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Eucharistic miracle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sacrarium of the Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano; it is maintained that the upper portion contains the heart tissue, while the lower receptacle contains the pellets of clotted blood.

Eucharistic miracle is any miracle involving the Eucharist, regarding which the most prominent Christian denominations, especially the Catholic Church, teach that Christ is truly present in the Eucharist, which is by itself a Eucharistic miracle; however, this is to be distinguished from other manifestations of God. Eucharistic miracles are most known and emphasized within the context of the Catholic Church, which distinguishes between divine revelation, such as the Eucharist, and private revelation, such as Eucharistic miracles.

In general, reported Eucharistic miracles usually consist of unexplainable phenomena such as consecrated Hosts visibly transforming into myocardium tissue, being preserved for extremely long stretches of time, surviving being thrown into fire, bleeding, or even sustaining people for decades. In the Catholic Church, a special task-force[1] or commission scientifically investigates supposed Eucharistic miracles before deciding whether they are "worthy of belief," in order to differentiate real Eucharistic miracles from cases of contamination by bacteria, such as Neurospora crassa or Serratia marcescens.

As with other private revelations, such as Marian apparitions, belief in approved miracles is not mandated by the Catholic Church, but often serves to reassure believers of God's presence or as the means to "send a message" to the population at large.[citation needed]

The Catholic Church differentiates between true miracles and occurrences that are explainable by natural causes. For example, in 2006, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas gave over a Eucharist host that turned red while in a glass for the analysis by two University of Dallas biology professors who concluded it was naturally explicable, as Bishop Charles Victor Grahmann wrote that "… the object is a combination of fungal mycelia and bacterial colonies that have been incubated within the aquatic environment of the glass during the four-week period in which it was stored in the open air."[2] In contrast, with regards to the Eucharistic miracle at Sokółka in 2008, "The results of the testing by Professor Maria Sobaniec-Łotowska [pl] (from the Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Białystok (UMB)) and by Professor Stanisław Sulkowski (from the Department of General Pathomorphology, UMB) are consistent and indicate the presence of human heart tissue with specific pathomorphological changes."[3] The professors wrote in an academic article that "the tissue fragments observed under the microscope undoubtedly belong to the human heart and look as if the sample had been taken from the heart of a living person in agony."[3] Further details in the article were provided that affirmed the presence of heart muscle, negating a bacterial explanation: "Important evidence that the tested material is the muscle of the human heart was mainly the central arrangement of cell nuclei in the observed fibers, which is a characteristic phenomenon for this muscle. (...) in the electron microscopic examination, clear outlines of inserts and bundles of delicate myocardium were visible."[3]

Real Presence

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Main article: Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist

Roman Catholic Eucharistic doctrine draws upon a quasi-Aristotelian understanding of reality,[4] in which the core substance or essential reality of a given thing is bound to, but not equivalent with, its sensible realities or accidents. In the celebration of the Eucharist, by means of the consecratory Eucharistic Prayer, the actual substance of the bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Christ. This change in substance is not, however, the outward appearances of the bread and wine—their accidents—which remain as before. This substantial change is called transubstantiation, a term reserved to describe the change itself. Scholastic philosophical terminology was used but is not a part of the dogma that defined Christ's presence for the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent.[5] In the 13th session of 11 October 1551, it promulgated the following conciliar decree:

"if anyone says that the substance of bread and wine remains in the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist together with the Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ and denies that wonderful and extraordinary change of the whole substance of the wine into His blood, while only the species of bread and wine remain, a change which the Catholic Church has most fittingly called transubstantiation, let him be anathema." (Session 13, can.2)".[6][5][7]

Protestant views on the fact of Christ's presence in the Eucharist vary significantly from one denomination to another: while many, such as Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists and the Reformed agree with Roman Catholics that Christ is really present in the Eucharist, they do not accept the definition of transubstantiation to describe it.[8] According to Thomas Aquinas, in the case of extraordinary Eucharistic Miracles in which the appearance of the accidents are altered, this further alteration is not considered to be transubstantiation, but is a subsequent miracle that takes place for the building up of faith. Nor does the extraordinary manifestation alter or heighten the presence of Christ in the Eucharist, as the miracle does not manifest the physical presence of Christ:

