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Photograph of Jordan (username Essjay) from his Wikia profile

The Essjay controversy was an incident in which Ryan Jordan, a Wikipedia editor who went by the username "Essjay", falsely presented himself as a university professor of religion from 2005 to 2007, during which time he was elected to top positions of trust by the community, including administrator and arbitrator. In July 2006, The New Yorker published an article about "Essjay", and mentioned that he was a university professor of religion. The New Yorker later acknowledged that they did not know his real name.

The controversy came to involve Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales who, after initially defending Jordan, eventually asked for his resignation in March 2007. Jordan was eventually shown to have lied about his credentials, which he occasionally used as an argument to gain an upper hand in some discussions. The incident led to a critique of anonymity on Wikipedia, and a distrust of self-professed, anonymous experts among the Wikipedia community.

Timeline

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On July 26, 2006, Wikipedia critic Daniel Brandt started a thread on the unaffiliated discussion site Wikipedia Review titled "Who is Essjay?" (later retitled "Who is Essjay?, Probably he's Ryan Jordan" after Jordan's self-disclosure).[1] Essjay had stated on his Wikipedia user page that he taught graduate theology at a private university, and had doctorates in theology and canon law.[2]

Five days later, The New Yorker published an interview with Essjay which repeated some of the false claims on his user page.[3] In January 2007, Brandt contacted the author of the article in The New Yorker about the discrepancies in Jordan's biography and the exploitation of his supposed qualifications as leverage in internal disputes over Wikipedia content. The controversy that ensued focused on his falsification of a persona and qualifications, the impact of this deception on perceptions of Wikipedia (and its policies and credibility), and the quality of decisions made in his promotion, support, and employment.[4][5][6]

Reactions to the disclosure were diverse, encompassing commentary and articles in electronic, print, and broadcast media.[7] The Wikipedia community checked Essjay's edits to articles for errors and debated proposals to improve the project's handling of personal identification. During this time, Jordan spent less time editing the content of articles and more time addressing vandalism and resolving editorial disputes.[8]

Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales initially supported Essjay's use of a persona, saying, "I regard it as a pseudonym and I don't really have a problem with it."[9] Later, around March 5, 2007, Wales withdrew his support and asked for Essjay's resignation from his positions with Wikipedia and Wikia.[8][9] Wales stated that he withdrew his support when he learned that "Essjay used his false credentials in content disputes" on Wikipedia.[10]

The New Yorker interview

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Stacy Schiff, a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist writing for The New Yorker, interviewed Essjay as a source for an article about Wikipedia ("Know It All"; July 31, 2006) after he was recommended to her by a member of the Wikimedia Foundation. According to The New Yorker, Essjay "was willing to describe his work as a Wikipedia administrator but would not identify himself other than by confirming the biographical details that appeared on his user page."[3]

During the interview, Jordan told The New Yorker and had previously stated on his Wikipedia user page that he held doctoral degrees in theology and canon law and worked as a tenured professor at a private university.[11] It was later discovered that he was 24 years old, and had dropped out of community college with no qualifications.[12] The New Yorker published a correction in February 2007, which brought the issue to broader public attention.[3]

The article said that Essjay spent some 14 hours or more a day on Wikipedia but was careful to keep his online life a secret from his colleagues and friends. It portrayed Essjay as often taking his laptop to class so he could be available to other Wikipedians while giving a quiz. He asserted that he required anonymity to avoid cyberstalking.[3]

Jordan, as Essjay, claimed he sent an email to a college professor using his invented persona's credentials, vouching for Wikipedia's accuracy. In the message he wrote in part, "I am an administrator of the online encyclopedia project Wikipedia. I am also a tenured professor of theology; feel free to have a look at my Wikipedia user page (linked below) to gain an idea of my background and credentials."[6][13]

Identity revealed

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When Essjay was hired by Wikia in January 2007, he changed his Wikia profile and "came clean on who he really was", identifying himself as Ryan Jordan.[14][15][16][17][excessive citations] Other Wikipedia editors questioned Essjay on his Wikipedia talk page about the apparent discrepancy between his new Wikia profile and his previously claimed credentials.[18][19] Essjay posted a detailed explanation in response to the first inquiry, stating that:

There are a number of trolls, stalkers, and psychopaths who wander around Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects looking for people to harass, stalk, and otherwise ruin the lives of (several have been arrested over their activities here)...You will eventually say something that will lead back to you, and the stalkers will find it...I decided to be myself, to never hide my personality, to always be who I am, but to utilize disinformation with regard to what I consider unimportant details: age, location, occupation, etc...[18]

He later commented on his Wikipedia user page about having fooled Schiff by "... doing a good job playing the part."[6][20]

