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Eriocitrin

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Eriocitrin
Names
IUPAC name
(2S)-3′,4′,5-Trihydroxy-7-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]flavan-4-one
Systematic IUPAC name
(22S,42S,43R,44S,45S,46R,72R,73R,74R,75R,76S)-13,14,25,43,44,45,73,74,75-Nonahydroxy-76-methyl-22,23-dihydro-24H-3,6-dioxa-2(2,7)-[1]benzopyrana-4(2,6),7(2)-bis(oxana)-1(1)-benzenaheptaphan-24-one
Other names
Eriodictyol glycoside
Eriodictyol-7-O-rutinoside
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.321 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C27H32O15/c1-9-20(32)22(34)24(36)26(39-9)38-8-18-21(33)23(35)25(37)27(42-18)40-11-5-14(30)19-15(31)7-16(41-17(19)6-11)10-2-3-12(28)13(29)4-10/h2-6,9,16,18,20-30,32-37H,7-8H2,1H3/t9-,16-,18+,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27+/m0/s1
    Key: OMQADRGFMLGFJF-MNPJBKLOSA-N
  • InChI=1/C27H32O15/c1-9-20(32)22(34)24(36)26(39-9)38-8-18-21(33)23(35)25(37)27(42-18)40-11-5-14(30)19-15(31)7-16(41-17(19)6-11)10-2-3-12(28)13(29)4-10/h2-6,9,16,18,20-30,32-37H,7-8H2,1H3/t9-,16-,18+,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27+/m0/s1
    Key: OMQADRGFMLGFJF-MNPJBKLOBI
  • C[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O2)Oc3cc(c4c(c3)O[C@@H](CC4=O)c5ccc(c(c5)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O
Properties
C27H32O15
Molar mass 596.538 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Eriocitrin (eriodictyol glycoside) is a flavanone-7-O-glycoside between the flavanone eriodictyol and the disaccharide rutinose. It is commonly found in lemons and other citrus fruits.[1][2][3][4] It is colloquially called lemon flavonoid or a citrus flavonoid, one of the plant pigments that bring color to fruit and flowers. This antioxidant also predominates (38% in 1 study) in Peppermint infusions.

The compound has lipid-lowering properties in liver cells.[5] It is marketed as a dietary supplement, usually in conjunction with B and C vitamins and other substances, but there is no established medical use or FDA approved application of the compound.

Clinical Significance

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The effectiveness of Eriocitrin in managing hyperglycemia and reversal of prediabetes condition was demonstrated in a double-blind, randomized controlled study.[6] This study evaluated the potential effectiveness of different doses of Eriomin on hyperglycemia and insulin resistance associated with other metabolic biomarkers in prediabetic individuals. Prediabetes patients (n = 103, 49 ± 10 years) were randomly divided into four parallel groups: (a) Placebo; (b) Eriomin 200 mg; (c) Eriomin 400 mg; and (d) Eriomin 800 mg. Assessment of biochemical, metabolic, inflammatory, hepatic, renal, anthropometric markers, blood pressure, and dietary parameters were performed during 12 weeks of intervention. Treatment with all doses of Eriomin (200, 400, and 800 mg) had similar effects and altered significantly the following variables: blood glucose (−5%), insulin resistance (−7%), glucose intolerance (−7%), glycated hemoglobin (−2%), glucagon (−6.5%), C-peptide (−5%), hsCRP (−12%), interleukin-6 (−13%), TNFα (−11%), lipid peroxidation (−17%), systolic blood pressure (−8%), GLP-1 (+15%), adiponectin (+19%), and antioxidant capacity (+6%). Eriomin or placebo did not influence the anthropometric and dietary variables. Short-term intervention with Eriomin, at doses of 200, 400, or 800 mg/day, benefited glycemic control, reduced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, and reversed the prediabetic condition in 24% of the evaluated patients.[6]