"in apparitions of this sort ... the proper species [actual flesh and blood] of Christ is not seen, but a species formed miraculously either in the eyes of the viewers, or in the sacramental dimensions themselves."[9]

Some denominations, especially Lutherans, have similar beliefs regarding the Eucharist and the Real Presence, though they reject the Roman Catholic concept of transubstantiation, preferring instead, the doctrine of the sacramental union, in which

"the body and blood of Christ are so truly united to the bread and wine of the Holy Communion that the two may be identified. They are at the same time body and blood, bread and wine. ...In this sacrament the Lutheran Christian receives the very body and blood of Christ precisely for the strengthening of the union of faith."[10]

Lutherans hold that the miracle of the Eucharist is effected during the Words of Institution.[11] Both the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Oriental Orthodox Churches, such as the Coptic Church, insist "on the reality of the change from bread and wine into the body and the blood of Christ at the consecration of the elements," although they have "never attempted to explain the manner of the change,"[12] thus rejecting philosophical terms to describe it.[13] The Methodist Church similarly holds that Christ is truly present in the Eucharist "through the elements of bread and wine," but maintains that how He is present is a Holy Mystery.[14][15] All Anglicans affirm the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, though Evangelical Anglicans (as with other Reformed Christians) believe that this is a pneumatic presence, while those of an Anglo-Catholic churchmanship believe this is a corporeal presence, but at the same time still rejecting the philosophical explanation of transubstantiation.[16][17]

Extraordinary Eucharistic miracles

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The Mass at Bolsena, fresco of Raphael (1512, in Raphael Rooms of Apostolic Palace, Vatican City)
Eucharistic miracle of Bolsena in a reliquary made by Ugolino di Vieri

Mystical Fasting

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Some Catholic saints reportedly survived for years on nothing but the Eucharist. Marthe Robin (Venerable) fasted from all food and drink except the Eucharist from 1930 to her death in 1981.[citation needed]

Brazilian Servant of God Floripes Dornellas de Jesus lived for 60 years feeding with Eucharist only.[18][unreliable fringe source?][19][unreliable fringe source?]

Teresa Neumann, the famed Catholic Stigmatic from Bavaria subsisted on no solid food but the Holy Eucharist from 1926 until her death in 1962 some 36 years later. In a biography written about her she stated that numerous times she attempted to eat other things only to have them regurgitate immediately upon attempting to swallow them.[citation needed]

Supernatural Communion

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Some saints reportedly received Holy Communion from angels. One example is the visionaries of Our Lady of Fatima receiving the Eucharist from an angel. The angel, "whiter than snow, ... quite transparent, and as brilliant as crystal in the rays of the sun," proffered the Eucharist host and chalice to the Holy Trinity in reparation for the sins committed against Jesus Christ, then administered the Eucharist to the visionaries and instructed them to make acts of reparation.[20][unreliable fringe source?] Another example is Saint Faustina receiving the Eucharist from a seraph. At one time, she saw a dazzling seraph dressed in a gold robe, with a transparent surplice and stole, holding a crystal chalice covered in a transparent veil, which he gave Faustina to drink.[21][non-primary source needed] At another time, when she was doubting, Jesus and a seraph appeared before her. She asked Jesus, but when he did not reply, she asked the seraph if he could hear her confession. The seraph replied, "no spirit in heaven has that power" and administered the Eucharist to her.[22][non-primary source needed]

Flesh, blood and levitation

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The Sanctuary of the Most Holy Miracle in Santarém, Portugal

The rarest reported types of Eucharistic miracle is where the Eucharist becomes human flesh as in the miracle of Lanciano which some believe occurred at Lanciano, Italy, in the 8th century,[23][24] or the Eucharist becomes human blood as in the miracle of Santarém which some believe occurred at Santarém, Portugal, in the 13th century.[25] The Catholic Church officially recognized both miracles as authentic. However, a Eucharistic miracle more commonly reported is that of the Bleeding Host, where blood starts to trickle from a consecrated host, the bread consecrated during Mass. Other types of purported miracles include consecrated hosts being preserved for hundreds of years, such as the event of the Miraculous Hosts of Siena.[26][unreliable fringe source?] Other miracles include a consecrated host passing through a fire unscathed, stolen consecrated hosts vanishing and turning up in churches, and levitating consecrated hosts.