Wikipedia critic Daniel Brandt then wrote a letter reporting the identity discrepancy to Stacy Schiff and The New Yorker.[21][4] In late February 2007, the magazine updated its article with a correction indicating that "Essjay now says that his real name is Ryan Jordan, that he is twenty-four and holds no advanced degrees, and that he has never taught."[3]

On February 23, 2007, Jimmy Wales announced the appointment of Essjay to Wikipedia's Arbitration Committee. Wales later asserted that the appointment was "at the request of and unanimous support of" the Arbitration Committee.[22]

On March 3, 2007, Andrew Lih, then an assistant professor and the director of technology at the Journalism and Media Studies Centre at the University of Hong Kong,[23] said on his blog that a portion of Essjay's comments on the incident entered "the dangerous domain of defamation and libel" against Stacy Schiff. Lih stated that on Essjay's Wikipedia talk page, Essjay had written, "Further, she [Schiff] made several offers to compensate me for my time, and my response was that if she truly felt the need to do so, she should donate to the Foundation instead." Lih noted:[24]

This is an accusation of the highest degree to make about a journalist. Paying a source for a story is an absolute no-no in the normal practice of print journalism. And it struck me immediately how incredible it was he would accuse Stacy Schiff, a Pulitzer Prize winning author writing for The New Yorker, of this crime. We either have a serious breach of ethics with Ms. Schiff or another dubious statement claim from Essjay.[24]

Lih wrote that he contacted Schiff for comment about whether she had offered to pay Essjay for his time and quoted her return email. In it, Schiff stated that Essjay's assertion was "complete nonsense".[24]

On March 6, 2007, Jordan's hometown newspaper published an article casting doubts about his January 2007 claims on his Wikia userpage that he had worked for the United States Trustee Program and had been a Kentucky paralegal.[12] On March 12, 2007, The New Yorker published a formal apology by Wales in its March 19 The Mail section.[25]

Reaction

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Wikipedia community

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Speaking personally about Jordan, Wales said, "Mr. Ryan [sic] was a friend, and still is a friend. He is a young man, and he has offered me a heartfelt personal apology, which I have accepted. I hope the world will let him go in peace to build an honorable life and reputation."[26]

Essjay had responded at the time with a statement on his Wikipedia page, in part reading:

...I *am* sorry if anyone in the Wikipedia community has been hurt by my decision to use disinformation to protect myself. I'm not sorry that I protected myself; I believed, and continue to believe, that I was right to protect myself, in light of the problems encountered on the Internet in these trying times. I have spoken to all of my close friends here about this, and have heard resoundingly that they understand my position, and they support me. Jimbo and many others in Wikipedia's hierarchy have made their support known as well...[27]

Reaction from within the Wikipedia community to the Essjay/Jordan identity discrepancy was sharp, voluminous, and mixed. While most editors denounced at least some of his actions, responses ranged from offering complete support to accusing Jordan of fraud.[2]

As the controversy unfolded, the Wikipedia community began a review of Essjay's previous edits and some felt he had relied upon his fictional professorship to influence editorial consideration of edits he made. "People have gone through his edits and found places where he was basically cashing in on his fake credentials to bolster his arguments", said Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator and founder of the Wikipedia community newspaper, the Signpost. "Those will get looked at again."[2] In a disagreement over the editing of the article Imprimatur, for example, Essjay defended his use of Catholicism for Dummies by telling other editors, "This is a text I often require for my students, and I would hang my own Ph.D. on it's [sic] credibility."[2][28]

Jimmy Wales proposed a credential verification system on Wikipedia following the Essjay controversy, but the proposal was rejected. Wales was "reported to be considering vetting all persons who adjudicate on factual disputes."[29] "I don't think this incident exposes any inherent weakness in Wikipedia, but it does expose a weakness that we will be working to address", Wales added.[26] He insisted that Wikipedia editors still would be able to remain anonymous if they wished. "We always prefer to give a positive incentive rather than absolute prohibition, so that people can contribute without a lot of hassle", Wales commented. However, he also warned that "It's always inappropriate to try to win an argument by flashing your credentials, and even more so if those credentials are inaccurate."[30] However, Florence Devouard, chair of the Wikimedia Foundation, was not supportive of his credential proposal, saying, "I think what matters is the quality of the content, which we can improve by enforcing policies such as 'cite your source,' not the quality of credentials showed by an editor." A formal proposal that users claiming to have academic qualifications would need to provide evidence before citing them in content disputes was eventually rejected by the Wikipedia community,[31] like all previous such proposals.

