European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes

Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes are reports and proceedings of the European public hearing organised by the Slovenian Presidency ^[1] of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.^[2] The Hearing was organised in response to the request made by the Justice and Home Affairs Council of the European Union on 19 April 2007.

Edited by Peter Jambrek^[3] and published by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union Crimes, the reports and proceedings research and investigate gross and large scale human rights violations committed during the reign of totalitarian regimes in Europe.

There were four sessions at the Hearing:

How to improve knowledge about totalitarian crimes?
How to promote public awareness about totalitarian crimes?
What lessons can be drawn from successful experiences?
How to achieve reconciliation?

The preface was written by the Slovenian Minister of Justice Lovro Šturm, and the introduction by Jacques Barrot, Vice-President of the European Commission for Justice, Freedom and Security. Countries that were involved were: Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, Poland and Spain.

Topics and chapters

I. HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF TOTALITARIAN REGIMES

Historical justice for Europe: why, when and how?
Suggestions on assessment of totalitarian communism.^[4]
The making of the communist regime in Slovenia and Yugoslavia.
Totalitarian regimes in Slovenia in the 20th century.
Characteristics of the judicial system in Slovenia between 1945 and 1951.
The Roman Catholic Church in Slovenia under three totalitarian regimes.
The need for equal treatment of Nazi and Soviet crimes.
Hypocrisy of discrimination among victims of totalitarian crimes.

II. TOTALITARIAN CRIMES: CROSS-NATIONAL SURVEY

Crimes committed in Latvia by the occupation regimes of the USSR and Germany (1940–90).
Political repression in the 1940s and 1950s in Estonia.
Lithuanian victims of communist occupation.
Poland – the victim of two totalitarian regimes.
The Securitate legacy – terror in Romania.
A topic doomed to oblivion: foreign prisoners in Soviet custody – with special regard to the fate of Hungarian civilian internees.
Repression over the Slovenian people by the German Nazism.
Crimes committed by the Fascist regime in the Slovene territory.
Totalitarian features of the judiciary in the Republic of Slovenia (1945–90).
Concentration and labour camps in Slovenia.
Secret World War II mass graves in Slovenia
Communist repression of "interior enemies" in Slovenia.

III. TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE: PROSECUTION AND REDRESS Of INJUSTICE

Reparation and reconciliation in international law: the view of an Estonian lawyer.
Prosecution of Nazi and Communist crimes in Poland.
On rehabilitation and remedy measures in Bulgaria for persons repressed from 1944 through 1989.
Transitional justice in Spain.
Communist repression and transitional justice in Slovenia.
Post-World War II crimes on the territory of Slovenia: police investigation and proof regarding criminal offences that do not fall under the statute of limitations.
About ideologies, institutions and death.

IV. REMEMBRANCE, RECOGNITION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS Of TOTALITARIAN

V. RECONCILIATION: ON HANDLING THE TRAUMATIC PAST

Totalitarian machines

The report stated the following about Totalitarian machines:

Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and Titoism in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements:
Abuse of national sentiment to carry out racial and class revolutionary projects;

Cult of a great leader,^[5] who permits his fanatics to murder, steal and lie;

Dictatorship of one party;

Militarisation of society, police state – almighty secret political police;

Collectivism, subjection of the citizen to the totalitarian state;

State terrorism with systematic abuses of basic human rights;

Aggressive assumption of power and struggle for territory.

Remembrance day

The European Parliament has proposed August 23 as a common remembrance day of Victims of Totalitarian Regimes.

References

^ European Public Hearing on "Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" Archived 2011-10-04 at the Wayback Machine Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission
^ EUROPA EU. Press Releases-Brussels Archived June 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ Council of Europe-Parliamentary Assembly Archived 2010-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy by Carl Joachim Friedrich & Zbigniew Brzezinski.
^
Discontents: Post-modern and Post communist' by Paul Hollander:
- Virtually every communist system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today." " Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, Josip Broz Tito and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations. Paul Hollander Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center.

External links

International Law Observer Archived 2018-02-17 at the Wayback Machine

[1] European Public Hearing on "Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" Archived 2011-10-04 at the Wayback Machine Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission

[2] EUROPA EU. Press Releases-Brussels Archived June 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

[3] Council of Europe-Parliamentary Assembly Archived 2010-06-17 at the Wayback Machine

[4] Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy by Carl Joachim Friedrich & Zbigniew Brzezinski.

[5] Discontents: Post-modern and Post communist' by Paul Hollander:
Virtually every communist system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today." " Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, Josip Broz Tito and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations. Paul Hollander Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center.

[6] Virtually every communist system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today." " Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, Josip Broz Tito and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations. Paul Hollander Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center.

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v t e Anti-communism in Europe since 1989
Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
European hearings, resolutions and declarations	Council of Europe resolution 1481 (2006) European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes (2008) Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism (2008) European Parliament declaration of 23 August 2008 European Public Hearing on European Conscience and Crimes of Totalitarian Communism: 20 Years After (2009) European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 Vilnius Declaration of the OSCE (2009) Declaration on Crimes of Communism (2010) Stockholm Programme of the EU (2010–2015) Warsaw Declaration of the EU (2011) European Parliament resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe (2019)
Legislation	Bans on communist symbols Communist crimes Act on Illegality of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It Decommunization in Russia Decommunization in Ukraine Lustration in Poland
Institutions	Black Ribbon Day Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes Institute of National Remembrance Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism House of Terror Museum Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial Reconciliation of European Histories Group Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies
Media	The Black Book of Communism (1997) Between Hitler and Stalin (2004) The Soviet Story (2008) Bloodlands (2010)
Opposition	Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests

Topics and chapters

Totalitarian machines

Remembrance day

See also

References

External links