The Mass at Bolsena, depicted in a famous fresco by Raphael at the Vatican in Rome, was an incident said to have taken place in 1263. A Bohemian priest who doubted the doctrine of transubstantiation celebrated Mass at Bolsena, a town north of Rome. During the Mass the bread of the eucharist began to bleed. The blood from the host fell onto the altar linen in the shape of the face of Jesus as traditionally represented, and the priest came to believe.[citation needed]

In 1264, Pope Urban IV instituted the Feast of Corpus Christi.[27]

There have been numerous other alleged miracles involving consecrated Hosts. Several of these are described below.

A story from Amsterdam, 1345, claims that a priest was called to administer Viaticum to a dying man. He told the family that if the man threw up, they were to take the contents and throw it in the fire. The man threw up, and the family did what the priest had advised them to do. The next morning, one of the women went to rake the fire and noticed the Host sitting on the grate, unscathed and surrounded by a light. It had apparently passed into both the man's digestive system and the fire unscathed. The story is commemorated with an annual silent procession through central Amsterdam.[28]

According to another story, a farmer in Bavaria took a consecrated Host from Mass to his house, believing that it would bring him and his family good fortune. However he was plagued by the feeling that what he had done was very wrong and turned to go back to the church to confess his sin. As he turned, the Host flew from his hand, floated in the air and landed on the ground. He searched for it, but he could not see it. He went back accompanied by many villagers and the priest who bent to pick up the Host, having seen it from some distance off. It again flew up into the air, floated, and fell to the ground and disappeared. The bishop was informed and he came to the site and bent to pick up the Host. Again it flew into the air, remained suspended for an extended time, fell to the ground and disappeared.[29][unreliable fringe source?]

An alleged 1370 Brussels miracle involves an allegation of host desecration; someone attempted to stab several Hosts, but they miraculously bled and were otherwise unharmed. The Hosts were venerated in later centuries.[30]

Caesarius of Heisterbach recounts various tales of Eucharistic miracles in his book Dialogue on Miracles;[31] most of the stories he tells are from word of mouth. They include Gotteschalk of Volmarstein who saw an infant in the Eucharist, a priest from Wickindisburg who saw the Host turn into raw flesh, and a man from Hemmenrode who saw an image of a crucified Jesus and blood dripping from the Host. All of these images, however, eventually reverted into the Host. Caesarius also recounts more extraordinary tales, such as bees creating a shrine to Jesus after a piece of the Eucharist was placed in a beehive,[31]: 130  a church that was burnt to ashes while the pyx containing the Eucharist was still intact,[31]: 136  and a woman who found the Host transformed into congealed blood after she stored it in a box.[31]: 142 

Corpus Christi Anglican Church

In 2016, in Aalst, a small town in Flanders (Belgium), a 200-year-old[32] eucharistic host in a monstrance, suddenly showed blood red colour. On 7 July at 17:45 this Eucharistic host spontaneously started colouring, in the presence of several witnesses. The phenomenon occurred in the home of Father Eric Jacqmin, a sedevacantist, formerly member of SSPX. Professor Liesbeth Jacxsens has offered to scientifically investigate the host and thinks the colour could be caused by Serratia marcescens, Monilia sitophila or Oidium.[33]

Appearance of image of Jesus

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Two eucharistic miracles were reported in the 21st century in Kerala, India. One was at Chirattakonam in Kollam district,[34] and the other was at Vilakkannur in Naduvil.[35][36] In both cases, an image that resembles Jesus appeared on consecrated host.

