Emotion work

Emotion work is understood as the art of trying to change in degree or quality an emotion or feeling.^[1]

Emotion work may be defined as the management of one's own feelings, or work done in an effort to maintain a relationship;^[2] there is dispute as to whether emotion work is only work done regulating one’s own emotion, or extends to performing the emotional work for others.^[3]

Hochschild

Arlie Russell Hochschild, who introduced the term in 1979, distinguished emotion work – unpaid emotional work that a person undertakes in private life – from emotional labor: emotional work done in a paid work setting.^[4]^[5] Emotion work has use value and occurs in situations in which people choose to regulate their emotions for their own non-compensated benefit (e.g., in their interactions with family and friends). By contrast, emotional labor has exchange value because it is traded and performed for a wage.^[6]

In a later development, Hochschild distinguished between two broad types of emotion work, and among three techniques of emotion work.^[7] The two broad types involve evocation and suppression of emotion, while the three techniques of emotion work that Hochschild describes are cognitive, bodily and expressive.^[7]^[8]

However, the concept (if not the term) has been traced back as far as Aristotle: as Aristotle saw, the problem is not with emotionality, but with the appropriateness of emotion and its expression.^[9]

Examples

Examples of emotion work include showing affection, apologizing after an argument, bringing up problems that need to be addressed in an intimate relationship or any kind of interpersonal relationship, and making sure the household runs smoothly.

Emotion work also involves the orientation of self/others to accord with accepted norms of emotional expression: emotion work is often performed by family members and friends, who put pressure on individuals to conform to emotional norms.^[10] Arguably, then, an individual's ultimate obeisance and/or resistance to aspects of emotion regimes are made visible in their emotion work.^[11]

Cultural norms often imply that emotion work is reserved for females.^[12] There is certainly evidence to the effect that the emotional management that women and men do is asymmetric;^[13] and that in general, women come into a marriage groomed for the role of emotional manager.^[14]

Criticism

The social theorist Victor Jeleniewski Seidler argues that women's emotion work is merely another demonstration of false consciousness under patriarchy, and that emotion work, as a concept, has been adopted, adapted or criticized to such an extent that it is in danger of becoming a "catch-all-cliché".^[15]

More broadly, the concept of emotion work has itself been criticized as a wide over-simplification of mental processes such as repression and denial which continually occur in everyday life.^[15]

Literary analogues

Rousseau in The New Heloise suggests that the attempt to master instrumentally one's affective life always results in a weakening and eventually the fragmentation of one's identity, even if the emotion work is performed at the demand of ethical principles.^[16]

