Jump to content

Electronic literature

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Electronic literature
FeaturesLiterary works that require the capabilities of computers and networks
Related genres
Hypertext fiction, interactive fiction, digital poetry, generative literature, cell phone novels, instapoetry, cybertext, netprov, creepypasta, fan fiction, web fiction

Electronic literature or digital literature is a genre of literature where digital capabilities such as interactivity, multimodality or algorithmic text generation are used aesthetically.[1] Works of electronic literature are usually intended to be read on digital devices, such as computers, tablets, and mobile phones. They cannot be easily printed, or cannot be printed at all, because elements crucial to the work cannot be carried over onto a printed version.

The first literary works for computers, created in the 1950s, were computer programs that generated poems or stories, now called generative literature. In the 1960s experimental poets began to explore the new digital medium, and the first early text-based games were created. Interactive fiction became a popular genre in the late 1970s and 1980s, with a thriving online community in the 2000s. In the 1980s and 1990s hypertext fiction begun to be published, first on floppy disks and later on the web. Hypertext fictions are stories where the reader moves from page to page by selecting links. In the 2000s digital poetry became popular, often including animated text, images and interactivity. In the 2010s and 2020s, electronic literature uses social media platforms, with new genres like Instapoetry or Twitterature as well as literary practices like netprov. Although web-based genres like creepypasta and fan fiction are not always thought of as electronic literature (because they usually manifest as linear texts that could be printed out and read on paper) other scholars argue that these are born digital genres that depend on online communities and thus should be included in the field.

There is an extensive body of scholarship on electronic literature. In 1999 the Electronic Literature Organization was established, which through annual conferences and other events supports both the publishing and study of electronic literature. One focus of academic study has been the preservation and archiving of works of electronic literature. This is challenging because works become impossible to access or read when the software or hardware they are designed for becomes obsolete. In addition, works of electronic literature are not part of the established publishing industry and so do not have ISBN numbers and are not findable in library catalogues. This has led to the establishment of a number of archives and documentation projects.

Definitions

[edit]

The literary critic and professor N. Katherine Hayles defines electronic literature as "'digital born' (..) and (usually) meant to be read on a computer",[2] clarifying that this does not include e-books and digitised print literature.

A definition offered by the Electronic Literature Organization (ELO) states that electronic literature "refers to works with an important literary aspect that takes advantage of the capabilities and contexts provided by the stand-alone or networked computer".[3] This can include hypertext fiction, animated poetry (often called kinetic poetry) and other forms of digital poetry, literary chatbots, computer-generated narratives or poetry, art installations with significant literary aspects, interactive fiction and literary uses of social media.[3]

For example, a hypertext fiction is a story where the reader chooses a path through the story by clicking on links that connect fragments of text, often called lexias.[4] In digital poetry the words in the poem may move across the screen or may involve game-like interactivity.[5] In generative literature a single work can generate many different poems or stories. Until the early 2000s electronic literature works tended to be published on floppy disk, CD-ROM, in online literary journals or on dedicated websites. However since around 2010 literary genres on social media platforms - such as Instapoetry, Twitterature or netprov - have come to be seen as electronic literature. The literary critic Leonardo Flores called these third generation electronic literature, following the first generation of pre-web works and the second generation of web-based works.[6] Flores uses an inclusive definition of electronic literature, which can include social media posts with literary qualities even if the authors do not themselves think of it as literature.[6] Fan fiction and creepypasta have also been analysed as electronic literature.[7]: 109 

The definition of electronic literature is controversial within the field, with strict definitions being criticised for excluding valuable works, and looser definitions being so murky as to be useless.[7] A work of electronic literature can be defined as "a construction whose literary aesthetics emerge from computation", "work that could only exist in the space for which it was developed/written/coded—the digital space".[8] In his book Electronic Literature, the author and scholar Scott Rettberg argues that an advantage of a wide definition is its flexibility, which allows it to include new genres as new platforms and modes of literature emerge.[7] Screenwriter and author Carolyn Handler Miller characterizes works of electronic literature as nonlinear and non chronological where the user experiences and co-creates the story, and where contradictory events and different outcomes are possible.[9]

History

[edit]

Precursors

[edit]
See also: Nonlinear narrative, Cybertext, and Category:Precursors of electronic literature

Scholars have discussed a range of pre-digital precursors to electronic literature, from the ancient Chinese book the I Ching,[10]: 9  to inventor John Clark's mechanical Latin Verse Machine (1830-1843)[11] to the Dadaist movement's cut-up technique.[7] Print novels that were designed to be read non-linearly, such as Julio Cortázar's Hopscotch (1963) and Vladimir Nabokov's Pale Fire (1962), are cited as "print antecedents" of electronic literature.[12]

1950s

[edit]
See also: Generative literature

The 1952 love letter generator that the British computer scientist Christopher Strachey wrote for the Manchester Mark 1 computer is probably the first example of literature that requires a computer to be generated or read.[13][14][15] The work generates short love letters, and is an example of combinatory poetry, also called generative poetry.[16] The original code has been lost, but digital poet and scholar Nick Montfort has reimplemented it based on remaining documentation of its output, and this version can be viewed in a web browser.[17]

In 1959 the German computer scientist Theo Lutz [de] wrote Stochastic Texts, which "for many years was considered the first digital literary text."[18]: 11  Stochastic Texts was a program written for a Z22 computer that "produced random short sentences based on a corpus of chapter titles and subjects from Franz Kafka's novel The Castle.[7] Lutz's work has been discussed both as a very early work of electronic literature[19][20][21] and as an important precursor to current AI-generated literature.[22] The German philosopher and media scholar Hannes Bajohr [de] writes that Stochastic Texts is an example of the "sequential paradigm" in generative literature, in opposition to newer examples of a "connectionist paradigm": "Instead of hoping to recreate intuition, genius, or expression, the logic of the machine itself – that is, the logic of deterministically executed rule steps – becomes aesthetically normative in Stochastische Texte."[23]

1960s

[edit]

