Elongase

Elongase is a generic term for an enzyme that extends the length of fatty acid. The nomenclature is not applied rigorously. Often, elongase refers to enzymes that produce very long chain fatty acids. Sometimes, elongase also includes unsaturases, which introduce C=C double bonds in the backbone.^[1] Because fatty acids and their derivatives are biochemically influential, elongases are of considerable interest.

Biosynthesis of palmitic acid

Fatty acids up to C16 in length are produced by fatty acid synthases (FAS's).^[2] The starting point is the acetyl derivative of the acyl carrier protein, which adds two-carbon building blocks provided by malonyl coenzyme A (after decarboxylation). This process produces 3-ketoacyl-CoA's as intermediates. The C=O (keto) group is replaced with CH₂ via a series of steps. This process is repeated up to C16.

Beyond palmitic acid

For a fatty acid to grow in length beyond C16, a second but related class of enzymes involved. but the enzymes are generically called elongases. Six such elongases are recognized. One example is ELOVL4, which elongates long chain fatty acids (LC-FA) into very long-chain saturated (VLC-SFA) and polyunsaturated (VLC-PUFA) fatty acids, collectively known as VLC-FA (very long chain fatty acid).

The starting point for elongation of palmitic acid is palmitoyl-CoA, analogous to acetyl ACP, the starting point for FAS. As in FAS, elongation proceeds by 2-carbon units provided by malonyl-CoA. As in the biosynthesis of palmitic acid, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA is processed to remove the keto group. In this way, stearic acid is produced.^[3]

Beyond stearic acid, elongation is followed by unsaturation, leading to polyunsaturated fatty acids. Such species are often precursors to signaling molecules.

Some elongases-related enzymes

References

^ Jump, D. B. (2009). "Mammalian Fatty Acid Elongases". Lipidomics. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 579. pp. 375–389. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-322-0_19. ISBN 978-1-60761-321-3. PMC 2764369. PMID 19763486.
^ Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005). Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 780. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.
^ Jakobsson, A.; Westerberg, R.; Jacobsson, A. (2006). "Fatty acid elongases in mammals: Their regulation and roles in metabolism". Progress in Lipid Research. 45 (3): 237–249. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.004.

[a-1] Jump, D. B. (2009). "Mammalian Fatty Acid Elongases". Lipidomics. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 579. pp. 375–389. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-322-0_19. ISBN 978-1-60761-321-3. PMC 2764369. PMID 19763486.

[2] Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005). Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 780. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.

[3] Jakobsson, A.; Westerberg, R.; Jacobsson, A. (2006). "Fatty acid elongases in mammals: Their regulation and roles in metabolism". Progress in Lipid Research. 45 (3): 237–249. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.004.

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