References

^ Ferrara, Alessandro (1993), "Rousseau's psychology of the self: C Excursus on authenticity", in Ferrara, Alessandro (ed.), Modernity and authenticity: a study in the social and ethical thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Albany: State University of New York, p. 87, ISBN 9780791412367.
^ Cook, Alicia; Berger, Peggy (April 2000). "Predictors of emotion work and household labor among dual-earner couples". cyfernet.org. CYFAR Program, University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
^ Oliker, Stacey J. (1989), "Women friends and marriage work", in Oliker, Stacey J. (ed.), Best friends and marriage: exchange among women, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 124, ISBN 9780520063921.
^ Hochschild, Arlie Russell (November 1979). "Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure". American Journal of Sociology. 85 (3). University of Chicago Press: 551–575. doi:10.1086/227049. JSTOR 2778583. S2CID 143485249. Pdf.
^ Hochschild, Arlie R. (1990). "Ideology and emotion management: A perspective and path for future research". In Kemper, Theodore D. (ed.). Research agendas in the sociology of emotions. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 117–142. ISBN 978-0-7914-0269-6.
^ Callahan, Jamie L.; McCollun, Eric E. (2002). "Obscured variability: The distinction between emotion work and emotional labor". In Ashkanasy, Neal M.; Zerbe, Wilfred J.; Haertel, Charmine E. J. (eds.). Managing emotions in the workplace. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 219–231. ISBN 978-0-7656-0937-3.
^ ^a ^b Hochschild, Arlie Russell (1990), "Ideology and emotion management: a perspective and path for future research", in Kemper, Theodore D. (ed.), Research agendas in the sociology of emotions, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 117–144, ISBN 9780585092379. Preview.
^ Peterson, Gretchen (2006), "Managing emotions", in Turner, Jonathan H.; Stets, Jan E. (eds.), Handbook of the sociology of emotions, New York: Springer, p. 125, ISBN 9780387307152.
^ Goleman, Daniel (1995), "Aristotle's challenge", in Goleman, Daniel (ed.), Emotional intelligence: why it can matter more than IQ, New York: Bantam Books, p. xiv, ISBN 9780553375060.
^ Ruberg, Willemijn (2011), "Introduction", in Ruberg, Willemijn; Steenbergh, Kristine (eds.), Sexed sentiments: interdisciplinary perspectives on gender and emotion, Amsterdam New York: Rodopi, p. 9, doi:10.1163/9789042032422_002, ISBN 9789042032415.
^ Clarke, Odette (2011), "Divine Providence and Resignation: The Role of Religion in the Management of the Emotions of the Anglo-Irish Countess of Dunraven, Caroline Wyndham-Quin (1790-1870)", in Ruberg; Steenbergh (eds.), Sexed sentiments: interdisciplinary perspectives on gender and emotion, p. 75, doi:10.1163/9789042032422_005, ISBN 9789042032415.
^ Kimmel, Michael S. (2004), "Gendered sexualities", in Kimmel, Michael S. (ed.), The gendered society, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 237–238, ISBN 9780195149753.
^ Oliker (1989), "Women friends and marriage work", in Oliker (ed.), Best friends and marriage: exchange among women, p. 144.
^ Goleman (1995), "Intimate enemies", in Goleman (ed.), Emotional intelligence, p. 132.
^ ^a ^b Seidler, Victor J. (1998), "Masculinity, violence and emotional life", in Williams, Simon J.; Bendelow, Gillian (eds.), Emotions in social life: critical themes and contemporary issues, London New York: Routledge, pp. 209–210, ISBN 9780203437452
^ Ferrara (1993), "Beyond the limits of autonomy Rousseau's ethic of authenticity: B The limits of autonomy", in Ferrara (ed.), Modernity and authenticity: a study in the social and ethical thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, p. 104.

v t e Emotions (list)
Emotions	Acceptance Admiration Adoration Aesthetic Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Belongingness Boredom Calmness Compassion Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Embarrassment vicarious Emotion work Empathy Emptiness Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Faith Fear Flow Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Joie de vivre Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Ikigai (sense of purpose) Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love limerence at first sight Lust Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity self-pity Pleasure Pride grandiosity hubris insult vanity Rage Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Revenge Sadness melancholy Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Social connection Sorrow Spite Stress chronic Suffering Surprise Sympathy Trust Wonder sense of wonder Worry
Worldviews	Cynicism Defeatism Fatalism Misanthropy Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz
Related	Affect consciousness in education measures in psychology Affective computing forecasting neuroscience science spectrum Affectivity positive negative Appeal to emotion Amygdala hijack Emotion and art and memory and music and sex and sleep classification evolution expressed functional accounts group homeostatic in animals perception recognition in conversation regulation interpersonal work Emotional aperture bias blackmail competence conflict contagion detachment dysregulation eating exhaustion expression and gender intelligence and bullying Empathy quotient intimacy isolation lability labor lateralization literacy prosody reasoning responsivity security symbiosis thought method well-being Emotionality bounded Emotions and culture history in decision-making in the workplace in virtual communication moral self-conscious social social sharing sociology Feeling Group affective tone Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems Jealousy in art Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Social emotional development Stoic passions Theory affect appraisal constructed emotion discrete emotion somatic marker
Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages