058214. PMID 33897357.
  8. ^ "The long and short of the 'short sleep' gene | Sleep Cycle". Sleep Cycle alarm clock. 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  9. ^ "Short sleep, familial natural, 1 - NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  10. ^ Zheng, Liubin; Zhang, Luoying (September 2022). "The molecular mechanism of natural short sleep: A path towards understanding why we need to sleep". Brain Science Advances. 8 (3): 165–172. doi:10.26599/BSA.2022.9050003. ISSN 2096-5958. S2CID 250363367.
  11. ^ Atherton, Sam (2015-08-12). "Short Sleepers: Why Don't They Need Sleep? | Sleep Matters Club". The Sleep Matters Club. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  12. ^ a b c "Short Sleeper 'Syndrome': When You Can Get By on Just a Few Hours of Sleep". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  13. ^ "3 Hours of Sleep: Is a Nap Long Enough to be Well-Rested?". Sleep Advisor. 2020-06-09. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  14. ^ Wescott, Elizabeth (2015-11-20). "Short Sleepers: The 1 Percent of the Population Who Only Need Six Hours of Sleep". Chronobiology.com. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  15. ^ a b "Living with a short sleep gene: 'It's a gift'". CNN. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  16. ^ "Eight Is Too Much For 'Short Sleepers'". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  17. ^ "How natural "short sleepers" thrive on 4 hours of sleep per night". Big Think. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  18. ^ "elite sleepers: It's in the genes: 'Elite sleepers' have the superpower of surviving on minimal slumber doses, possess enhanced ability to combat dementia". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  19. ^ Ashbrook, Liza; Krystal, Andrew; Fu, Ying-Hui Fu; Ptáček, Louis (May 2021). "388 Familial natural short sleepers have greater resilience than unaffected family members". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  20. ^ Sabu, Sraddha (September 2022). "The superhuman 'short sleepers' who need just 4 to 6 hours but outperform us".
  21. ^ "Some People Have a Superhuman Strength: Only Needing 4 Hours of Sleep". Popular Mechanics. 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  22. ^ a b c Shi, Guangsen; Xing, Lijuan; Wu, David; Bhattacharyya, Bula J.; Jones, Christopher R.; McMahon, Thomas; Chong, S. Y. Christin; Chen, Jason A.; Coppola, Giovanni; Geschwind, Daniel; Krystal, Andrew; Ptáček, Louis J.; Fu, Ying-Hui (2019-09-25). "A Rare Mutation of β1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors". Neuron. 103 (6): 1044–1055.e7. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.026. ISSN 0896-6273. PMC 6763376. PMID 31473062.
  23. ^ "Clinical Synopsis - #618591 - Short Sleep, Familial Natural, 2; FNSS2 - OMIM". www.omim.org. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  24. ^ "Clinical Synopsis - #612975 - Short Sleep, Familial Natural, 1; FNSS1 - OMIM". www.omim.org. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  25. ^ Monk, Timothy H.; Buysse, Daniel J.; Welsh, David K.; Kennedy, Kathy S.; Rose, Lynda R. (2001-09-26). "A sleep diary and questionnaire study of naturally short sleepers". Journal of Sleep Research. 10 (3): 173–179. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00254.x. ISSN 0962-1105. PMID 11696070. S2CID 26433675.
  26. ^ Nielsen, Louise Gunhard; Rimvall, Martin Køster; Os, Jim Van; Verhulst, Frank; Rask, Charlotte Ulrikka; Skovgaard, Anne Mette; Olsen, Else Marie; Jeppesen, Pia (2021-06-18). "Precursors of self-reported subclinical hypomania in adolescence: A longitudinal general population study". PLOS ONE. 16 (6): e0253507. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653507N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253507. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8213158. PMID 34143836.