The 1960s were a time of literary experimentation, and there were strong connections between the art and technology scenes and concrete poetry.[24] The Italian poet and artist Nanni Balestrini's poem Tape Mark I was composed in 1961 on an IBM 7070, and output from the poetry generator was published in a special issue of a journal edited by the novelist and scholar Umberto Eco and artist Bruno Munari, thus standing as the first Italian work of electronic literature.[25] Auto-Beatnik (1961) was a program by R. M. Worthy and colleagues at the computer manufacturing company Librascope.[26] Auto-Beatnik generated poems on an LGP-30 computer to mimic the style of Beat poetry.[7]

Games designers Mabel Addis and William McKay's text-based narrative game The Sumerian Game (1964–66) was probably the first narrative computer game, although it was not widely distributed.[27] The computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum programmed the chatbot ELIZA in 1966, establishing a new genre of conversational literary artefacts or bots.[28] This was the decade when the sociologist and philosopher Ted Nelson coined the terms hypertext and hypermedia.[29]

1970s

[edit]
See also: Interactive fiction

Writers and artists continued to experiment with combining art, technology and literature. An example is the installation Blikk (1970) by a Norwegian trio: artist Irma Salo Jæger [no], composer Sigurd Berge and poet Jan Erik Vold.[30] Vold's readings of his poems were mixed as sound montages by Berge and combined with Jæger's kinetic sculptures in an exhibition at the Henie Onstad Art Center. The work was recreated in 2022 by the composer and curator Jøran Rudi [no] and is now part of the permanent collection of the Norwegian National Museum.[31]

Another important development in the 1970s was the popularity of text adventure games, now more commonly known as interactive fiction. In 1975–76, Will Crowther programmed a text game named Colossal Cave Adventure (also known as Adventure or ADVENT). It possessed a story that had the reader make choices on which way to go. These choices could lead the reader to the end, or to their untimely death. It is often regarded as the first work of interactive fiction,[7] although others have argued that the simulated microworld SHRDLU[32][33] or Mabel Addis's The Sumerian Game[27] were earlier and should be considered interactive fiction. Historians agree that Colossal Cave Adventure made a "significant cultural impact" in the 1970s.[34] It has been called a "classic"[35] "so foundational it started a genre",[36] "the Gilgamesh of video games",[37] and is credited with having "informed and inspired generations of players."[37] Colossal Cave Adventure was played on mainframe computers, and spread rapidly through the ARPANET. Colossal Cave inspired many other games, including the text adventure game Zork (1977) which was regarded as one of the best known.[38]

1980s

[edit]
See also: Hypertext fiction, Digital poetry, and Interactive fiction

With the advent of personal computers, interactive fiction became a commercially successful genre, driven by companies like Infocom. Companies hired authors and programmers to write text adventure games, as Veronika Megler, who wrote The Hobbit video game in 1982, described in an interview with The Guardian.[39]

For hypertext fiction and digital poetry, the eighties were a time of experimentation in separate communities that were not necessarily aware of each other. In Canada, the poet Bp Nichol published First Screening: Computer Poems, written in BASIC, in 1984.[40] The Californian writer Judy Malloy published Uncle Roger on the online community The WELL in 1986/87.[41] On the East Coast, hypertext fiction was being explored by academics and writers who met at the ACM Hypertext conference, which held its inaugural meeting in 1987.[42] Michael Joyce's afternoon, a story, one of the most cited works of hypertext fiction, was demonstrated at the 1987 conference, and Mark Bernstein published this work at Eastgate Systems.[41] The hypertext author Stuart Moulthrop described discovering writer and visual artist Judy Malloy's work at this time, not having realised that there were other people writing literature for computers: "I can remember coming away from that moment thinking that, you know, there might be a real hope for what we were trying to do because other people were doing it".[41]

In France at this time, literature numérique (digital literature) was connected to the Oulipo literary movement, and poetry was more central to the French writers than the narrative genres like hypertext fiction that were popular in the United States.[43] Generative poetry could be seen as a particularly European genre at the time.[43] In 1981 the Portuguese author Pedro Barbosa [pt] published the combinartory work THE ALAMO, and explicitly made the claim that computationally generated works could be literary.[44]

Not only writers, but also digital artists created works with strong literary components that have had an influence on the field of electronic literature. An example is the Australian artist Jeffrey Shaw and Dirk Groeneveld's The Legible City, which was first exhibited at ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe in 1988.[45] The Legible City is an art installation where the visitor rides a stationary bicycle through a simulated city displayed as computer-generated text. Buildings and streets are shown as 3D shapes consisting of letters and words, allowing the reader to "read" the city as they pedal through it.[46]

1990s

[edit]
See also: Hypertext fiction and Electronic Literature Organization
Photo of
Stuart Moulthrop's hypertext fiction Victory Garden (1992) is shown here in two versions: the original, published on floppy disks to be read on a computer, and the 2009 version that was reprogrammed to work on an iPad. This display was part of an exhibition curated by Dene Grigar for the ACM Hypertext conference in 2023.

The "Storyspace school" characterised the early 1990s in the United States,[41] consisting of works created using Storyspace, hypertext authoring software developed by the literary scholar Jay David Bolter and the author Michael Joyce in the 1980s.[47] Bolter and Joyce sold the Storyspace software in 1990 to Eastgate Systems, a small software company that became a publishing house and the main distributor of hypertext fiction in the 1990s, particularly in the early 1990s before it was possible to publish works on the web.[18]: 17–18  Eastgate has maintained and updated the code in Storyspace up to the present.[48] Storyspace and similar programs use hypertext to create links within text. Literature using hypertext is frequently referred to as hypertext fiction. Originally, these stories were often disseminated on discs and later on CD-ROM.[49] Hypertext fiction is still being created today using not only Storyspace, but other programs such as Twine.[50][41]

This period is often termed the first generation hypertext era, as N. Katherine Hayles notes that these works used lexia or separate screens in a similar manner to books and pages.[51] In a 1993 article for the New York Times Book Review, "Hyperfiction: Novels for the Computer", the novelist and professor Robert Coover noted the new possibilities for exploring these various storyworlds: "[I]t is a strange place, hyperspace, much more like inner space than outer, a space not of coordinates but of the volumeless imagination".[52] Key works from this period include Stuart Moulthrop's Victory Garden, Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl (1995) and Deena Larsen's work.[53]

