Erivan uezd
Erivan uezd
Эриванский уезд | |
|---|---|
.png) Coat of arms | |
 Location in the Erivan Governorate | |
| Country | Russian Empire |
| Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
| Governorate | Erivan |
| Established | 1840 |
| Abolished | 1930 |
| Capital | Erivan (present-day Yerevan) |
| Area | |
• Total | 3,100.42 km2 (1,197.08 sq mi) |
| Population (1916) | |
• Total | 205,617 |
| • Density | 66/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 24.94% |
| • Rural | 75.06% |
The Erivan uezd[a] was a county (uezd) of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The uezd bordered the Etchmiadzin and Surmalu uezds to the west, the Nor Bayazet uezd to the east, the Sharur-Daralayaz uezd to the south, and Iran to the southwest. It included most of the Ararat Province and southern parts of the Kotayk Province of central Armenia, the Sadarak District of the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, and the Aras corridor of the Aralık District of the Iğdır Province of Turkey. The administrative centre of the county was the city of Erivan (present-day Yerevan, the capital of Armenia).[1]
Economy
[edit]The population was engaged primarily in agricultural farming, gardening, and winemaking. Approximately 50% of the wine in the Erivan Governorate was produced in the Erivan uezd. According to statistical data, there were 129,120 great cattle in the uezd, which made up 11% of the cattle in the whole governorate.[2]
Geography
[edit]The northeastern part of the uezd was mountainous and rocky while the southwestern part consisted of steppes and plains. The southwestern part was watered by the Aras River with the lowest altitude of 2,667 ft (813 m) on the border with Sharur-Daralayaz uezd. The administrative center Erivan laid at 3,200 ft (980 m) above sea level, which was the highest point of the uezd. Among the rivers discharging into the Aras were the Zanga, the Garni-chay, and the Vedi-chay, which usually dried out during the summers and became active in the winters.[2]
History
[edit]The territory of the uezd had been a part of Persia's Erivan Khanate until 1828, when according to the Treaty of Turkmenchay, it was annexed to the Russian Empire. It was administered as part of the Armenian Oblast from 1828 to 1840.[3] In 1844, the Caucasus Viceroyalty was re-established, in which the territory of the Erivan uezd formed part of the Tiflis Governorate. In 1849, the Erivan Governorate was established, separate from the Tiflis Governorate.[4]
In 1918, the uezd became a part of the First Republic of Armenia, partially being occupied by the Ottoman army through much of 1918 as a result of the Treaty of Batum until its reincorporation into Armenian administration in the December of 1918.[5] Many of the Azerbaijanis in the southern rural portions of the uezd, particularly in centers including Böyük Vedi (Vedi), Davalu (Ararat) and Ulukhanlu–Zangibasar (Masis) after being prompted by Kemalist Turkish agents engaged in rebellion against the Armenian government, hostilities lasting from July 1919 until the Sovietization of Armenia.
After the establishment of Soviet power on 3 December 1920, most of the uezd formed part of the Armenian SSR, the center Erivan (Yerevan) serving as the new government's capital.[6] The southernmost parts of the uezd corresponding to the locality of Sadarak became the northernmost section of the new Nakhichevan ASSR of the Azerbaijan SSR and the outer southwestern strip of the uezd, corresponding to the Aras corridor on the west bank of the Aras river, was ceded to Turkey in accordance with the treaties of Moscow and Kars.[7][8]
Administrative divisions
[edit]The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Erivan uezd in 1913 were as follows:[9]
| Name | 1912 population | Area |
