Vinyl alcohol

Vinyl alcohol
Structural formula of ethenol	Ball-and-stick model of ethenol
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Ethenol
	Other names Hydroxyethene; Hydroxyethylene; Ethylenol
Identifiers
CAS Number	557-75-5 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL76101 ;
ChemSpider	10726 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.008.350
PubChem CID	11199;
UNII	GO1N1ZPR3B ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID8051467 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2-3H,1H2 Key: IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1S/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2-3H,1H2; InChI=1S/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2-3H,1H2 Key: IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES OC=C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C2H4O
Molar mass	44.053 g/mol
Related compounds
Related compounds	Allyl alcohol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Vinyl alcohol, also called ethenol (IUPAC name; not ethanol) or ethylenol, is the simplest enol. With the formula C H₂CHOH, it is a labile compound that converts to acetaldehyde immediately upon isolation near room temperature.^[1] It is not a practical precursor to any compound.

Synthesis

Vinyl alcohol can be formed by the pyrolytic elimination of water from ethylene glycol at a temperature of 900 °C and low pressure.^[2]

Tautomerization of vinyl alcohol to acetaldehyde

Under normal conditions, vinyl alcohol converts (tautomerizes) to acetaldehyde:

At room temperature, acetaldehyde (H₃CC(O)H) is more stable than vinyl alcohol (H₂C=CHOH) by 42.7 kJ/mol.^[3] Vinyl alcohol gas isomerizes to the aldehyde with a half-life of 30 min at room temperature.^[1]

H₂C=CHOH → H₃CC(O)H

The industrial synthesis of acetaldehyde (Wacker process) proceeds via the intermediacy of a vinyl alcohol complex.^[4]

The uncatalyzed keto–enol tautomerism by a 1,3-hydrogen migration is forbidden by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules and therefore has a high activation barrier and is not a significant pathway at or near room temperature. However, even trace amounts of acids or bases (including water) can catalyze the reaction. Even with rigorous precautions to minimize adventitious moisture or proton sources, vinyl alcohol can only be stored for minutes to hours before it isomerizes to acetaldehyde. (Carbonic acid is another example of a substance that is stable when rigorously pure, but decomposes rapidly due to catalysis by trace moisture.)

The tautomerization can also be catalyzed via photochemical process. These findings suggest that the keto–enol tautomerization is a viable route under atmospheric and stratospheric conditions, relevant to a role for vinyl alcohol in the production of organic acids in the atmosphere.^[5]^[6]

Vinyl alcohol can be stabilized by controlling the water concentration in the system and utilizing the kinetic favorability of the deuterium-produced kinetic isotope effect (k_H⁺/k_D⁺ = 4.75, k_H₂O/k_D₂O = 12). Deuterium stabilization can be accomplished through hydrolysis of a ketene precursor in the presence of a slight stoichiometric excess of heavy water (D₂O). Studies show that the tautomerization process is significantly inhibited at ambient temperatures ( k_t ≈ 10⁻⁶ M/s), and the half-life of the enol form can easily be increased to t_1/2 = 42 minutes for first-order hydrolysis kinetics.^[7]

Relationship to poly(vinyl alcohol)

Because of the instability of vinyl alcohol, the thermoplastic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA or PVOH) is made indirectly by polymerization of vinyl acetate followed by hydrolysis of the ester bonds (Ac = acetyl; HOAc = acetic acid):^[8]

n CH₂=CHOAc → (CH₂−CHOAc)_n

(CH₂−CHOAc)_n + n H₂O → (CH₂−CHOH)_n + n HOAc

As a ligand

Several metal complexes are known that contain vinyl alcohol as a ligand. One example is Pt(acac)(η²-C₂H₃OH)Cl.^[9]