Towards the middle of the decade, authors began writing on the web. Stuart Moulthrop's Hegirascope was published in 1995. Early web-based hypertext fictions include Olia Lialina's My Boyfriend Came Back from the War, Adrienne Eisen's Six Sex Scenes and Robert Arellano's Sunshine '69, all published in 1996.[54][7] Scott Rettberg, William Gillespie, Dirk Stratton, and Frank Marquadt's sprawling hypertext novel The Unknown won the trAce/Alt-X Hypertext Competition in 1998.[55] It was featured in the Electronic Literature Collection Vol. 2,[56] and has been analysed by a number of scholars.[57][58][59][60]

The Electronic Literature Organization (the ELO) was founded in 1999 by hypertext author Scott Rettberg, the author and teacher of creative writing Robert Coover and internet investor Jeff Ballowe, with the mission "to facilitate and promote the writing, publishing, and reading of literature in electronic media".[61] The ELO is still active today, with annual conferences, online discussions and publications.[62][63]

2000s

[edit]
See also: Cell phone novel and Blog fiction
Network visualisation showing titles of works clustered in four groups, each corresponding to a genre: Interactive fiction, web hypertexts, hypertext fictions (mostly on disk) and generative works.
A network visualisation showing works of electronic literature cited by two or more PhD dissertations on electronic literature defended between 2002 and 2008. Four clear genres emerge: interactive fiction, generative works, hypertext fictions and more experimental web hypertexts and poetry.[64]
PhD dissertations on electronic literature completed between 2009 and 2013 show a shift in genres. Classic hypertext fiction is still present (the red circle), as are the experimental webtexts, interactive fiction and generative works. Two new distinct genres have emerged as important to this generation of dissertation writers: kinetic poetry and digital poetry installation art.[64]

In Japan, cell phone novels became popular from the early 2000s.[65] Similar genres emerged in other countries where text messaging was well-established, including India[66] and Europe.[67] The first work of Indian electronic literature is probably the 2004 SMS novel Cloak Room,[68] whose author used the pseudonym RoGue. Cloak Room invited readers to engage with the story by answering texts or leaving comments on the blog that was used in tandem with the text messages.[66][69]

In North America the web was becoming the main platform for electronic literature. The Canadian author Caitlin Fisher's These Waves of Girls (2001) was a hypermedia novella telling stories of girlhood, using images and sounds as well as links and text.[70] The American author Talan Memmott's Lexia to Perplexia (2000) offered complex visual and textual layers that sometimes confuse and occlude themselves,[71] and is described by the literary critic Lisa Swanstrom as a "beautifully intricate piece of electronic literature".[72] Kate Pullinger's Inanimate Alice is an example of a work that began as a web novel and then saw versions across several media, including a screenplay and a VR experience.[73] Works like The Impermanence Agent, by author and scholar Noah Wardrip-Fruin and collaborators, explored the web's ability to customise a story for the reader.[74]

An analysis of 44 PhD dissertations about electronic literature published between 2002 and 2013[41] found a clear shift in the genres referenced by the authors of the dissertations during this period. Between 2002 and 2008, the referenced works clustered in four distinct genre groups: interactive fiction, generative literature, classic hypertext fiction (mostly published on disk or in print) and web hypertexts, including more experimental works and some poetry.[41]

Blog fiction and fan fiction are born-digital literary genres that became popular in this period.[75][76][77] Blog fictions have been a particularly popular genre of electronic literature in Africa.[78][79][80] The literary orality of blogs has also been analysed as a feature of African American blogs.[81]

2010s

[edit]
See also: Fan fiction, Creepypasta, Generative literature, and Digital poetry

The spread of smartphones and tablets led to literary works that explored the touchscreen, such as Samantha Gorman and Danny Cannizarro's Pry (2014)[82] or Kate Pullinger's Breathe: A Ghost Story.[13] Netprov, improvisational and collaborative networked writing was another genre that developed during the 2000s and 2010s, with projects like #1WkNoTech.[83][84] Instapoetry, a visual style of poetry native to Instagram became a popular success.[85]

The web-based hypertext authoring tool Twine became increasingly popular this decade. This "Twine revolution"[86] led to a resurgence of interactive fiction and hypertext,[87] which now became "a mainstream form of literary game production and interaction".[88] Notable works written in Twine that are frequently discussed as electronic literature include Anna Anthropy's Queers in Love at the End of the World (2013)[89][90] and Dan Hett's autobiographical C ya laterrrr about losing his brother in the Manchester Arena bombing (2017).[91]

As machine learning made rapid advances with natural language processing and deep learning, authors began to experiment and write with AI.[92][93] David Jhave Johnston's ReRites is an example of this new kind of generative literature and is a poetic work written as a human-AI collaboration. A GPT-2 language model was trained on a corpus of contemporary poetry and set to generate new poems every night. Each morning, Jhave Johnston would rewrite the poems as a daily ritual: hence the title ReRites.[94]

Dissertations published between 2009 and 2013 still cite many works in the genres of hypertext fiction, interactive fiction, experimental webtexts and generative texts. Digital poetry also emerged as a significant genre, with dissertation authors writing about two distinct clusters of digital poetry: kinetic poetry and poetic installations in art galleries. Many of these works were from the 1980s to the early 2000s, so this may indicate an uptake in scholarly interest rather than a large change in what kinds of creative works were actually published in the 2010s.[41]

2020s

[edit]

Electronic literature spread internationally. The Electronic Literature Collection Volume 4, published in 2022, showcases 132 works from 42 different countries in 31 languages.[95] The first volume of the Indian Electronic Literature Anthology, published in 2024, showcases 17 works of electronic literature written in Hindi and English.[96]

Scholarship

[edit]

Histories and timelines

[edit]