Carlo Acutis list

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Carlo Acutis was an Italian Catholic youth and website designer, who is best known for documenting Eucharistic miracles around the world and cataloguing them onto a website which he created before his death from leukemia. The following list shows some of these miracles:[37]

Miracle City Year Country Summary
Buenos Aires 1992-1994-1996 Argentina Bleeding Host
Fiecht 1310 Austria Wine turns into blood boils overflows chalice, doubting priest
Seefeld 1384 Austria Earthquake at same time as bleeding host
Weiten-Raxendorf 1411 Austria Glowing Host
Bois-Seigneur-Isaac 1405 Belgium Bleeding Host
Bruges 1203 Belgium Relic of Jesus blood
Brussels 1370 Belgium Bleeding Host; Stolen Host
Herentals 1412 Belgium Stolen Hosts intact after eight days in form of cross
Herkenrode-Hasselt 1317 Belgium Bleeding Host
Liège 1374 Belgium Led to Feast of Corpus Christi
Middleburg-Lovanio 1374 Belgium Bleeding Host
Tumaco 1906 Colombia Island saved by Blessed Sacrament
Ludbreg 1411 Croatia Wine turned to blood
Scete III-V cent. Egypt Infant Jesus seen in place of bread
St. Mary of Egypt IV-V cent. Egypt Bishop walks on water to receive communion
Avignon 1433 France Eucharist Survives flood
Blanot 1331 France Bleeding Host
Bordeaux 1822 France Jesus appears in Host
Dijon 1430 France Bleeding Host
Douai 1254 France Child appears after Host dropped
Faverney 1608 France Fire destroys altar but not Host
La Rochelle 1461 France Host cures paralyzed boy
Les Ulmes 1668 France Host replace by man
Marseille-En-Beauvais 1533 France Stolen Hosts found in perfect condition
Neuvy Saint Sepulcre 1257 France Host cures paralyzed boy
Paris 1290 France Host stolen and returned.
Pressac 1643 France Host survives fire
Augsburg 1194 Germany Bleeding Host
Benningen 1216 Germany Bleeding Host
Bettbrunn 1125 Germany Stolen Host could not be picked up until Bishop's prayer
Erding 1417 Germany Stolen Host found
Kranenburg 1280 Germany Host thrown near tree, tree forms crucifix
Regensburg 1255 Germany The Lord takes Host from doubting priest
Walldürn 1330 Germany Wine turned into blood in form of Crucified Christ
Wilsnack 1383 Germany Host survives fire
Weingarten 1094 Germany Relic of Jesus blood
Alkmaar 1429 Netherlands Wine turns to blood
Amsterdam 1345 Netherlands Host survives vomiting and fire
Bergen 1421 Netherlands Doubting priest throws Hosts in river. Hosts found Bleeding
Boxmeer 1400 Netherlands Wine turned into blood
Boxtel-Hoogstraten 1380 Netherlands Wine turned into blood
Breda-Niervaart 1300 Netherlands Stolen Host found in perfect condition
Meerssen 1222 Netherlands Bleeding Host
Meerssen 1465 Netherlands Host Rescued from fire
Stiphout 1342 Netherlands Host survives fire
Alatri 1228 Italy Host stolen and becomes flesh
Asti 1535 Italy Bleeding Host
Bagno di Romagna 1412 Italy Bleeding Host; Doubting priest
Bolsena 1264 Italy Host turns into Flesh. Pope and T. Aquinas witness host.
Canosio 1630 Italy Flood stops; Priest with Eucharist prayed at flood waters
Cascia 1330 Italy Bleeding Host
Cava dei Tirreni 1656 Italy Plague stopped by Eucharistic procession
Dronero 1631 Italy Fire stopped; Priest with Eucharist prayed at fire
Ferrara 1171 Italy Bleeding Host; stains ceiling
Florence 1230 Italy Wine becomes blood