  27. ^ "Sleep Only 6 Hours Each Night? You Might Have the Short Sleep Gene". MySlumberYard. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  28. ^ Macip, Salvador (2021-07-09). "Descubren el gen de dormir pocas horas". Ara en Castellano (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  29. ^ "Study Reveals Gene Mutation That Makes You Need Less Sleep". IFLScience. August 2014. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  30. ^ Paprocki, Jonathan (2009-08-14). "The "short sleep" gene: when six hours is enough". Sleep Education. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  31. ^ "Gene May Determine How Much Sleep You Need". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  32. ^ a b c He, Ying; Jones, Christopher R.; Fujiki, Nobuhiro; Xu, Ying; Guo, Bin; Holder, Jimmy L.; Rossner, Moritz J.; Nishino, Seiji; Fu, Ying-Hui (2009-08-14). "The Transcriptional Repressor DEC2 Regulates Sleep Length in Mammals". Science. 325 (5942): 866–870. Bibcode:2009Sci...325..866H. doi:10.1126/science.1174443. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 2884988. PMID 19679812.
  33. ^ "rs121912617 RefSNP Report - dbSNP - NCBI". dbSNP.
  34. ^ a b "rs121912617 - SNPedia". www.snpedia.com. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  35. ^ a b c Pellegrino, Renata; Kavakli, Ibrahim Halil; Goel, Namni; Cardinale, Christopher J.; Dinges, David F.; Kuna, Samuel T.; Maislin, Greg; Van Dongen, Hans P. A.; Tufik, Sergio; Hogenesch, John B.; Hakonarson, Hakon; Pack, Allan I. (2014-08-01). "A novel BHLHE41 variant is associated with short sleep and resistance to sleep deprivation in humans". Sleep. 37 (8): 1327–1336. doi:10.5665/sleep.3924. ISSN 1550-9109. PMC 4096202. PMID 25083013.
  36. ^ Hirano, Arisa; Hsu, Pei-Ken; Zhang, Luoying; Xing, Lijuan; McMahon, Thomas; Yamazaki, Maya; Ptáček, Louis J.; Fu, Ying-Hui (2018-03-27). "DEC2 modulates orexin expression and regulates sleep". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (13): 3434–3439. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.3434H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1801693115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5879715. PMID 29531056.
  37. ^ "The DEC2 Gene and Sleep". News-Medical.net. 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  38. ^ "UniProt". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  39. ^ "Gene identified in people who need little sleep". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  40. ^ "Discovery of second gene responsible natural short-sleep". News-Medical.net. 2019-09-01. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  41. ^ "NPSR1 Gene - GeneCards | NPSR1 Protein | NPSR1 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  42. ^ a b c Xing L, Shi G, Mostovoy Y, Gentry NW, Fan Z, McMahon TB, et al. (16 October 2019). "Mutant neuropeptide S receptor reduces sleep duration with preserved memory consolidation" (PDF). Science Translational Medicine. 11 (514): eaax2014. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2014. PMC 7587149. PMID 31619542. S2CID 204756335.
  43. ^ "GRM1 Gene - GeneCards | GRM1 Protein | GRM1 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  44. ^ a b c d e Shi, Guangsen; Yin, Chen; Fan, Zenghua; Xing, Lijuan; Mostovoy, Yulia; Kwok, Pui-Yan; Ashbrook, Liza H.; Krystal, Andrew D.; Ptáček, Louis J.; Fu, Ying-Hui (2021-01-11). "Mutations in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Contribute to Natural Short Sleep Trait". Current Biology. 31 (1): 13–24.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.071. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 33065013. S2CID 222414995.
  45. ^ "Are Some People Naturally Short Sleepers? | Camino Ear, Nose & Throat Clinic | Blog". caminoent.com. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  46. ^ a b Ancoli-Israel, S.; Schnierow, B.; Kelsoe, J.; Fink, R. (September 2001). "A pedigree of one family with delayed sleep phase syndrome". Chronobiology International. 18 (5): 831–840. doi:10.1081/cbi-100107518. ISSN 0742-0528. PMID 11763990. S2CID 45868355.
  47. ^ "Human Sleep Behaviors". Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  48. ^ a b "Kegg Disease: Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome". www.genome.jp. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  49. ^ "Orphanet: Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  50. ^ Reid, Kathryn J.; Chang, Anne-Marie; Dubocovich, Margarita L.; Turek, Fred W.; Takahashi, Joseph S.; Zee, Phyllis C. (2001-07-01). "Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome". Archives of Neurology. 58 (7): 1089–1094. doi:10.1001/archneur.58.7.1089. ISSN 0003-9942. PMID 11448298. S2CID 1277852.
  51. ^ Ptacek, Louis J. "Characterization of Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome".
  52. ^ Sutton, Eliza L. (March 2021). "Insomnia". Annals of Internal Medicine. 174 (3): ITC33–ITC48. doi:10.7326/AITC202103160. ISSN 1539-3704. PMID 33683929. S2CID 232160329.
  53. ^ "A Third "Short Sleep" Gene Has Been Discovered – And It Prevents Memory Deficits". Genomics Research from Technology Networks. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  54. ^ Dimitriu, Natalia Lusinski, Alex. "What is short sleeper syndrome? Why some people, like Barack Obama, only need 6 hours of sleep a night". Insider. Retrieved 2022-10-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ "The secrets of short sleepers: How do they thrive on less sleep?". www.cbsnews.com. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  56. ^ "How natural "short sleepers" thrive on 4 hours of sleep per night". Freethink. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  57. ^ Burling, Stacey (12 March 2019). "'Short sleepers' can get just 4 hours a night and feel fine. But is their health at risk?". www.inquirer.com. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  58. ^ Perez, Cassandra (2015-11-12). "A Tiny Percentage of the Population Needs Only 4 Hours of Sleep Per Night". Sleep Review. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  59. ^ Roy, Sree (2022-04-01). "Familial Natural Short Sleep Can Shield Against Neurodegenerative Disease". Sleep Review. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  60. ^ "Familial natural short sleep mutations may reduce Alzheimer's Disease pathology in mice [PreClinical]". 2 Minute Medicine. 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  61. ^ "Some people don't need 8 hours of sleep, and it's likely genetic". Some people don't need 8 hours of sleep, and it's likely genetic. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  62. ^ Clanton, Nancy. "Sleep in your genes: Why some people are 'elite sleepers'". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ISSN 1539-7459. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  63. ^ "Genes of 'elite sleepers' may protect them from brain diseases, study finds". UPI. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  64. ^ "Genes for shorter sleep linked with reduction of Alzheimer's changes in mice brain". Alzheimer's Research UK. 2022-03-16. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  65. ^ "When it comes to sleep, it's quality over quantity". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  66. ^ Dong, Qing; Gentry, Nicholas W.; McMahon, Thomas; Yamazaki, Maya; Benitez-Rivera, Lorena; Wang, Tammy; Gan, Li; Ptáček, Louis; Fu, Ying-Hui (2022-04-15). "Familial natural short sleep mutations reduce Alzheimer pathology in mice". iScience. 25 (4): 103964. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j3964D. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103964. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 9042888. PMID 35496999.
  67. ^ Harmon, Katherine. "Rare Genetic Mutation Lets Some People Function with Less Sleep". Scientific American. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  68. ^ Weise, Elizabeth. "Gene found that lets people get by on 6 hours of sleep". ABC News. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  69. ^ "After 10-Year Search, Scientists Find Second 'Short Sleep' Gene | UC San Francisco". www.ucsf.edu. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  70. ^ Graff, Amy (2019-08-28). "UCSF researchers prove genetics allow some people to function on less than 6 hours of sleep". SFGATE. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  71. ^ "Why can't I sleep?". University of California. 2021-07-01. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  72. ^ Paprocki, Jonathan (2014-08-07). "Gene mutation the real secret for successful short sleepers -". Sleep Education. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  73. ^ "20 Famous People Who Are Members Of The Sleepless Elite". 2018-10-13. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  74. ^ Cutrone, Carolyn; Nisen, Max (September 18, 2012). "Successful People Who Barely Sleep". Business Insider. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  75. ^ "Don't try to fight it: Your need to sleep is 80 percent genetic". www.vox.com. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Familial_natural_short_sleep&oldid=1236034103"