Various histories of electronic literature and its subgenera have been written. Scott Rettberg's Electronic Literature[7] provides a broad overview, while more specialised books discuss the history of specific genres or periods, like Chris Funkhouser's Prehistoric Digital Poetry[19] and Astrid Ensslin's Pre-web Digital Publishing and the Lore of Electronic Literature.[97]

As mentioned above in the section on Definitions, the literary critic Leonardo Flores proposes a generational understanding of electronic literature, where the first generation is pre-web, the second uses the web, and the third generation uses social media, web APIs and mobile devices.[6] However, not all works fit within this structure, as Spencer Jordan notes, writing that "A work such as The Unknown, for example, sits uneasily between second and third generation definitions."[98]

Reader interaction and nonlinearity

[edit]

Digital literature tends to require a user to traverse through the literature through the digital setting, making the use of the medium part of the literary exchange. Espen J. Aarseth wrote in his book Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature that "it is possible to explore, get lost, and discover secret paths in these texts, not metaphorically, but through the topological structures of the textual machinery".[10]: 4  Espen Aarseth defines "ergodic literature" as literature where "nontrivial effort is required to allow the reader to traverse the text".[99] George Landow explains that following hypertext links merges the traditional expectations of reader and writer roles as the reader constructs the text by following links.[100]

Astrid Ensslin and Alice Bell note that electronic literature works can embody central contradictions in ways that differ from print literature. They cite examples such as afternoon, a story (a car accident that may not or may occur), Victory Garden (a character both dies and lives), and Patchwork Girl (a character is real or imagined).[101]: 30  Plot lines, emotional intensity, character traits and attributions can vary depending on a reader's chosen path.[102] J Yellowlees Douglas shows an early example of this in Michael Joyce's 1991 hypertext fiction WOE where romances would occur between different characters, depending on a reader's path.[102] Encountering a node (or lexia) in different contexts can convey impressions of larger databases as information seems to differ depending on the context that the user is coming from, as J Yellowlees Douglas explains about The Election of 1912, by Mark Bernstein and Erin Sweeney.[103]

Preservation and archiving

[edit]

Because electronic literature is made to be read on computers, works often become unreadable when the software platforms or technologies they are designed for become obsolete. This may have made it more difficult for electronic literature to build the "traditions associated with print literature", as literary critic N. Katherine Hayles has argued.[104]: 39–40 

Several organizations are dedicated to preserving works of electronic literature. The UK-based Digital Preservation Coalition aims to preserve digital resources in general, while the Electronic Literature Organization's PAD (Preservation / Archiving / Dissemination) initiative gave recommendations on how to think ahead when writing and publishing electronic literature, as well as how to migrate works running on defunct platforms to current technologies.[105][106] The British Library archives winners of the New Media Writing Prize in the UK Web Archive.[107][108] The NEXT, run by Dene Grigar for the Electronic Literature Organization, hosts source files and documentation of many works of electronic literature and digital writing.[109] The Electronic Literature Knowledge Base (ELMCIP)[110] is a research resource for electronic literature, with 3,875 records of creative works as of February 11, 2024. The Electronic Literature Directory[111] focuses on peer-reviewed descriptions or reviews of works. The Multilingual African Electronic Literature Database & African Diasporic Electronic Literature Database (MAELD & ADELD)[112] is a project focusing on the African region. The Maryland Institute for Technologies in the Humanities and the Electronic Literature Lab[113] at Washington State University Vancouver work towards the documentation and preservation of electronic literature and hypermedia. In Canada, the Laboratory NT2 hosts research and a database on electronic literature and digital art.[114]

The Electronic Literature Collection is a series of anthologies of electronic literature published by the Electronic Literature Organization, both on CD/DVD and online, and this is another strategy in working to make sure that electronic literature is available for future generations.[115][116]

Major awards

[edit]

Annual awards for electronic literature include the Electronic Literature Organization awards[117] and the New Media Writing Prize.[118]

