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Eng (letter)

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This article is about the Latin letter Ŋ. For the sound it represents, see voiced velar nasal.
For the similarly shaped Greek letter (η), see Eta. For the similarly shaped Hebrew letter (מ), see Mem § Hebrew mem. For the Latvian and Marshallese character Ņ, see Cedilla § Languages with other characters with cedillas.
Ŋ
Ŋ ŋ
Writing cursive forms of Ŋ
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic and Logographic
Language of originLatin language
Sound values
In UnicodeU+014A, U+014B
History
Development
Time period1619 to present
Descendantsʩ
SistersꞐ ꞑ
Transliterationsng
Other
Associated graphsn(x), ng
Writing directionLeft-to-Right
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Eng, agma, or engma (capital: Ŋ, lowercase: ŋ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used to represent a voiced velar nasal (as in English singing) in the written form of some languages and in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

In Washo, lower-case ⟨ŋ⟩ represents a typical [ŋ] sound, while upper-case ⟨Ŋ⟩ represents a voiceless [ŋ̊] sound. This convention comes from Americanist phonetic notation.

History

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The First Grammatical Treatise, a 12th-century work on the phonology of the Old Icelandic language, uses a single grapheme for the eng sound, shaped like a g with a stroke ⟨ǥ⟩. Alexander Gill the Elder uses an uppercase G with a hooked tail and a lowercase n with the hooked tail of a script g ⟨ŋ⟩ for the same sound in Logonomia Anglica in 1619.[1] William Holder uses the letter in Elements of Speech: An Essay of Inquiry into the Natural Production of Letters, published in 1669, but it was not printed as intended; he indicates in his errata that “there was intended a character for Ng, viz., n with a tail like that of g, which must be understood where the Printer has imitated it by n or y”.[2] It was later used in Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet, with its current phonetic value. It was supposed to be in English but failed.

Appearance

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Lowercase eng is derived from n, with the addition of a hook to the right leg, somewhat like that of j. Nowadays, the uppercase has two main variants: it can be based on the usual uppercase N, with a hook added (or "N-form"); or it can be an enlarged version of the lowercase (or "n-form"). The former is preferred in Sami languages that use it, the latter in African languages,[3] such as in Shona from 1931 to 1955, and several in west and central Africa currently. In Isaac Pitman’s Phonotypic Alphabet, the uppercase had a reversed-N form.

Early printers, lacking a specific glyph for eng, sometimes approximated it by rotating a capital G, or by substituting a Greek letter η (eta) before modified to present form ⟨ŋ⟩ for it (encoded in Unicode as the Latin letter n with long leg: Ƞ ƞ).

  • An 1856 text in Gamilaraay, using a rotated capital G as a substitute for ŋ.
    An 1856 text in Gamilaraay, using a rotated capital G as a substitute for ŋ.
  • Uppercase eng with the reversed-N-form on the Kingston Buildings in Bath, UK.
    Uppercase eng with the reversed-N-form on the Kingston Buildings in Bath, UK.
  • Lowercase and uppercase eng with the reversed-N-form of the uppercase used in a 1875 Gamilaraay text.
    Lowercase and uppercase eng with the reversed-N-form of the uppercase used in a 1875 Gamilaraay text.
  • Eng used in a 1875 Gamilaraay text.
    Eng used in a 1875 Gamilaraay text.
  • Italic ŋ based on double-storey g as used in Horatio Hale's Ethnography and Philology (1846).
    Italic ŋ based on double-storey g as used in Horatio Hale's Ethnography and Philology (1846).
  • ᶇ ŋ ɲ ɳ: four "n"-based IPA symbols for nasal sounds.
    ᶇ ŋ ɲ ɳ: four "n"-based IPA symbols for nasal sounds.

Pronunciation of words containing eng sound

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In most languages eng is absent in the Latin alphabet but its sound can be present in the letter n in words. In English, it is heard in the potential digraphs nc (hard c), ng (hard g), nk, nq and nx, often at the end of words. For the pronunciation of ng with eng, it can be /ŋ/ in words such as singer and hanged and when it is in final position or /ŋg/ in words such as finger and angle.

In British English, n is pronounced eng in the prefixes en- and in- when they are followed by c, g and q, as in encroachment, engagement, enquiry, incursion, ingredient, inquiry and others. In other English dialects, the n is pronounced /n/ instead. In many British dialects, the ng in strength and length is simply pronounced /n/, with g a silent letter, and the ng is otherwise pronounced /ŋ/ in those words.

Usage

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Technical transcription

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Vernacular orthographies

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Janalif variant of eng is represented as N with descender. An equivalent version is used in the Cyrillic alphabet.

Languages marked † no longer use eng, but formerly did.

Computer encoding

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Eng is encoded in Unicode as U+014A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ENG and U+014B LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG, part of the Latin Extended-A range. In ISO 8859-4 (Latin-4) it's located at BD (uppercase) and BF (lowercase).

In African languages such as Bemba, ng' (with an apostrophe) is widely used as a substitute in media where eng is hard to reproduce.

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eng.

Similar Latin letters:

Similar Cyrillic letters:

Similar Greek letters:

References

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  1. ^ David Crystal (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
  2. ^ Robert W. Albright (1958). The International Phonetic Alphabet: Its Backgrounds and Development, Indiana University. p. 11
  3. ^ "Essay Archives and Poetry". Retrieved 10 June 2004.
  4. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
  5. ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).
  6. ^ Majnep, Ian Saem; Bulmer, Ralph (1977). Birds of my Kalam Country [Mn̄mon Yad Kalam Yakt]. illustrations by Christopher Healey. New Zealand: Auckland University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780196479538. OCLC 251862814.
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