Florence 1595 Italy Eucharist survives fire
Gruaro (Valvasone) 1294 Italy Bleeding Host
Lanciano 750 Italy Host turns to flesh; Wine into Blood. Doubting priest
Macerata 1356 Italy Bleeding Host; Doubting priest
Mogoro 1604 Italy Sinful men spit out Host; Hosts became hot, leaves imprint on floor
Morrovalle 1560 Italy Hosts survive fire
Offida 1273 Italy Host becomes flesh after attempt to use in witchcraft
Patierno (Naples) 1772 Italy Stolen Hosts found
Rimini 1227 Italy St. Anthony wagers with disbeliever that starving mule will pick Host to food
Rome 1610 Italy Host becomes flesh
Rome VI-VII cent. Italy Host becomes flesh
Rosano 1948 Italy Host leaves imprint on floor; Doubting priest
Fonte Avellana 11th Century Italy Host turns to flesh; was to be used in witchcraft; witnessed by St. Peter Damian
Assisi 1240 Italy St. Clare turns away invaders by displaying Eucharist
Salzano 1517 Italy Priest gives Viaticum; donkeys led procession and genuflect
San Mauro La Bruca 1969 Italy Stolen Host found
Scala 1732 Italy Signs of Passion appear in Host
Siena 1730 Italy Consecrated Hosts intact for 276 years, unconsecrated hosts rot away
Trani 11th Century Italy Bleeding Host. Stolen, thief tries to fry Host, Host bleeds
Turin 1453 Italy Stolen Host and Monstrance rise; later Host becomes illuminated
Turin 1640 Italy Attempt to steal host prevented by flames
Veroli 1570 Italy Jesus appears in Host
Volterra 1472 Italy Stolen Hosts; Hosts rise and illuminated
Morne-Rouge 1902 Martinique Town survives volcano; Afterwards image Jesus in Host
Tixtla 2006 Mexico Bleeding Host
Eten 1649 Peru Jesus appears in Host
Glotowo 1290 Poland Buried Host found illuminated
Kraków 1345 Poland Stolen Host found illuminated
Legnica 2013 Poland Bleeding Host
Poznań 1399 Poland Stolen and destroyed Host; Found Particles illuminated
Sokółka 2008 Poland Bleeding Host
Santarém 1247 Portugal Bleeding Host turns to flesh
Saint-André de la Réunion 1902 Reunion Islands Face of Jesus appears in Host
Alboraya-Almacéra 1348 Spain Host dropped in river; saved by fish
Alcalà 1597 Spain Stolen Hosts returned; Host intact after 11 years
Alcoy 1568 Spain Stolen Hosts found
Caravaca de la Cruz 1231 Spain Image of Jesus in Host; Muslim king converts
Cimballa 1370 Spain Bleeding Host; doubting priest
Daroca 1239 Spain Bleeding Host; Led to military victory
Gerona 1297 Spain Bleeding Host; Doubting priest; Priest could not swallow Host.
Gorkum-El Escorial 1572 Spain Bleeding Host. Desecrated before bleeding
Guadalupe 1420 Spain Bleeding Host
Ivorra 1010 Spain Wine into Blood. Doubting Priest
Moncada 1392 Spain Girl wants to play with Jesus; Priest doubts ordination
Montserrat 1657 Spain During consecration girl sees father in purgatory surrounded by flames; tissue ignites
O'Cebreiro 1300 Spain Host to flesh; doubting priest
Onil 1824 Spain Stolen Host found
Ponferrada 1533 Spain Stolen Host found. Tabernacle stolen.
S. John of the Abbesses 1251 Spain Stolen Host; Jesus image in Host
Silla 1907 Spain Stolen Hosts found in perfect condition
Valencia Spain Chalice used by Jesus in his Last Supper
Zaragoza 1427 Spain Stolen Host; Image of Jesus in Host
Ettiswil 1447 Switzerland Stolen Host found lighted in seven pieces in air in form of flower
Betania 1991 Venezuela Bleeding Host