Previous awards included the trAce-Alt X Competition. In 1998, two works shared the 1,000 English pound prize: The Unknown by William Gillespie; Scott Rettberg; Dirk Stratton and Rice by Jenny Weight (Australia). Three sites received Honorable Mentions: Kokura by Mary-Kim Arnold, **** by Michael Atavar, and water always writes in plural by Linda Carroli and Josephine Wilson.[119][120] In 2001, Lexia to Perplexia by Talan Memmott won the trAce/Alt-X New Media Writing Award.[121][122][123] In 2004, the prize had four major categories for articles about hypertext (reviews, opinion, and editor's choice. The only multimedia work mentioned was Postcards From Writing by Sally Prior.[124]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Electronic Literature | OELN". www.oeln.net. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  2. ^ Hayles, N. Katherine (2008). Electronic Literature: New Horizons for the Literary. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 3.
  3. ^ a b "About the ELO". Electronic Literature Organization. Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  4. ^ Bell, Alice; Ensslin, Astrid (2011). ""I know what it was. You know what it was": Second-Person Narration in Hypertext Fiction". Narrative. 19 (3): 311. ISSN 1063-3685. JSTOR 41289307. Hypertext fiction is a specific form of digital fiction in which fragments of electronic text, known as lexias, are connected by hyperlinks.
  5. ^ Naji, Jeneen (2021). Digital poetry. Palgrave pivot. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-030-65962-2.
  6. ^ a b c Flores, Leonardo (2019-04-07). "Third Generation Electronic Literature". Electronic Book Review. doi:10.7273/axyj-3574.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rettberg, Scott (2019). Electronic literature. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-1-5095-1677-3. OCLC 1028213515.
  8. ^ Heckman, Davin; O'Sullivan, James (2018). "Electronic Literature: Contexts and Poetics". Literary Studies in the Digital Age: An Evolving Anthology. Archived from the original on 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  9. ^ Miller, Carolyn Handler (2014). Digital storytelling: a creator's guide to interactive entertainment (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Focal Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-415-83694-4.
  10. ^ a b Aarseth, Espen J. (1997). Cybertext: perspectives on ergodic literature. Baltimore, MD; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5578-8.
  11. ^ Sharples, Mike (2023-01-01). "John Clark's Latin Verse Machine: 19th Century Computational Creativity". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 45 (1): 31–42. arXiv:2301.05570. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2023.3241258. ISSN 1058-6180. S2CID 255825542. Archived from the original on 2023-07-30. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  12. ^ Pressman, Jessica (2014). Digital modernism: making it new in new media. Modernist literature & culture. New York: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-993710-3.
  13. ^ a b Rettberg, Jill Walker (2021-10-03). "Speculative Interfaces: How Electronic Literature Uses the Interface to Make Us Think about Technology". Electronic Book Review. doi:10.7273/1xsg-nv26.
  14. ^ Gaboury, Jacob (2013-12-01). "Darling sweetheart: Queer objects in early computer art". Metaverse Creativity. 3 (1–2): 23–27. doi:10.1386/mvcr.3.1-2.23_1.
  15. ^ Wardrip-Fruin, Noah (2011-06-16). "14. Digital Media Archaeology: Interpreting Computational Processes". Media Archaeology. University of California Press. pp. 302–322. doi:10.1525/9780520948518-016. ISBN 978-0-520-94851-8. S2CID 226776992. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  16. ^ Todorovic, Vladimir; Grba, Dejan (2019-05-01). "Wandering machines: narrativity in generative art". Journal of Science and Technology of the Arts. 11 (2): 50–58. doi:10.7559/citarj.v11i2.664. hdl:10356/138446. ISSN 2183-0088. S2CID 243018095. Archived from the original on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  17. ^ Strachey, Christopher (2014). Montfort, Nick (ed.). "Love Letters". nickm.com (Reimplementation of 1953 love letter generator.). Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  18. ^ a b di Rosario, Giovanna; Meza, Nohelia; Grimaldi, Kerri (2021). "The Origins of Electronic Literature: An Overview". In Grigar, Dene; O'Sullivan, James (eds.). Electronic literature as digital humanities: contexts, forms, & practices. New York; London; Oxford; New Delhi; Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 9–26. ISBN 978-1-5013-6349-8.
  19. ^ a b Funkhouser, Chris (2007). Prehistoric digital poetry : an archaeology of forms, 1959-1995. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-8087-8. OCLC 183291342.
  20. ^ Beals, Kurt (2018). ""Do the New Poets Think? It's Possible": Computer Poetry and Cyborg Subjectivity". Configurations. 26 (2): 149–177. doi:10.1353/con.2018.0010. ISSN 1080-6520. S2CID 150182225.
  21. ^ Funkhouser, Christopher T. (March 2017). "IBM Poetry: Exploring Restriction in Computer Poems". Humanities. 6 (1): 7. doi:10.3390/h6010007. ISSN 2076-0787.
  22. ^ Husárová, Zuzana; Piorecký, Karel (2022). "Reception of literature generated by artificial neural networks". World Literature Studies (in Slovak). 14 (1): 44–60. doi:10.31577/wls.2022.14.1.4. S2CID 248305840.
  23. ^ Bajohr, Hannes (March 2022). "Algorithmic Empathy: Toward a Critique of Aesthetic AI". Configurations. 30 (2): 210. doi:10.1353/con.2022.0011. ISSN 1080-6520. S2CID 248578007.
  24. ^ D'Ambrosio, Matteo (2018-08-10). "The Early Computer Poetry and Concrete Poetry". Matlit Revista do Programa de Doutoramento em Materialidades da Literatura. 6 (1): 51–72. doi:10.14195/2182-8830_6-1_4. ISSN 2182-8830. S2CID 194914879. Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  25. ^ Patti, Emanuela (2021-12-17). "Umberto Eco's Opera Aperta and the Birth of Italian Electronic Literature". Modern Languages Open. 1. doi:10.3828/mlo.v0i0.381. ISSN 2052-5397. S2CID 245288627.
  26. ^ Worthy, R. J. (1964). "A New American Poet Speaks: The Works of A.B." Meanjin Quarterly. 23 (2): 166–172.
  27. ^ a b Skains, R. Lyle (2023). Neverending Stories: The Popular Emergence of Digital Fiction. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 27–28.
  28. ^ "ELIZA (Encyclopedia entry)". ELMCIP: Electronic Literature Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  29. ^ Nelson, T. H. (1965-08-24). "Complex information processing: A file structure for the complex, the changing and the indeterminate". Proceedings of the 1965 20th national conference. ACM '65. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 84–100. doi:10.1145/800197.806036. ISBN 978-1-4503-7495-8.