As a follow-up to his initial comments to The New Yorker, Wales wrote this apology to the magazine, which appeared in its March 19, 2007 issue:

I am writing to apologize to The New Yorker and Stacy Schiff, and to give some follow-up concerning Ryan Jordan (Editors' Note, March 5). When I last spoke to The New Yorker about the fact that a prominent Wikipedia community member had lied about his credentials, I misjudged the issue. It was not O.K. for Mr. Jordan, or Essjay, to lie to a reporter, even to protect his identity.[25]

Wales acknowledged that the controversy hurt the site’s credibility, noting "people do need to be aware of how [Wikipedia] is created and edited so they can treat it with the appropriate caution."[32] He expressed his regret that Essjay had "made a series of very bad judgments." He also commented that he hoped Wikipedia would improve as a result of the controversy.[25]

Larry Sanger, a co-founder of Wikipedia, who left the project in 2002, called Essjay's response "a defiant non-apology"[33] and elsewhere characterized Essjay's actions as "identity fraud".[34]

Online reaction

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Journalist and Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski

Andrew Orlowski, a frequent Wikipedia critic and writer for The Register—a British technology news and opinion website—criticized Jimmy Wales for hiring Essjay at the venture-capital-funded Wikia and for appointing him to the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee after Essjay had apparently admitted his previously claimed academic and professional credentials were false. Orlowski added that Essjay's actions betrayed a dangerous community mindset within Wikipedia.[34]

Others to comment negatively included ZDNet writer Mitch Ratcliffe, who asked "why lying about one's background qualifies a person to work for a company like Wikia, which proposes to help communities to record accurate information" and asked for additional details "such as when he fired Jordan and the reasons for the firing, as well as when he endorsed Jordan in public statements."[9]

Andrew Keen (author, Cult of the Amateur) described the controversy as an example of ignoring expert guidance in favor of the "dictatorship of idiots."[35]

News media reaction

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  • BusinessWeek commented on proposals for credential verification: "Sadly, not everyone who posts to Wikipedia is concerned with the Ten Commandments. Some are concerned with revenge. Some with self-aggrandizement. Some just have nothing better to do. We live in an age of fake IDs, fake money, fake e-mails, fake URLs, fake IP addresses, and fake votes..." However, the article argued that Wikipedia could not become a "net police" of reliability on the Internet.[36]
  • Steve Maich, a journalist at Maclean's, stated that the controversy could damage Wikipedia's future as a media business operation, observing that Wikipedia's model was supposedly built upon trust and credibility.[37]
  • Cassandra Jardine, a Daily Telegraph contributor, opined that Essjay was "hooked on 'Wiki crack'—devotees' jargon for the thrill of seeing your efforts debated." She further observed that "Essjay has provided a reminder that any given entry could have been written by someone as ignorant as ourselves. On the other hand, no one has taken issue with his edits, only his assumed persona, so perhaps the real lesson of this democratic medium is that college drop-outs might be as authoritative as professors."[38]

Academics' reactions

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Following the media coverage of the Essjay controversy, a number of academics noted the damage to the credibility of Wikipedia. On March 2, 2007, a report in The Chronicle of Higher Education commented "the incident is clearly damaging to Wikipedia's credibility—especially with professors who will now note that one of the site's most visible academics has turned out to be a fraud."[40] Ross Brann, a professor of Judeo-Islamic studies at Cornell University in Ithaca, stated that Wikipedia lacks a process of scholarly review, saying, "They could make up your life if they wanted to." Brann also said that Wikipedia "has no place in the University", and he believed the Essjay incident would do nothing to change the unfavorable opinion that academics generally hold about the online encyclopedia.[41]

Media scholar Axel Bruns stated that while what Essjay did was "clearly deceptive and unethical" the controversy "does not undermine the Wikipedia model."[42]