|---|---|---|
| 1-y uchastok (1-й участок) | 39,898 | 718.98 square versts (818.24 km2; 315.93 sq mi) |
| 2-y uchastok (2-й участок) | 41,074 | 259.30 square versts (295.10 km2; 113.94 sq mi) |
| 3-y uchastok (3-й участок) | 35,862 | 632.92 square versts (720.30 km2; 278.11 sq mi) |
| 4-y uchastok (4-й участок) | 48,334 | 1,113.10 square versts (1,266.78 km2; 489.11 sq mi) |
Demographics
[edit]Russian Empire Census
[edit]Native languages in the Erivan uezd in 1897
According to the Russian Empire Census, the Erivan uezd had a population of 150,879 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 82,899 men and 67,980 women. The majority of the population indicated Tatar[b] to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian and Kurdish speaking minorities.[12]
| Language | Native speakers | % |
|---|---|---|
| Tatar[b] | 77,491 | 51.36 |
| Armenian | 58,148 | 38.54 |
| Kurdish | 8,195 | 5.43 |
| Russian | 3,052 | 2.02 |
| Assyrian | 2,288 | 1.52 |
| Ukrainian | 652 | 0.43 |
| Jewish | 326 | 0.22 |
| Polish | 196 | 0.13 |
| Georgian | 152 | 0.10 |
| German | 80 | 0.05 |
| Persian | 76 | 0.05 |
| Lithuanian | 59 | 0.04 |
| Greek | 32 | 0.02 |
| Belarusian | 9 | 0.01 |
| Italian | 3 | 0.00 |
| Mordovian | 1 | 0.00 |
| Turkish | 1 | 0.00 |
| Other | 118 | 0.08 |
| TOTAL | 150,879 | 100.00 |
Kavkazskiy kalendar
[edit]Nationalities in the Erivan uezd in 1916
According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Erivan uezd had a population of 205,617 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 108,228 men and 97,389 women, 157,100 of whom were the permanent population, and 48,517 were temporary residents. The statistics indicated an overwhelmingly Armenian population in the capital Erivan, with a significant Shia Muslim population, conversely, in the rural peripheries of the district, the population had a Shia Muslim plurality with a significant Armenian minority:[13]
| Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Armenians | 37,223 | 72.58 | 69,710 | 45.17 | 106,933 | 52.01 |
| Shia Muslims[c] | 12,557 | 24.48 | 73,344 | 47.52 | 85,901 | 41.78 |
| Kurds | 39 | 0.08 | 6,724 | 4.36 | 6,763 | 3.29 |
| Russians | 1,059 | 2.06 | 1,435 | 0.93 | 2,494 | 1.21 |
| Asiatic Christians | 0 | 0.00 | 1,916 | 1.24 | 1,916 | 0.93 |
| Sunni Muslims[d] | 9 | 0.02 | 831 | 0.54 | 840 | 0.41 |
| Jews | 196 | 0.38 | 81 | 0.05 | 277 | 0.13 |
| Roma | 0 | 0.00 | 237 | 0.15 | 237 | 0.12 |
| Georgians | 203 | 0.40 | 3 | 0.00 | 206 | 0.10 |
| North Caucasians | 0 | 0.00 | 50 | 0.03 | 50 | 0.02 |
| TOTAL | 51,286 | 100.00 | 154,331 | 100.00 | 205,617 | 100.00 |
Settlements
[edit]According to the 1897 census, there were 82 settlements in the Erivan uezd with a population over 500 inhabitants. The religious composition of the settlements was as follows:[15]
| Name | Faith | TOTAL | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | Romanized | Armenian Apostolic | Muslim | Eastern Orthodox | Jewish | Male | Female | Both |
| Авшар | Avshar | 1,164 | 608 | 558 | 1,166 | |||
| Агамзалу | Agamzalu (Marmarashen) | 404 | 376 | 437 | 351 | 788 | ||
| Агбаш Нижний | Agbash Nizhniy (Arevshat) | 612 | 325 | 301 | 626 | |||
| Алимамед | Alimamed (abandoned) | 965 | 527 | 438 | 965 | |||
| Арамус | Aramus | 1,197 | 643 | 585 | 1,228 | |||
| Арбат | Arbat | 671 | 361 | 310 | 671 | |||
| Ардашар | Ardashar (Verin Artashat) | 1,288 | 671 | 628 | 1,299 | |||
| Арзни | Arzni | 121 | 537 | 357 | 301 | 658 | ||
| Ариндж | Arinj | 538 | 279 | 259 | 538 | |||
| Аяслу | Ayaslu (Aygestan) | 537 | 288 | 256 | 544 | |||
| Баш-Гарни | Bash-Garni (Garni) | 1,507 | 794 | 713 | 1,507 | |||
| Башкенд | Bashkend (Akunk) | 797 | 443 | 384 | 827 | |||
| Башналу | Bashnalu (Baghramyan) | 600 | 70 | 343 | 330 | 673 | ||
