Eve Frank
Eve Frank or Eva Frank (1754 – 1816 or 1817)[1][2] born Rachel Frank in Nikopol, Ottoman Empire (now Bulgaria),[1] was a mystic cult leader, and the only woman to have been declared a Jewish messiah according to historian Jerry Rabow. She was the daughter of Jacob Frank.
Early life
[edit]Eve Frank received the name of Eve in 1760 upon the conversion of her family to Catholicism. For much of her life, she accompanied her father during his travels and after the death of her mother in 1770, the then 16-year-old Eve was declared to be the incarnation of the Shekinah, the female aspect of God, as well as the reincarnation of the Virgin Mary and thus became the object of a devotional subcult herself near the Catholic Marian shrine of Częstochowa, with some followers keeping small statues of her in their homes.[3] According to historian Jerry Rabow, she was the only woman to have been declared a Jewish messiah.[4]
Her father Jacob spread the rumor that Eve, who was often called "Eva Romanovna" at that point, was an illegitimate child of Catherine II of Russia. Father and daughter repeatedly traveled to Vienna, and succeeded in gaining the favor of the court.[1]
Religious leader
[edit]Upon the death of her father in 1791, Eve became the "holy mistress" and leader of the cult. Eve Frank and her two younger brothers, Josef and Rochus, assumed responsibility for the direction of the court. Many people continued to go up to Offenbach am Main, to Gottes Haus, as the believers called it.
In 1800, the Franks sent "red letters" (in red ink) to hundreds of Jewish communities encouraging conversion to Frankism.[5] However, the Frank siblings had neither the stature nor the strength of personality required to keep the cult going and as time went on the number of pilgrims and supply of money diminished drastically, while Eve continued to live in her accustomed luxury.
In November 1813, after the battle of Leipzig, Tsar Alexander I, then emperor of Russia, rode from Frankfurt to Offenbach to visit Eve.[6]
Death and controversy
[edit]She finally became heavily indebted by three million gulden in 1817.[2] It was alleged that she died in poverty in 1816,[7] although she is believed to have escaped to Poland and continued to lead the community after the dismantling of the Frankist court and arrest order from the Duke of Hesse.[1][2] Nonetheless, her followers continued to exist well into the middle of the 19th century.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Frank, Eva article by Rachel Elior in the Encyclopedia Judaica.
- ^ a b c Лжемессия: Яков Франк и франкисты, Z. Rubashev
- ^ Maciejko, Paweł. The Mixed Multitude: Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement, 1755-1816. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011:170-6.
- ^ Telushkin, Shira, Meet Eva Frank: The First Jewish Female Messiah, Jstor Daily, Jstor, April 27, 2022
- ^ Brawer, A. (1965). Galicia ve-Yehudeiha. pp. 197–275.
- ^ 1788: Ein Messias im Isenburger Schloss - die "Frankisten" in Offenbach Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine, Lothar R. Braun
- ^ "Also: Aziz Mehmed Effendi; Sabbateanism; Shabbateanism; Shabsazviniks; Shebsel; Zevi, Shabbetai". Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herman Rosenthal and S. M. Dubnow (1901–1906). "Frank, Jacob and the Frankists". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Joseph Jacobs and Schulim Ochser (1901–1906). "Offenbach". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Ewa Frank at Wikimedia Commons
| International | |
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| National | |
- 1754 births
- 1816 deaths
- 18th-century Christians
- 18th-century Jews from the Russian Empire
- 18th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
- 19th-century Christians
- 19th-century Jews from the Ottoman Empire
- 19th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
- Bulgarian people of Jewish descent
- Bulgarian Roman Catholics
- Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
- Frankism
- Jewish messiah claimants
- Jewish Polish history
- Christians from the Ottoman Empire
- Ashkenazi Jews from the Ottoman Empire
- People from Nikopol, Bulgaria
- 18th-century Bulgarian people
- 19th-century Bulgarian people
- 19th-century Bulgarian women
- 18th-century Bulgarian women
- 19th-century women from the Ottoman Empire
- 18th-century women from the Ottoman Empire
- Women mystics
- Deified women
- Female religious leaders
- Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints
- Women's firsts