See also

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  • Carlo Acutis
  • Eucharistic theology
  • Serratia marcescens – bacteria that grows best in humid environments and sometimes produces red pigmentation (although pink, pink-orange, or orange discolorations are most frequent). The bacteria takes many hours to grow and survives from 3 days to 2 month at most on dry, inanimate surfaces.

References

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  1. ^ Ghose, Tia (9 July 2013). "The Science of Miracles: How the Vatican Decides If They're Real". Live Science.
  2. ^ "Communion wafer turns "blood red" in South St. Paul – miracle, or bacterial?". Twin Cities. 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  3. ^ a b c Jacyna-Onyszkiewicz, Zbigniew; Sobaniec-Łotowska, Maria Elżbieta; Sulkowski, Stanisław Tadeusz; Kakareko, Andrzej; Rucki, Miroslaw (January 2019). "Eucharistic miracle from the scientific perspective". Teologia i Człowiek (in Polish). 43 (3) (published 2018-11-17): 87. doi:10.12775/TiCz.2018.028. ISSN 2391-7598.
  4. ^ See Edward J. Kilmartin, The Eucharist in the West: History and Theology, ed. Robert J. Daly (Collegeville: Liturgical Press/Pueblo, 1998), 147-153.
  5. ^ a b Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. "Eucharistic Doctrine on the Real Presence". Archived from the original on 2003-08-04.
  6. ^ Canones Et Decreta Sacrosancti Oecumenici Concilii Tridentini ("Canons and decrees of the Most Holy Ecumenical Council of Trent") (in Latin). Lipsiae Tauchnitz. 1863. p. 54. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2019 – via archive.org.
  7. ^ "Catechism of the Council of Trent (divulgative version)" (pdf). documentacatholicaomnia.eu (in English, French, and Italian). Archived from the original on January 8, 2019.
  8. ^ See, e.g., Thomas J. Davis, This is My Body: The Presence of Christ in Reformation Thought (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008).
  9. ^ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae III, 76.8 ad 2: "...In huiusmodi apparitionibus. . . non videtur propria species Christi, sed species miraculose formata vel in oculis intuentium, vel etiam in ipsis sacramentalibus dimensionibus...." Translated for Wikipedia.
  10. ^ Mattox, Mickey L.; Roeber, A. G. (27 February 2012). Changing Churches: An Orthodox, Catholic, and Lutheran Theological Conversation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 9780802866943. In this "sacramental union," Lutherans taught, the body and blood of Christ are so truly united to the bread and wine of the Holy Communion that the two may be identified. They are at the same time body and blood, bread and wine. This divine food is given, more-over, not just for the strengthening of faith, nor only as a sign of our unity in faith, nor merely as an assurance of the forgiveness of sin. Even more, in this sacrament the Lutheran Christian receives the very body and blood of Christ precisely for the strengthening of the union of faith. The "real presence" of Christ in the Holy Sacrament is the means by which the union of faith, effected by God's Word and the sacrament of baptism, is strengthened and maintained. Intimate union with Christ, in other words, leads directly to the most intimate communion in his holy body and blood.
  11. ^ Wandel, Lee Palmer (2006). The Eucharist in the Reformation. Cambridge University Press. p. 260. ISBN 9780521856799. While Luther had been quite clear that the words of institution themselves, quite autonomous of the minister, effected the miracle of consubstantiation, priests were the medium through which the miracle of transubstantiation occurred.
  12. ^ Harper, Brad; Metzger, Paul Louis (1 March 2009). Exploring Ecclesiology. Brazos Press. p. 312. ISBN 9781587431739.
  13. ^ Houlden, James Leslie (2003). Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 185. ISBN 9781576078563. The Copts are fearful of using philosophical terms concerning the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, preferring uncritical appeals to biblical passages like 1 Cor. 10.16; 11.23-29 or the discourse in John 6.26-58.
  14. ^ Neal, Gregory S. (19 December 2014). Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life. WestBow Press. p. 111. ISBN 9781490860077. For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.
  15. ^ Abraham, William J.; Watson, David F. (1 March 2013). Key United Methodist Beliefs. Abingdon Press. p. 1. ISBN 9781426771224. Charles Wesley wrote a marvelous collection of hymns that offer an amazing vision of Christ's mysterious, yet real, presence in the bread and the wine.
