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Enrique Ika

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Enrique Ika
Titular King of Rapa Nui
Reign1900
PredecessorSiméon Riro Kāinga
SuccessorMoisés Tuʻu Hereveri
Bornc. 1859
Anakena
Diedafter 1900
SpouseAnastasia Renga Hopuhopu to Tetono
IssueMaría ‘Aifiti Engepito Ika Tetono
Victoria Veritahi
Magdalena Ukahetu
Margarita Uka
Hipólito
Names
Enrique Ika a Tuʻu Hati
FatherHua ‘Anakena a Hatu’i
MotherMata a Puhirangi
ReligionRoman Catholicism

Enrique Ika a Tuʻu Hati (c. 1859 – after 1900) was elected ‘ariki (king) of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in 1900 and led a failed rebellion. He was one of the last Rapa Nui to claim the traditional kingship in the early 20th-century. However, he is not remembered as the last king; instead his predecessor Riro Kāinga is generally regarded as the last king, although neither held much power.[note 1]

Biography

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Juan Tepano, his wife María ‘Aifiti Engepito Ika Tetono (Enrique Ika's daughter), and their son

Enrique Ika a Tuʻu Hati was born c. 1859, at Anakena on the northern coast of Easter Island. His parents were Hua ‘Anakena a Hatu’i and Mata a Puhirangi. Oral tradition stated that Ika received the patronymic of Tuʻu Hati from an uncle. Considered an ariki paka or nobleman, he was a member of the Miru clan which the ‘ariki mau or traditional rulers of Easter Island belonged to. Ika married on 9 March 1879 to Renga Hopuhopu to Tetono (c. 1857–1942), baptized Anastasia, a woman from the Tupahotu clan. Their daughter was named María ‘Aifiti Engepito Ika Tetono, and she married Juan Tepano Rano, a Tupahotu clansman who accompanied King Siméon Riro Kāinga to Chile in 1898 and later became a cultural informant on Rapa Nui culture.[3] Their other children were Victoria Veritahi, Magdalena Ukahetu, Margarita Uka, and Hipólito.[4]

The 1888 Rapa Nui-Chile annexation treaty with Tahitian and Rapa Nui translation on the left and Spanish translation on the right

The penultimate King Atamu Tekena of Easter Island ceded the island to Chile (represented by Captain Policarpo Toro) on 9 September 1888. Ika was one of to'opae (advisors) to sign the agreement. However, the treaty of annexation was never ratified by Chile and Toro's colony failed. The Chilean government abandoned the settlement in 1892 due to political troubles on the mainland, which was embroiled in civil war, and this prompted the Rapa Nui to reassert their independence.[5][6]

After the 1892 death of Tekena, Siméon Riro Kāinga and Ika were candidates for the throne. Although both were of the Miru clan, Ika was more closely related to Kerekorio Manu Rangi, the last undisputed ‘ariki mau, who died during an outbreak of tuberculosis in 1867.[1] However, Kāinga's cousin Maria Angata Veri Tahi 'a Pengo Hare Kohou, a Catholic catechist and prophet, organized many of the island's women in his support. Riro was allegedly elected primarily because of his good looks and Angata's influence.[7][8] Ika was appointed as his prime minister.[9][10]

The Rapa Nui unsuccessfully attempted to reclaim indigenous sovereignty in the absence of direct Chilean control from 1892 to 1896. However, Chile reasserted its claim, and the island was later leased to Enrique Merlet and his ranching company. Alberto Sánchez Manterola was appointed Merlet's representative and also appointed Chile's maritime sub-delegate. They restricted the islanders' access to most of their land except a walled-off settlement at Hanga Roa, which they were not allowed to leave without permission. The young king attempted to protest the company's abuse but died under suspicious circumstances at Valparaíso.[11][12] News of the king's death did not reach the island until March 1899. Subsequently, Sánchez declared the native kingship abolished.[13][14] According to the accounts of Bienvenido de Estella, Sánchez declared to the islanders, "Ya no hay más rey en la isla. ¡Yo mando!" while Ika responded "No, todavía hay rey: yo lo soy"[15] Sánchez later wrote in 1921, “...desde que se supo la muerte del Rey puse mano firme para terminar con esta dinastía y creo haberlo conseguido porque no se habló más del sucesor de Riro Roco.”[16]

