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Electromod

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For the 2016 album, see Cachorro Grande.
See also: Electric vehicle conversion

An electromod is a vehicle that has been restored and modified by converting its drivetrain to operate as an electric vehicle (EV). The term is a portmanteau of electrification and restomod, itself a portmanteau of restoration and modification, a process which traditionally has been associated with classic cars. Most electromods are one-off custom vehicles performed by specialty repair shops and hobbyists, but starting in the late 2010s, automobile manufacturers have been building their own electromods, sometimes with the assistance of specialty shops, to publicize their shift to battery electric powertrains and to build interest in crate engine EV drivetrain products.

History

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Engine compartment of a converted EV, showing the adapter plate used to couple the traction motor to the existing transmission.

Hobbyists have been converting cars originally powered by internal combustion engines to EVs since at least the 1960s. Historically, these used existing technology such as surplus aircraft starter motors and lead-acid batteries; these efforts were driven by ecological and financial reasons to increase efficiency and avoid using fossil fuels, with renewed interest piqued by the oil crises in 1973 and again in 1979. However, the converted EV powertrain range and power usually suffered compared to the original vehicle. Multiple books were written to document and guide these conversions in the late 1970s and 1980s,[1] including The Complete Book of Electric Vehicles (Shacket, 1979),[2] How to Convert to an Electric Car (Lucas & Riess, 1980),[3] Convert It (Brown & Prange, 1993),[4] and Build Your Own Electric Vehicle (Brant, 1994).[5]

The increasing popularity of hybrid and battery electric vehicles since the 1990s and the turn of the 21st century along with tightening emissions mandates have spurred the development of more powerful electric traction motors and improved battery chemistries giving increased energy storage density, resulting in electric vehicles with still-limited range but with power comparable to conventional automobiles and trucks.[6] In 2012, Rimac Automobili showed off its 1984 BMW E30 that had been restored and repowered with an electric drivetrain by breaking EV acceleration records.[7] With electrified drivetrains now becoming more readily available through recycling crashed EVs, a market has developed for electromod conversions of classic and replica cars.[8] Although some owners have commissioned electromod conversions of sports cars, several automotive journalists have argued the quiet, smooth characteristics of an EV drivetrain are better suited to luxury cars.[8][9]

Many non-factory electromods are implemented by extracting and adapting the drivetrain or individual components (traction motor(s), battery, controller, and inverter) from an existing mass-produced EV, such as Tesla.[10] In October 2019 there were no purpose-built crate engine EV kits available commercially, but such projects were in development by companies such as Swindon Powertrain.[11] For example, EV West announced their Revolt Tesla Crate Motor in 2020, which married an electric traction motor from a Tesla with a gear reduction unit and ended in a universal joint yoke, a suitable interface for a driveshaft.[12] Mechanically, the motor is fitted with mounts compatible with Chevrolet small-block engines to take advantage of numerous small-block repower kits.[13]

Opel Manta GSe ElektroMOD at Auto Zürich 2021

The term electromod was coined around 2020[14] and serves a generic trademark for the restomod and electrification process. In 2021, the Opel Manta GSe ElektroMOD was unveiled by Opel as an electrified restomod of the Manta A;[15] Opel stated the name was meant both to recall the Opel Elektro GT sports EV of 1971[16] and to describe the modern drivetrain and restomod of the original Manta.[17] The resulting electromod attracted significant press attention and was used to publicize the electrification of Opel's lineup.[18]

Examples

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Early conversions

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The ElectroVair III was built in 2011 by High Voltage Hot Rods as an homage to the ElectroVair II

In the mid-1960s, General Motors demonstrated vehicles that had been repowered with AC induction traction motors, including the ElectroVair I and II, using 1964 and 1966 Chevrolet Corvair chassis, respectively, and the ElectroVan, built on a 1966 GMC HandiVan. The ElectroVair used a 680 lb (310 kg) traction battery with silver-zinc chemistry, providing a range of 80 mi (130 km) but with a low number of charging cycles and at a high cost (estimated at US$15,000 (equivalent to $137,000 in 2023) in 1967). The ElectroVan used a hydrogen fuel cell to supply its motor and had an estimated range of 125 mi (201 km).[2]: 22 