  30. ^ Finborud, Lars Mørch. "Institusjonell kjærlighet" [A Marriage of Convenience]. Lyd og ulydighet: Ny Musikk siden 1938. Translated by Mackie, Saân. Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  31. ^ Rudi, Jøran (January 2023). "Balancing Conflicting Types of Authenticity in the Reconstruction of Sound and Music in the Installation Work Blikk (1970)". Curator: The Museum Journal. 66 (1): 85–106. doi:10.1111/cura.12539. ISSN 0011-3069. S2CID 256648015.
  32. ^ Donahue, Evan (2023-03-17). "All the Microworld's a Stage: Realism in Interactive Fiction and Artificial Intelligence". American Literature. 95 (2): 229–254. doi:10.1215/00029831-10575049. ISSN 0002-9831. S2CID 257617995.
  33. ^ Montfort, Nick (2005). Twisty little passages: an approach to interactive fiction. Cambridge, MA; London: MIT Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-262-13436-1.
  34. ^ Jerz, Dennis G. (2007). "Somewhere Nearby is Colossal Cave: Examining Will Crowther's Original "Adventure" in Code and in Kentucky". Digital Humanities Quarterly. 1 (2). ProQuest 2555208725.
  35. ^ Peel, Jeremy (2023-01-18). "Colossal Cave review". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  36. ^ Worrall, William (2023-01-18). "Colossal Cave Review". TechRaptor. Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  37. ^ a b Reinhard, Andrew (2021-03-01). "Colossal Cave Archaeology: Epigraphy, FORTRAN Code-Artifacts, and the Ur -Game". Near Eastern Archaeology. 84 (1): 86–92. doi:10.1086/713375. ISSN 1094-2076. S2CID 232124673. Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  38. ^ Lebling; Blank; Anderson (1979). "Special Feature Zork: A Computerized Fantasy Simulation Game". Computer. 12 (4): 51–59. doi:10.1109/MC.1979.1658697. ISSN 0018-9162. S2CID 7845131. Archived from the original on 2023-05-15. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  39. ^ Mason, Graeme (2022-09-22). "'I saw the possibility of what could be done – so I did it': revolutionary video game The Hobbit turns 40". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  40. ^ Spinosa, Dani (2017). "Toward a Theory of Canadian Digital Poetics". Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littérature canadienne. 42 (2): 237–255. ISSN 0380-6995. Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h Rettberg, Jill Walker (2012). "Electronic Literature Seen from a Distance The Beginnings of a Field". Dichtung Digital (41). hdl:1956/6272.
  42. ^ Bolter, Jay David; Joyce, Michael (1987). "Hypertext and creative writing". Proceeding of the ACM conference on Hypertext - HYPERTEXT '87. ACM Press. pp. 41–50. doi:10.1145/317426.317431. ISBN 978-0-89791-340-9.
  43. ^ a b Cronin, Susie (2018-08-10). "Can We (Still) Speak of a 'French' Digital Literature?". Matlit Revista do Programa de Doutoramento em Materialidades da Literatura. 6 (3): 47–58. doi:10.14195/2182-8830_6-3_4. ISSN 2182-8830.
  44. ^ Bouchardon, Serge (2012-09-05). "Digital Literature in France" (PDF). Dichtung Digital. doi:10.25969/mediarep/17745.
  45. ^ Carter, Richard (2016). "Virtual Literatures: Technology, Agency, Meaning". CounterText. 2 (3): 338–355. doi:10.3366/count.2016.0064. ISSN 2056-4406. Jeffrey Shaw's The Legible City (1988–91) was an early and often discussed series of installations that pioneered the staging of literary expression within a simulated virtual space.
  46. ^ Rößler, Theresa. "Dirk Groeneveld, Jeffrey Shaw | The Legible City | 1988 | ZKM". ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  47. ^ Bolter, J. David and Michael Joyce (1987). "Hypertext and Creative Writing", Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 1987, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, pages 41-50
  48. ^ Barnet, Belinda (2012). "Machine Enhanced (Re)minding: the Development of Storyspace". Digital Humanities Quarterly. 6 (2).
  49. ^ Aarseth, Espen J. Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997
  50. ^ Moulthrop, Stuart (2021). "Hypertext Fiction Ever After". Electronic Literature as Digital Humanities: Contexts, Forms, and Practice (PDF). Bloomsbury Academic. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-5013-6349-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  51. ^ Hayles, Nancy Katherine; Burdick, Anne; Lunenfeld, Peter (2002). Writing machines. Mediawork pamphlet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-262-58215-5.
  52. ^ Coover, Robert (1993-08-23). "Hyperfiction: Novels for the Computer". New York Times. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  53. ^ O'Sullivan, James; Grigar, Dene (2018). "The Origins of Electronic Literature as Net/Web Art". In Brügger, Niels; Milligan, Ian (eds.). The SAGE Handbook of Web History. Sage Publishing. pp. 429–430. ISBN 9781526455444.
  54. ^ Picot, Edward (2002). "Some versions of hyperfiction". Poetry Nation Review. 29 (2): 52–54. ProQuest 2418404835. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  55. ^ "trAce/Alt-X Hypertext Competition 1998 Results". unknownhypertext.com. 1998. Archived from the original on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
  56. ^ Rettberg, Scott; Gillespie, William; Stratton, Dirk; Marquadt, Frank (2011) [1998]. Borràs, Laura; Memmott, Talan; Raley, Rita; Stefans, Brian (eds.). "The Unknown". collection.eliterature.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
  57. ^ Kolb, David A. (2012). "Story/Story". Proceedings of the 23rd ACM conference on Hypertext and social media. HT '12. New York: ACM. pp. 99–102. doi:10.1145/2309996.2310013. ISBN 9781450313353. S2CID 208938632.
  58. ^ Pisarski, Mariusz (2016). "Collaboration in e-literature". World Literature Studies. 8 (3): 78–89. ISSN 1337-9275. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  59. ^ Ciccoricco, David (2007). "Fluid or Overflowing: The Unknown and *water always writes in *plural". Reading Network Fiction. University of Alabama Press. pp. 124–159. ISBN 9780817315894.
  60. ^ Desrochers, Nadine; Tomaszek, Patricia (2014). "Bridging The Unknown: An Interdisciplinary Case Study of Paratext in Electronic Literature" (PDF). Examining paratextual theory and its applications in digital culture. pp. 160–189. hdl:1866/12174.
  61. ^ "Electronic Literature Organization – To facilitate and promote the writing, publishing, and reading of literature in electronic media". Retrieved 2024-02-11.
  62. ^ Rettberg, Scott (2012-09-05). "Developing an Identity for the Field of Electronic Literature Reflections on the Electronic Literature Organization Archives". Dichtung Digital. Journal für Kunst und Kultur digitaler Medien. 14 (1): 1–33. doi:10.25969/mediarep/17747.