| Бекджигазлу | Bekjigazlu (Vostan) | 1,260 | 672 | 598 | 1,270 | |||
| Беюк-Боролон | Beyuk-Borolon (abandoned) | 564 | 277 | 287 | 564 | |||
| Беюк-Веди | Beyuk-Vedi (Vedi) | 2,792 | 1514 | 1284 | 2,798 | |||
| Беюк-Далуляр | Beyuk-Dalulyar (Dalar) | 750 | 134 | 461 | 430 | 891 | ||
| Биралу | Biralu (Lanjar) | 677 | 374 | 303 | 677 | |||
| Гаджи (Эйляз) | Gaji (Eylyaz) (Darakert) | 1,457 | 762 | 695 | 1,457 | |||
| Гек-Килиса | Gek-Kilisa (Kaputan) | 579 | 424 | 484 | 519 | 1,003 | ||
| Гель-Айсор | Gel-Aysor (abandoned) | 531 | 230 | 438 | 338 | 776 | ||
| Горсван | Gorsvan (unknown) | 530 | 287 | 243 | 530 | |||
| Гямриз | Gyamriz (Kamaris) | 1,083 | 579 | 518 | 1,097 | |||
| Давалу | Davalu (Ararat) | 2,559 | 686 | 1,840 | 1,527 | 3,367 | ||
| Даргалу Нижний | Dargalu Nizhniy (Aygezard) | 670 | 360 | 321 | 681 | |||
| Двин Айсорский | Dvin Aysorskiy (Verin Dvin) | 76 | 641 | 378 | 367 | 745 | ||
| Двин Армянский (Дугюн) | Dvin Armyanskiy (Dugyun) (Dvin) | 508 | 192 | 342 | 358 | 700 | ||
| Двин-Кюрд-Кенд | Dvin-Kyurd-Kend (Norashen) | 558 | 280 | 284 | 564 | |||
| Джаткран | Jatkran (Geghashen) | 1,084 | 566 | 519 | 1,085 | |||
| Дживриш (Джервех) | Jivrish (Jevrekh) (Jrvezh) | 434 | 58 | 271 | 221 | 492 | ||
| Джирманис (Келани) | Jirmanis (Kelani) (abandoned) | 853 | 475 | 378 | 853 | |||
| Донгузьян | Donguzyan (Zorak) | 1,077 | 564 | 513 | 1,077 | |||
| Елгован (Парцаби) | Yelgovan (Partsabi) (Kotayk) | 555 | 300 | 270 | 570 | |||
| Занджирлу | Zanjirlu (abandoned) | 1,587 | 878 | 709 | 1,587 | |||
| Зар | Zar | 386 | 757 | 616 | 527 | 1,143 | ||
| Иманшалу | Imanshalu (Mkhchyan) | 1,170 | 613 | 564 | 1,177 | |||
| Кадылу | Kadylu (Lanjanist) | 588 | 353 | 235 | 588 | |||
| Камарлу | Kamarlu (Artashat) | 1,987 | 1,251 | 933 | 2,184 | |||
| Камарлу | Kamarlu (absorbed by Artashat) | 734 | 95 | 473 | 360 | 833 | ||
| Канакир | Kanakir (Kanaker) | 1,626 | 169 | 1,175 | 652 | 1,827 | ||
| Карабагляр Нижний (Чиманкенд) | Karabaglyar Nizhny (Chimankend) (Urtsadzor) | 1,260 | 697 | 563 | 1,260 | |||
| Карагамзалу | Karagamzalu (Burastan) | 525 | 246 | 406 | 365 | 771 | ||
| Каракишляг | Karakishlyag (Hayanist) | 1,007 | 550 | 457 | 1,007 | |||
| Каралар | Karalar (Aralez) | 569 | 311 | 264 | 575 | |||
| Карахач | Karakhach (Lusashogh) | 416 | 589 | 531 | 474 | 1,005 | ||
| Кашха | Kashka (Vardashat) | 554 | 286 | 268 | 554 | |||
| Кешиш-Веран | Keshish-Veran (Urtsalanj) | 544 | 302 | 242 | 544 | |||
| Кичик-Веди | Kichik-Vedi (Pokr Vedi) | 971 | 505 | 466 | 971 | |||
| Кичик-Далуляр (Гедаклу) | Kichik-Dalulyar (Gedaklu) (Mrgavan) | 836 | 418 | 418 | 836 | |||
| Койласар Нижний | Koylasar Nizhniy (Dimitrov) | 124 | 592 | 389 | 346 | 735 | ||
| Кямал | Kyamal (abandoned) | 597 | 298 | 299 | 597 | |||
| Кюллуджа | Kyulluja (Zovk) | 524 | 285 | 239 | 524 | |||
| Масумлу | Masumlu (Aygepat) | 507 | 255 | 252 | 507 | |||
| Неджилу Верхний | Nejilu Verkhniy (Nizami) | 791 | 425 | 366 | 791 | |||
| Неджилу Нижний | Nejilu Nizhniy (Sayat Nova) | 1,178 | 633 | 545 | 1,178 | |||
| Новрузлу | Novruzlu (abandoned) | 1,092 | 180 | 701 | 643 | 1,344 | ||
| Нурнус | Nurnus | 550 | 305 | 245 | 550 | |||
| Огурбеклу | Ogurbeklu (Berkanush) | 456 | 110 | 293 | 287 | 580 | ||
| Сабунчи | Sabunchi (Araksavan) | 1,000 | 541 | 459 | 1,000 | |||
| Садарак | Sadarak | 4,826 | 2,712 | 2,130 | 4,842 | |||
| Сарванляр-Улия | Sarvanlyar-Uliya (Sis) | 953 | 544 | 409 | 953 | |||
| Тазакенд | Tazakend (Ayntap) | 899 | 479 | 440 | 919 | |||
| Тазакенд (Норашен) | Tazakend (Norashen) (abandoned) | 580 | 296 | 284 | 580 | |||
| Теджирабат | Tejirabat (Dzoraghbyur) | 604 | 307 | 297 | 604 | |||
| Тоханшалу | Tokhanshalu (absorbed by Masis) | 543 | 285 | 258 | 543 | |||
| Тутия | Tutiya (Saranist) | 568 | 300 | 268 | 568 | |||
| Улуханлу | Ulukhanlu (Masis) | 2,757 | 1,518 | 1,239 | 2,757 | |||