Riro Kāinga has been generally referred to as the last king of Easter Island. However, two other candidates for the kingship existed after him including Ika and Moisés Tuʻu Hereveri. When the news of Riro's death arrived in Easter Island, Prime Minister Ika was considered the natural successor. He was proclaimed king on 8 January 1900. He led an unsuccessful strike against Sánchez and the company. Ika's resistance became ineffective with the increased coercive power of the colonial authority and the company. In the end of March 1900, the schooner Maria Luisa brought Merlet and a dozen armed guardians to join the force of the company. Merlet. Restoring the so-called "pax merletiana", Merlet burned the Rapa Nui owned plantations to make them dependent on the company's grocery store. In May 1900, Chilean Naval corvette Baquedano under the command of Captain Arturo Wilson Navarrete brought back two Rapa Nui who had accompanied King Riro to the continent three years ago, Tepano and José Pirivato. Pirivato would later become a partisan of Ika and later Angata. The captain intended to deport any disruptors, but Sánchez felt confident enough to tell the captain that it was not necessary to deport anyone. The Rapa Nui complained about the mistreatment and low salaries with Captain Wilson through an interpreter (one of the Rapa Nui returning from the continent) although to no satisfactory results.[17][10][18][19]

In mid-November 1900, Sánchez was succeeded by Horacio Cooper White who was more despotic than his predecessor. Chilean shepherd Manuel A. Vega, who had married King Riro's widow Véronique Mahute, led a revolt in 1901. Ika's successor Hereveri led another unsuccessful indigenous rebellion from 1901 to 1902. In 1902, Chile appointed Ika's son-in-law Juan Tepano Rano as cacique in an attempt to end indigenous resistance. A decade later, Angata led another unsuccessful rebellion against the ranching company in 1914. Each revolts were crushed when the Chilean navy arrested the ringleaders of the revolt and exiled them to mainland Chile.[17][10][20]

The kingship remained vacant for a century after Ika and Hereveri. An independence movement has continued on the island.[21] In 2011, Riro Kāinga's grandson, Valentino Riroroko Tuki, declared himself king of Rapa Nui.[22][23]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Kerekorio Manu Rangi, the last undisputed ‘ariki mau, died during an outbreak of tuberculosis in 1867.[1][2] Although Riro Kāinga and his predecessor Atamu Tekena held the title of king, their power and legitimacy in comparison with their predecessors are doubted. Historian Alfred Métraux wrote,

    Although the islanders of to-day speak of the late kings, Atamu Te Kena and Riroroko, as if they were really kings, informants make it clear that they had very little in common with the ariki of olden days. Their power was of an indefinite, dubious nature, and they seem to have enjoyed none of the prerogatives of former ariki. Perhaps their only claim to the title lay in their descent-line; both belonged to the Miru group. Possibly if native civilization had continued, they might have been true kings. Personal pretension, supported by Chilean officers who needed a responsible intermediary to deal with the population, might have contributed toward the restoration of power to this fictitious and ephemeral royalty.

    — Métraux 1937, p. 42

References

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  1. ^ a b Fischer 2005, pp. 91–92, 99, 101, 147.
  2. ^ Pakarati 2015a, pp. 4–5.
  3. ^ Pakarati 2015a, pp. 9–10, 16.
  4. ^ Hotus 1988, pp. 153, 215, 221.
  5. ^ Gonschor 2008, pp. 66–70, 286–287.
  6. ^ Pakarati 2015a, pp. 8–10.
  7. ^ McCall 1997, pp. 115–116.
  8. ^ Fischer 2005, p. 147.
  9. ^ Pakarati 2015a, pp. 10, 14.
  10. ^ a b c Pakarati 2015b, pp. 3–14.
  11. ^ Gonschor 2008, pp. 66–70.
  12. ^ Fischer 2005, pp. 152–154.
  13. ^ Gonschor 2008, p. 69.
  14. ^ Pakarati 2015b, pp. 3–4.
  15. ^ Pakarati 2015a, p. 14.
  16. ^ Pakarati 2015b, p. 4.
  17. ^ a b Pakarati 2015a, pp. 13–16.
  18. ^ Simonetti, Marcelo (12 November 2011). "El último Rey de la Isla de Pascua". Enlace Mapuche Internacional. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  19. ^ Fischer 2005, p. 147, 154–155.
  20. ^ Gonschor 2008, pp. 66–70; Fischer 2005, pp. 155, 166–172; Van Tilburg 2003, pp. 148–163; Delsing 2004, pp. 26–28; Cristino & Fuentes 2011, pp. 68–69, 71, 81–83, 140–142
  21. ^ Gonschor 2008, pp. 126–132, 185–193.
  22. ^ Simonetti, Marcelo (16 October 2011). "Los dominios del rey". La Tercera. Santiago. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  23. ^ Nelsen, Aaron (30 March 2012). "A Quest for Independence: Who Will Rule Easter Island's Stone Heads?". Time. New York City. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Estella, Bienvenido de (1920). Los misterios de la Isla de Pascua. Santiago: Imprenta Cervantes.
  • Vives Solar, J.I. (1920). El último rey de Rapa-Nui. Revista Sucesos 932.
Titles in pretence
Vacant
Title last held by
Siméon Riro Kāinga 		King of Rapa Nui
1900 		Vacant
Title next held by
Moisés Tuʻu Hereveri
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