  16. ^ Poulson, Christine (1999). The Quest for the Grail: Arthurian Legend in British Art, 1840-1920. Manchester University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780719055379. By the late 1840s Anglo-Catholic interest in the revival of ritual had given new life to doctrinal debate over the nature of the Eucharist. Initially, 'the Tractarians were concerned only to exalt the importance of the sacrament and did not engage in doctrinal speculation'. Indeed they were generally hostile to the doctrine of transubstantiation. For an orthodox Anglo-Catholic such as Dyce the doctrine of the Real Presence was acceptable, but that of transubstantiation was not.
  17. ^ Spurr, Barry (3 April 2010). Anglo-Catholic in Religion. Lutterworth Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0718830731. The doctrine had been affirmed by Anglican theologians, through the ages, including Lancelot Andrewes, Jeremy Taylor (who taught the doctrine of the Real Presence at the eucharist, but attacked Roman transubstantiation), William Laud and John Cosin - all in the seventeenth century - as well as in the nineteenth century Tractarians and their successors.
  18. ^ Comunicação, Assessoria de. "#9 DE ABRIL | DIA DA LOLA". Prefeitura Municipal de Rio Pomba (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  19. ^ "Peregrinação ao sítio da Lola « Arquidiocese de Mariana" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  20. ^ "Fatima 100th Anniversary - Third Apparition of the Angel of Portugal". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  21. ^ Divine Mercy In My Soul 1676
  22. ^ Divine Mercy In My Soul 1677
  23. ^ Linoli O. "Histological, immunological and biochemical studies on the flesh and blood of the eucharistic miracle of Lanciano (8th century)." Quad Sclavo Diagn. 1971 Sep; 7(3):661-74
  24. ^ The Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano, Italy in The Eucharistic Miracles of the World (Catalogue of the Vatican International Exhibition). Eternal Life; 1st edition (January 1, 2009), 330 pages. ISBN 9781931101028
  25. ^ The Eucharistic miracle of Santarém, Portugal in The Eucharistic Miracles of the World (Catalogue of the Vatican International Exhibition). Eternal Life; 1st edition (January 1, 2009), 330 pages. ISBN 9781931101028
  26. ^ Aleteia (2015-06-20). "The Miraculous Hosts of Siena: The Body of Christ, Ever New". Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  27. ^ "Feast of Corpus Christi | Description & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  28. ^ Dutch-language description: "In Amsterdam, gelegen binnen het bisdom Utrecht, was een man zwaar ziek en vreesde te sterven. Om hem de laatste sacramenten toe te dienen werd een priester geroepen. Deze gaf hem na de biecht het heilig sacrament van de eucharistie. Echter, na het eten van de geconsacreerde hostie kon de zieke een braakneiging niet onderdrukken. Hij ging naar de brandende haard van zijn kamer en braakte het sacrament daarin uit. Daarop bleek dat de zieke niet alleen de hostie onbeschadigd had uitgebraakt, maar dat bovendien het brood niet door het hoogopvlammende vuur werd aangetast."
  29. ^ "Erding, Germany: Eucharistic Miracle in the Church of the Holy Blood". The Catholic Travel Guide. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
  30. ^ Commission Nationale Catholique pour les Relations avec le Monde Juif. "Le Miracle du St Sacrament" (in French). Brussels Cathedral. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  31. ^ a b c d Caesarius; Henry von Essen Scott; C. C. Swinton Bland (1929). Caesarius, The Dialogue On Miracles (vol. 2).
  32. ^ "Bloedende hostie in Aalst: een mirakel?". TVOOST - Regionaal nieuws uit Oost-Vlaanderen (in Dutch). 24 August 2016. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  33. ^ Vanhecke, Nikolas (24 August 2016). "Aalst in de ban van bloedende hostie: mirakel of een schimmel?". Het Nieuwsblad (in Flemish). Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  34. ^ "Eucharistic Miracle of Chirattakonam" (PDF). therealpresence.org. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  35. ^ ""Miracle" Host sent to Rome for scientific study". Matters India. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  36. ^ "Holy Face of Jesus Allegedly Appears on Eucharistic Host in India -". ChurchPOP. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  37. ^ "MIRACOLI EUCARISTICI - Mostra Internazionale Ideata e Realizzata da Carlo Acutis e Nicola Gori". www.miracolieucaristici.org. Retrieved 2023-07-09.

Further reading

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