  63. ^ "ELO History". Electronic Literature Organization. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  64. ^ a b Rettberg, Jill Walker (2014-07-06). "Visualising Networks of Electronic Literature: Dissertations and the Creative Works They Cite". Electronic Book Review. Archived from the original on 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  65. ^ Kim, Kyoung-hwa Yonnie (2014). "Genealogy of Mobile Creativity: A Media Archaeological Approach to Literary Practice in Japan". In Goggin, Gerald; Hjorth, Larissa (eds.). The Routledge companion to mobile media. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-80947-4. OCLC 864429273.
  66. ^ a b T, Shanmugapriya; Menon, Nirmala (2018). "Locating New Literary Practices in Indian Digital Spaces". MatLit: Materialities of Literature. 6: 159–174. doi:10.14195/2182-8830_6-1_11. S2CID 194930590. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  67. ^ Walker, Jill (2005). "Distributed Narrative: Telling Stories Across Networks'". In Consalvo, Mia; Hunsinger, Jeremy; Baym, Nancy (eds.). The 2005 Association of Internet Researchers Annual. New York: Peter Lang. pp. 91–102.
  68. ^ Shanmugapriya, T; Menon, Nirmala (2019). "First and Second Waves of Indian Electronic - ProQuest". Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics. 42 (4). ProQuest 2391975967. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  69. ^ RoGue (2004). "Cloak Room". Cloak Room (Blog documenting and supporting a SMS novel). Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  70. ^ Koskimaa, Raine (2004). "These waves of memories: A hyperfiction by Caitlin Fisher". Dichtung Digital. 6 (3): 1–11. doi:10.25969/MEDIAREP/17662. ISSN 1617-6901. Archived from the original on 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  71. ^ Hayles, N. Katherine (2001). "Metaphoric networks in 'Lexia to perplexia'". Digital Creativity. 12 (3): 133–139. doi:10.1076/digc.12.3.133.3226. ISSN 1462-6268. S2CID 45507019.
  72. ^ Swanstrom, Lisa (2011). ""Terminal Hopscotch": Navigating Networked Space in Talan Memmott's Lexia to Perplexia". Contemporary Literature. 52 (3): 493–521. doi:10.1353/cli.2011.0038. ISSN 1548-9949. S2CID 161529462.
  73. ^ Machado, Ana Maria; Campbell, Andy; Harper, Ian; Albuquerque e Aguilar, Ana; Oliveira, António (2018-08-10). "Inanimate Alice: The Story of the Series and its Impact in Portugal". Matlit Revista do Programa de Doutoramento em Materialidades da Literatura. 6 (3): 93–104. doi:10.14195/2182-8830_6-3_8. ISSN 2182-8830. S2CID 158620931. Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  74. ^ Wardrip-Fruin (1998). "The Impermanence Agent". www.impermanenceagent.org. with Adam Chapman, Brion Moss, and Duane Whitehurst. Archived from the original on 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  75. ^ Segar, Emma (2017). "Blog fiction and its successors: The emergence of a relational poetics". Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 23 (1): 20–33. doi:10.1177/1354856516678369. ISSN 1354-8565. S2CID 148607975.
  76. ^ Hellekson, Karen; Busse, Kristina (2014). The Fan Fiction Studies Reader. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-1-60938-227-8.
  77. ^ Roering, Johanna (2008). ""I Love Mer/Der. When They Aren't Together, I Die": Television Characters Blogging". In Hotz-Davies, Ingrid; Kirchhofer, Anton; Leppänen, Sirpa (eds.). Internet Fictions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443803038.
  78. ^ Santana, Stephanie Bosch (2018). "From Nation to Network: Blog and Facebook Fiction from Southern Africa". Research in African Literatures. 49 (1): 187–208. doi:10.2979/reseafrilite.49.1.11. ISSN 0034-5210. JSTOR 10.2979/reseafrilite.49.1.11. S2CID 165564181.
  79. ^ Adenekan, Shola; Cousins, Helen (2013). "African Short Stories and the Online Writing Space". In Awadalla, Maggie; March-Russell, Paul (eds.). The Postcolonial Short Story. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 199–213. doi:10.1057/9781137292087_13. ISBN 978-1-349-33930-3.
  80. ^ Harris, Ashleigh (2018-07-03). "Introduction: African Street Literatures and the Global Publishing Go-Slow". English Studies in Africa. 61 (2): 1–8. doi:10.1080/00138398.2018.1540173. ISSN 0013-8398. S2CID 165665676.
  81. ^ Steele, Catherine Knight (October 2016). "The Digital Barbershop: Blogs and Online Oral Culture Within the African American Community". Social Media + Society. 2 (4): 205630511668320. doi:10.1177/2056305116683205. ISSN 2056-3051. S2CID 157100087.
  82. ^ Locke, Charley. "You Don't Want to Know What PTSD Is Like, but Pry, a Powerful iOS Game, Tries to Show You Anyway". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  83. ^ Burr, Lauren (2015). "Bicycles, Bonfires and an Airport Apocalypse: The Poetics and Ethics of Netprov". Hyperrhiz: New Media Cultures (11): 1. doi:10.20415/hyp/011.e01. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  84. ^ Wittig, Rob (2021). Netprov: Networked Improvised Literature for the Classroom and Beyond. Ann Arbor, MI: Amherst College Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.12387128. ISBN 978-1-943208-28-9. S2CID 245087341. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  85. ^ Pâquet, Lili (2019). "Selfie-Help: The Multimodal Appeal of Instagram Poetry". The Journal of Popular Culture. 52 (2): 296–314. doi:10.1111/jpcu.12780. ISSN 0022-3840. S2CID 167066039. Archived from the original on 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  86. ^ Ellison, Cara (2013-04-10). "Anna Anthropy and the Twine revolution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-02-03. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  87. ^ Robertson, Adi (2021-03-10). "Text Adventures: how Twine remade gaming". The Verge. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  88. ^ Ensslin, Astrid (2020-03-31), "Hypertext Theory", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.982, ISBN 978-0-19-020109-8, archived from the original on 2023-06-29, retrieved 2023-07-31
  89. ^ O'Flynn, Siobhan (2019-05-24). "Media Fluid and Media Fluent, E-Literature in the Era of Experience Design". Hyperrhiz: New Media Cultures (20). doi:10.20415/hyp/020.int03. S2CID 182743384. Archived from the original on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  90. ^ Skains, R. Lyle (2023-07-20), "The Influence of Digital Platforms on Authors of Electronic Literature and Interactive Digital Narratives", The Routledge Companion to Literary Media (1st ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 209–220, doi:10.4324/9781003119739-20, ISBN 978-1-003-11973-9, retrieved 2023-07-31