| Халиса | Khalisa (Noyakert) | 1,165 | 619 | 546 | 1,165 | |||
| Хачапарах | Khachaparakh (Khachpar) | 1,059 | 561 | 498 | 1,059 | |||
| Чанахчи Нижний | Chanakhchi Nizhniy (Zangakatun) | 1,129 | 625 | 504 | 1,129 | |||
| Чикдамлу | Chikdamlu (Azatavan) | 1,122 | 135 | 679 | 578 | 1,257 | ||
| Чинаханлу | Chinakhanlu (abandoned) | 698 | 389 | 309 | 698 | |||
| Шагаблу | Shagablu (Shaghap) | 853 | 475 | 378 | 853 | |||
| Шагаблу | Shagablu (Mayakovski) | 519 | 265 | 254 | 519 | |||
| Шидлу | Shidlu (Yeghegnavan) | 992 | 529 | 463 | 992 | |||
| Ширабат (Паракар) | Shirabat (Parakar) (Parakar) | 662 | 326 | 340 | 666 | |||
| Шихляр | Shikhlyar (Lusarat) | 790 | 394 | 396 | 790 | |||
| Шорлу-Демурчи | Shorlu-Demurchi (Darbnik) | 1,360 | 740 | 620 | 1,360 | |||
| Шорлу-Мехмандар | Shorlu-Mekhmandar (Hovtashat) | 1,824 | 1,000 | 824 | 1,824 | |||
| Эйляр | Eylyar (Abovyan) | 505 | 257 | 248 | 505 | |||
| Эривань | Erivan (Yerevan) | 12,526 | 12,516 | 2,929 | 17,328 | 11,678 | 29,006 | |
| Юва | Yuva (Shahumyan) | 1,905 | 1,056 | 923 | 1,979 | |||
| TOTAL | 51,658 | 54,231 | 5,098 | 95 | 62,474 | 50,449 | 112,923 | |
Notes
[edit]- ^
- Russian: Эриванский уезд, pre-reform orthography: Эриванскій уѣздъ, romanized: Erivanskiy uyezd [ɪrʲɪvənskəjə ʊ(j)ɪst]
- Armenian: Երևանի գավառ, classical orthography: Երեւանի գաւառ, romanized: Erewani gawaṙ [jɛɾɛˈvɑni ɡɑˈvɑr]
- Azerbaijani: ایروان قضاسی, romanized: Īravān qaz̤āsı
- ^ a b Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[10][11]
- ^ Primarily Tatars.[14]
- ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 59.
- ^ a b Большой энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Эривань [Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia Dictionary. Erivan Uyezd] (in Russian).
- ^ Bournoutian, George A. (1992). The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule, 1795-1828. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers. p. 26. ISBN 9780939214181.
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 20.
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, pp. 74–76.
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, pp. 80–82.
- ^ Parrot, Friedrich (2016) [1846]. Journey to Ararat. Translated by William Desborough Cooley. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: Gomidas Institute. p. xxix. ISBN 978-1909382244.
- ^ Договор о дружбе между Армянской ССР, Азербайджанской ССР и Грузинской ССР, с одной стороны, и Турцией - с другой, Заключенный при участии РСФСР в Карсе [Treaty of friendship between the Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR on one side and Turkey on the other, with the participation of the Russian SFSR in Kars] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-04-24. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 172–179.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- ^ a b "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 214–221.
- ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
- ^ Troinitsky, N. A. (1905). Населенные места Российской империи в 500 и более жителей с указанием всего наличного в них населения и числа жителей преобладающих вероисповеданий, по данным первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г. [Populated areas of the Russian Empire with 500 or more inhabitants, indicating the total population in them and the number of inhabitants of the predominant religions, according to the first general population census of 1897] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Obshchestvennaya polza. pp. 52–56. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
- Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.
Administrative divisions of the Erivan Governorate | ||
|---|---|---|
| ||
Italics indicates uezds abolished before 1917. | ||