Occurrence in interstellar medium

Vinyl alcohol was detected in the molecular cloud Sagittarius B in 2001, the last of the three stable isomers of C
₂H
₄O (after acetaldehyde and ethylene oxide) to be detected in space.^[10]^[11] Its stability in the (dilute) interstellar medium shows that its tautomerization does not happen unimolecularly,^[11] a fact attributed to the size of the activation energy barrier to the rearrangement being insurmountable at temperatures present in interstellar space.^[12] The vinyl alcohol to acetaldehyde rearrangement is the only keto-enol tautomerisation to have been detected in deep space, induced by the provision of secondary electrons from galactic cosmic rays.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 101, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1
^ Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart (2012). Organic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 456–57. ISBN 978-0-19-927029-3.
^ R.D. Johnson III. "CCCBDB NIST Standard Reference Database". Retrieved 2014-08-30.
^ Keith, J. A.; Henry, P. M. (2009). "The Mechanism of the Wacker Reaction: A Tale of Two Hydroxypalladations". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (48): 9038–9049. doi:10.1002/anie.200902194. PMID 19834921.
^ Heazlewood, B. R.; Maccarone, A. T.; Andrews, D. U.; Osborn, D. L.; Harding, L. B.; Klippenstein, S. J.; Jordan, M. J. T.; Kable, S. H. (2011). "Near-threshold H/D exchange in CD₃CHO photodissociation". Nature Chemistry. 3 (6): 443−448. Bibcode:2011NatCh...3..443H. doi:10.1038/nchem.1052. PMID 21602858.
^ Andrews, D. U.; Heazlewood, B. R.; Maccarone, A. T.; Conroy, T.; Payne, R. J.; Jordan, M. J. T.; Kable, S. H. (2012). "Photo-tautomerization of acetaldehyde to vinyl alcohol: A potential route to tropospheric acids". Science. 337 (6099): 1203–1206. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1203A. doi:10.1126/science.1220712. PMID 22903524. S2CID 42079807.
^ Cederstav, Anna K.; Novak, Bruce M. (1994). "Investigations into the Chemistry of Thermodynamically Unstable Species. The Direct Polymerization of Vinyl Alcohol, the Enolic Tautomer of Acetaldehyde". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 100 (9): 4073–4074. doi:10.1021/ja00088a051.
^ Hallensleben ML (2000). "Polyvinyl Compounds, Others". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_743. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Cotton, F. A.; Francis, J. N.; Frenz, B. A.; Tsutsui, M. (1973). "Structure of a dihapto(vinyl alcohol) complex of platinum(II)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 95 (8): 2483–6. doi:10.1021/ja00789a011.
^ Blue, Charles (October 1, 2001). "Scientists Toast the Discovery of Vinyl Alcohol in Interstellar Space" (Press release). National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved December 20, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Turner, B. E.; Apponi, A. J. (2001). "Microwave Detection of Interstellar Vinyl Alcohol, CH
₂=CHOH". The Astrophysical Journal. 561 (2): L207–L210. doi:10.1086/324762.
^ ^a ^b Kleimeier, N. Fabian; Kaiser, Ralf I. (2021). "Interstellar Enolization-Acetaldehyde (CH
₃CHO) and Vinyl Alcohol (H
₂CCH(OH)) as a Case Study". ChemPhysChem. 22 (12): 1229–1236. doi:10.1002/cphc.202100111. PMID 33913232. S2CID 233447839.

[March-1] Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 101, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1

[2] Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart (2012). Organic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 456–57. ISBN 978-0-19-927029-3.

[3] R.D. Johnson III. "CCCBDB NIST Standard Reference Database". Retrieved 2014-08-30.

[K&H-4] Keith, J. A.; Henry, P. M. (2009). "The Mechanism of the Wacker Reaction: A Tale of Two Hydroxypalladations". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (48): 9038–9049. doi:10.1002/anie.200902194. PMID 19834921.

[5] Heazlewood, B. R.; Maccarone, A. T.; Andrews, D. U.; Osborn, D. L.; Harding, L. B.; Klippenstein, S. J.; Jordan, M. J. T.; Kable, S. H. (2011). "Near-threshold H/D exchange in CD₃CHO photodissociation". Nature Chemistry. 3 (6): 443−448. Bibcode:2011NatCh...3..443H. doi:10.1038/nchem.1052. PMID 21602858.

[6] Andrews, D. U.; Heazlewood, B. R.; Maccarone, A. T.; Conroy, T.; Payne, R. J.; Jordan, M. J. T.; Kable, S. H. (2012). "Photo-tautomerization of acetaldehyde to vinyl alcohol: A potential route to tropospheric acids". Science. 337 (6099): 1203–1206. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1203A. doi:10.1126/science.1220712. PMID 22903524. S2CID 42079807.

[7] Cederstav, Anna K.; Novak, Bruce M. (1994). "Investigations into the Chemistry of Thermodynamically Unstable Species. The Direct Polymerization of Vinyl Alcohol, the Enolic Tautomer of Acetaldehyde". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 100 (9): 4073–4074. doi:10.1021/ja00088a051.

[Ullmann-8] Hallensleben ML (2000). "Polyvinyl Compounds, Others". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_743. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[9] Cotton, F. A.; Francis, J. N.; Frenz, B. A.; Tsutsui, M. (1973). "Structure of a dihapto(vinyl alcohol) complex of platinum(II)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 95 (8): 2483–6. doi:10.1021/ja00789a011.

[10] Blue, Charles (October 1, 2001). "Scientists Toast the Discovery of Vinyl Alcohol in Interstellar Space" (Press release). National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved December 20, 2006.

[SpaceVA-11] Turner, B. E.; Apponi, A. J. (2001). "Microwave Detection of Interstellar Vinyl Alcohol, CH
₂=CHOH". The Astrophysical Journal. 561 (2): L207–L210. doi:10.1086/324762.

[ChemPhysChem2021-12] Kleimeier, N. Fabian; Kaiser, Ralf I. (2021). "Interstellar Enolization-Acetaldehyde (CH
₃CHO) and Vinyl Alcohol (H
₂CCH(OH)) as a Case Study". ChemPhysChem. 22 (12): 1229–1236. doi:10.1002/cphc.202100111. PMID 33913232. S2CID 233447839.

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