Nicola Pratt, a lecturer in international relations at the University of East Anglia in England, stated, "The ethos of Wikipedia is that anyone can contribute, regardless of status... What's relevant is their knowledge as judged by other readers, not whether they are professors or not—and the fact the student [Essjay] was exposed shows it works."[43] In 2009, a lengthy article was published by the National Council of Teachers of English discussing the challenges of determining textual origins in college compositions, using a detailed history of the Essjay incident to set the context.[44]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Brandt, Daniel (July 26, 2006). "Who is Essjay?, Probably he's Ryan Jordan". the wikipedia review. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side". Technology. The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e Schiff, Stacy (July 31, 2006). "Know it all: Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. OCLC 320541675. Archived from the original on September 30, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Ian King, "'A Wiki web they've woven'". vancouver.24hrs.ca. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  5. ^ Cohen, Noam. "After False Claim, Wikipedia to Check Degrees" Archived June 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 12, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c Finkelstein, Seth. "Read me first" Archived March 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, March 8, 2007.
  7. ^ Harris, Dan (March 6, 2007). "Wikipedia Editor Revealed as Fake" (video). ABC News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  8. ^ a b Noam Cohen (March 6, 2007). "Wikipedia ire turns against ex-editor". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  9. ^ a b c Ratcliffe, Mitch (March 5, 2007), Wikipedia: Why does Essjay need to "protect himself"? Archived March 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Zdnet.com. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  10. ^ Jimmy Wales (March 3, 2007). "EssJay situation". WikiEN-l. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  11. ^ A public viewable version of this claim as dated 2006 is visible on the Internet Archive "Archived copy of Essjay's Wikipedia user page". The Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 11, 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2007..
  12. ^ a b Wolfson, Andrew (March 6, 2007). "Wikipedia editor who posed as professor is Ky. dropout - Man resigns post after controversy". Louisville Courier-Journal. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  13. ^ "User:Essjay/Letter". WebCite. Archived from the original on March 5, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007.[circular reference]
  14. ^ Williams, Martyn (March 9, 2007). "Wikipedia Founder Addresses User Credentials". PC World. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
  15. ^ Zaharov-Reutt, Alex (March 6, 2007). "Wikipedia: did one of its admins lie?". iTWire. Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
  16. ^ Elsworth, Catherine (March 8, 2007). "Wikipedia 'expert' admits: I made it up". The Age. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
  17. ^ "Fake professor in Wikipedia storm". BBC News. March 6, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
  18. ^ a b "Profiles don't mesh..." Essjay Wikipedia talk page. February 2, 2007. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  19. ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-03-05/Essjay
  20. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (March 8, 2007). "Read me first". Technology. The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 29, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
  21. ^ Brandt, Daniel (January 20, 2007). "(untitled letter to Stacy Schiff)". The Wikipedia Review. Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  22. ^ Jimmy Wales (October 17, 2007). "ArbCom". WikiEN-l. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
  23. ^ "Andrew Lih". Hong Kong University. Archived from the original on June 13, 2004. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
  24. ^ a b c Andrew Lih (November 5, 2007). "Essjay's Third Transgression". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  25. ^ a b c Wales, Jimmy (March 19, 2007). "Making amends". The New Yorker. p. 24. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  26. ^ a b Doran, James (March 6, 2007). "Wikipedia chief promises change after 'expert' exposed as fraud". Tech & Web. The Times. London. Archived from the original on March 9, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  27. ^ Keen, Andrew (March 7, 2007). "Laughter and forgetting on Wikipedia". ZDNet. Archived from the original on August 21, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
  28. ^ "Talk:Imprimatur". Wikipedia. April 12, 2005. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
  29. ^ Staff (March 7, 2007). "Wikipedia's 'bogus' editor ousted". Freelance UK. Archived from the original on March 9, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  30. ^ Bergstein, Brian (March 7, 2007). "After flap over phony professor, Wikipedia wants some writers to share real names". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 16, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  31. ^ WP:CRED
  32. ^ Brown, Adam R. (April 2011). "Wikipedia as a Data Source for Political Scientists: Accuracy and Completeness of Coverage". PS: Political Science & Politics. 44 (2). Cambridge University Press: 339–343. doi:10.1017/S1049096511000199. ISSN 1537-5935. S2CID 154963796.
  33. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (March 6, 2007). "Farewell, Wikipedia?". Music and Media. The Register. Archived from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  34. ^ a b Orlowski, Andrew (March 2, 2007). "Bogus Wikipedia Prof. was blessed then promoted". Music and Media. The Register. Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  35. ^ Levy, Steven (March 26, 2007). "Invasion of the web amateurs". The Technologist. Newsweek. p. 16. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
  36. ^ B.L.Ochman (March 22, 2007). "Wikipedia's Not the Net Police". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  37. ^ Steve Maich (March 19, 2007). "Wikipedia's trouble with the truth". Maclean's. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  38. ^ Jardine, Cassandra (March 8, 2007). "Fount of all wisdom—and foolery". Features. The Daily Telegraph. London. p. 21. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  39. ^ Beam, Alex (March 12, 2007). "Tricky truths behind Wikipedia". LivingGarts. The Boston Globe. p. E5. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  40. ^ Read, Brock (March 2, 2007). "Essjay, the Ersatz Academic". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on March 5, 2007.
  41. ^ Albanes, John (March 15, 2007). "Wikipedia Stays Popular Despite False Sources". The Cornell Daily Sun. Archived from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  42. ^ Bruns, Axel (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. Peter Lang. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-8204-8866-0.
  43. ^ MacLeod, Donald (March 7, 2007). "Students marked on writing in Wikipedia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 5, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  44. ^ Brown, James J.; Gregory S (2009). "Essjay's Ethos: Rethinking Textual Origins and Intellectual Property" (PDF). College Composition and Communication. 60 (1): W238–W258. doi:10.58680/ccc20098321. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 14, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2012.

Sources

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