  91. ^ MacDonald, Keza (2018-04-26). "Games console: Dan Hett, the indie game designer pouring his grief into interactive art". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  92. ^ Querubín, Natalia Sánchez; Niederer, Sabine (2022-10-31). "Climate futures: Machine learning from cli-fi". Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies: 135485652211357. doi:10.1177/13548565221135715. ISSN 1354-8565. S2CID 253321350. Archived from the original on 2022-11-09. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  93. ^ Sloan, Robin; Hamilton, Diane; Triantafyllou, Eugenia; Liu, Ken; Parrish, Allison; Wijeratne, Yudhanjaya; Garcia-Rosas, Nelly Geraldine; Tolabi, Wole; Hebert, Ernest. "Wordcraft Writers Workshop". Woodcraft Writers Workshop. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  94. ^ Henrickson, Leah (2020-05-29), "Authorship in Computer-Generated Texts", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.1226, ISBN 978-0-19-020109-8, archived from the original on 2022-10-13, retrieved 2023-08-01
  95. ^ "Electronic Literature Collection Volume 4". collection.eliterature.org. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  96. ^ Menon, Nirmala; T, Shanmugapriya; Joseph, Justy; Sutton, Deborah (2023-12-13). Indian Electronic Literature Anthology. Indian Institute of Technology – Knowledge Sharing in Publishing. doi:10.57004/book1/. ISBN 978-93-5811-313-6.
  97. ^ Ensslin, Astrid (2022). Pre-web digital publishing and the lore of electronic literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-90316-5. OCLC 1310979695.
  98. ^ Jordan, Spencer (2020). Postdigital storytelling : poetics, praxis, research. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-08350-9. OCLC 1111641012.
  99. ^ Aarseth, Espen J. (1997). Cybertext: perspectives on ergodic literature. Baltimore, MD; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8018-5578-8.
  100. ^ Landow, George P. (2006). Hypertext 3.0: critical theory and new media in an era of globalization. Parallax (3rd ed.). Baltimore (Md.): Johns Hopkins university press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8018-8256-2.
  101. ^ Ensslin, Astrid; Bell, Alice (2021). Digital fiction and the unnatural: transmedial narrative theory, method, and analysis. Theory and interpretation of narrative. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-1456-5.
  102. ^ a b Douglas, Jane Yellowleas (1994). "How Do I Stop this Thing? Closure and Indeterminacy in Interactive Narratives". In Landow, George (ed.). Hyper/Text/Theory. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 59 and 113.
  103. ^ Douglas, J. Yellowlees (2000). The end of books or books without end ? reading interactive narratives. Ann Arbor (Mich.: University of Michigan press. p. 47). ISBN 978-0-472-11114-5.
  104. ^ Hayles, N. Katherine (2008). Electronic literature: new horizons for the literary. University of Notre Dame Ward-Phillips lectures in English language and literature. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame. ISBN 978-0-268-03085-8.
  105. ^ Montfort, Nick and Noah Wardrip-Fruin "Acid-Free Bits: Recommendations for Long-Lasting Electronic Literature" Archived 2009-10-10 at the Wayback Machine. The Electronic Literature Organization, 2004.
  106. ^ Alan Liu, David Durand, Nick Montfort, Merrilee Proffitt, Liam R. E. Quin, Jean-Hugues Réty, and Noah Wardrip-Fruin. "2005 "Born-Again Bits: A Framework for Migrating Electronic Literature" Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. Electronic Literature Organization, 2005.
  107. ^ Clark, Lynda; Rossi, Giulia Carla; Wisdom, Stella (2020), Bosser, Anne-Gwenn; Millard, David E.; Hargood, Charlie (eds.), "Archiving Interactive Narratives at the British Library", Interactive Storytelling, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12497, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 300–313, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62516-0_27, ISBN 978-3-030-62515-3, S2CID 225078876, archived from the original on 2023-11-09, retrieved 2023-08-01
  108. ^ UK Web Archive. "New Media Writing Prize". UKWA: UK Web Archive. Retrieved 2023-08-01.[permanent dead link‍]
  109. ^ Electronic Literature Organization. "Welcome to The NEXT". The NEXT. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  110. ^ ELMCIP. "Electronic Literature Knowledge Base". elmcip.net. Archived from the original on 2023-08-05. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  111. ^ "Electronic Literature Directory". Electronic Literature Organization. Archived from the original on 2022-10-14. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  112. ^ MAELD & ADELD (2020). "African Electronic Literature Alliance & African Diasporic Electronic Literature (AELA & ADELI)". africanelit.org. Archived from the original on 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  113. ^ "Electronic Literature Lab". Electronic Literature Lab. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  114. ^ Pablo, Luis; Goicoechea, María (2014-12-31). "A Survey of Electronic Literature Collections". CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 16 (5). doi:10.7771/1481-4374.2558. ISSN 1481-4374.
  115. ^ "Electronic Literature Collection". collection.eliterature.org. Archived from the original on 2023-09-09. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  116. ^ Pablo, Luis; Goicoechea, María (2014-12-31). "A Survey of Electronic Literature Collections". CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 16 (5). doi:10.7771/1481-4374.2558. ISSN 1481-4374. Archived from the original on 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  117. ^ "ELO Annual Awards". Electronic Literature Organization. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  118. ^ Pope, James (2020). "Further on down the digital road: Narrative design and reading pleasure in five New Media Writing Prize narratives". Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 26 (1): 35–54. doi:10.1177/1354856517726603. ISSN 1354-8565. S2CID 148623959. Archived from the original on 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  119. ^ "Rhizome". Rhizome. 1999-03-28. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  120. ^ "trAce/Alt-X Hypertext Competition 1998 Results". unknownhypertext.com. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  121. ^ "02-046 (Talan Memmott)". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  122. ^ "Chat Transcript: February 4, 2001 Sunday February 4 (in trAce WebBoard) 21:00 London, 16:00 New York Program chat--trAce New Media contest winner, Talan Memmott". www.eliterature.org. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  123. ^ "HyperText: Explorations in Electronic Literature – Electronic Literature Organization". Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  124. ^ "Coding, phoning, chatting and blogging Managed by Writers for the Future" (PDF). TrAce Online Writing Center. May 28, 2004.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_literature&oldid=1257322209"