A published crossover-randomized clinical trial researched the nutraceutical Eriocitrin (Eriomin) in reducing hyperglycemia by increasing glucagon-like peptide 1 and downregulates systemic inflammation.[7] This double-blind, randomized, placebo/controlled, crossover study evaluated the efficacy of Eriomin in reducing hyperglycemia and improving diabetes-related biomarkers in individuals with hyperglycemia above 110 mg/dL (mean 123 ± 18 mg/dL). Subjects (n = 30), divided into two groups (Eriomin or Placebo), who received a dose of 200 mg/d of the designated supplement for 12 weeks and, after a washout period of 2 weeks, switched to the other supplement in the following 12 weeks. Assessments of biochemical, metabolic, inflammatory, blood pressure, anthropometry, and dietary parameters were performed at the beginning and end of each intervention. Treatment with 200 mg/d of Eriomin significantly decreased blood glucose (−5%), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (−11%), glucagon (−13%), interleukin-6 (−14%), tumor necrosis factor alpha (−20%), and alkaline phosphatase (−13%); but increased glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) by (17%) (P ≤ .05). At the end of the placebo period, there was a 13% increase in triglycerides (P ≤ .05). Other parameters evaluated did not change with Eriomin or placebo. In conclusion, intervention with Eriomin benefited the glycemic control of prediabetic and diabetic patients, with higher blood glucose levels, by increasing GLP-1 and decreasing systemic inflammation.[7]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cao X, He Y, Kong Y, Mei X, Huo Y, He Y, Liu J (September 2019). "Elucidating the interaction mechanism of eriocitrin with β-casein by multi-spectroscopic and molecular simulation methods". Food Hydrocolloids. 94: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.03.006. ISSN 0268-005X. S2CID 107490400.
  2. ^ Miyake Y, Suzuki E, Ohya S, Fukumoto S, Hiramitsu M, Sakaida K, Osawa T, Furuichi Y (2006-11-13). "Lipid-Lowering Effect of Eriocitrin, the Main Flavonoid in Lemon Fruit, in Rats on a High-Fat and High-Cholesterol Diet". Journal of Food Science. 71 (9): S633–S637. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00192.x. ISSN 0022-1147.
  3. ^ Miyake Y, Yamamoto K, Morimitsu Y, Osawa T (1997-12-01). "Isolation of C -Glucosylflavone from Lemon Peel and Antioxidative Activity of Flavonoid Compounds in Lemon Fruit". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 45 (12): 4619–4623. doi:10.1021/jf970498x. ISSN 0021-8561.
  4. ^ Miyake Y, Yamamoto K, Osawa T (1997). "Isolation of Eriocitrin (Eriodictyol 7-rutinoside) from Lemon Fruit (Citrus limon Burm. f.) and Its Antioxidative Activity". Food Science and Technology International, Tokyo. 3 (1): 84–89. doi:10.3136/fsti9596t9798.3.84. ISSN 1881-3976.
  5. ^ Hiramitsu M, Shimada Y, Kuroyanagi J, Inoue T, Katagiri T, Zang L, et al. (January 2014). "Eriocitrin ameliorates diet-induced hepatic steatosis with activation of mitochondrial biogenesis". Scientific Reports. 4: 3708. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E3708H. doi:10.1038/srep03708. PMC 3892443. PMID 24424211.
  6. ^ a b Ribeiro CB, Ramos FM, Manthey JA, Cesar TB (July 2019). "Effectiveness of Eriomin® in managing hyperglycemia and reversal of prediabetes condition: A double-blind, randomized, controlled study". Phytotherapy Research. 33 (7): 1921–1933. doi:10.1002/ptr.6386. PMC 6618084. PMID 31183921. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  7. ^ a b Cesar TB, Ramos FM, Ribeiro CB (November 2022). "Nutraceutical Eriocitrin (Eriomin) Reduces Hyperglycemia by Increasing Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Downregulates Systemic Inflammation: A Crossover-Randomized Clinical Trial". Journal of Medicinal Food. 25 (11): 1050–1058. doi:10.1089/jmf.2021.0181. PMC 9700344. PMID 35796695. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Further reading

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