In August 1968, students from Caltech and MIT held "The Great Electric Car Race", with an EV-converted 1968 Chevrolet Corvair departing Cambridge for Pasadena while the CalTech "Voltswagen" (a converted 1958 Microbus) raced for Cambridge; the winner was the Voltswagen, which finished the trip in 210 hours and 3 minutes.[19] Although the Voltswagen finished after the MIT Corvair, it was declared the winner when penalties were assessed to the MIT team for towing the Corvair to the finish after accidentally destroying its traction motor.[2]: 28–30  The Caltech Voltswagen, campaigned by its owner Wally Rippel, used batteries costing approximately US$600 (equivalent to $5,000 in 2023), while the MIT Corvair was supplied by General Motors and was carrying US$20,000 (equivalent to $175,000 in 2023) worth of nickel-cadmium batteries from Gulton Industries. Battery heat management during charging stops was an issue for both teams, which resorted to cooling the batteries with ice at each stop.[20]

DJ-5E Electruck

AM General converted 350 DJ-5E Electrucks for the United States Postal Service; these delivery vehicles used an EV powertrain to eliminate a mobile source of pollution. 300 were placed into operation in southern California starting in 1975.[2]: 80–81  The DJ-5E had a 30 hp (22 kW) DC motor that gave a top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h) and a range of 29 mi (47 km) using a 17.8 kW-hr lead-acid battery.[21]

GM continued to develop prototype EVs based on conventional cars, including the 1979 Electrovette, a converted Chevette with twenty 12-volt batteries weighing a total of 920 lb (420 kg) providing a range of 30 mi (48 km).[2]: 77 [22] The batteries used a zinc-nickel oxide chemistry to increase energy density. At the time, GM President Pete Estes said the new chemistry "will make electric vehicles viable alternatives to gasoline or diesel cars and trucks". The batteries had an estimated life of 300 recharge cycles, with an estimated replacement cost ranging from US$800 to $2000.[23]

U.S. Electricar sold the Lectric Leopard in the late 1970s for US$7,995 (equivalent to $33,600 in 2023); it was a Renault Le Car converted with a DC traction motor and a large traction battery carried in the cargo area. The Prestolite DC motor developed 12 hp (8.9 kW) and the battery consisted of sixteen six-volt cells, connected and switched to provide 24 or 48 volts when discharging to the motor, or 48 volts when charging. Total capacity was 138 A-hr. Estimated driving range was 58 km (36 mi).[24] U.S. Electricar was founded as Solar Electric Engineering, Inc. in 1976.[25]

Non-manufacturer

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Students under the guidance of Pat McCue, the automotive teacher at Bothell High School in a suburb of Seattle, converted a BMW into an electric vehicle in 2011, drawing the attention of foundry10, which gave the program a grant that was used to develop Shock and Awe, an electric drag racing car that set a world record in 2016 by running 8.328 seconds in the 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km), with a trap speed of 166.29 mph (267.62 km/h).[26][27] It is built on a Jerry Bickel Pro Stock chassis with the body of a 2003 Pontiac Firebird and is powered by two AMRacing A/C electric traction motors producing approximately 900 hp (670 kW) and 600 lb⋅ft (810 N⋅m) of torque.[28]

East Coast Defender and Electric Classic Cars demonstrated a Tesla EV-sourced powertrain conversion of a 1969–96 Range Rover Classic to Motor Trend in 2021.[29]

Manufacturer

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In 2018, Chevrolet Performance advanced an "electric crate motor" concept with the unveiling of the eCOPO Camaro at that year's SEMA show. The eCOPO Camaro was a 2019 COPO Camaro which was equipped with a pair of BorgWarner HVH250-150 motor assemblies instead of the conventional piston engine. The electric traction motor essentially served as a drop-in replacement with the same bellhousing bolt pattern and crankshaft flange as the LS engine family, so the car retained the same transmission, driveshaft, and axles as the conventional COPO Camaro.[30][31] It was developed in partnership with Hancock and Lane Racing and Pat McCue.[32]

At the 2019 SEMA show, Chevrolet continued to develop the EV crate motor idea, following up with the E-10 Concept, which used the powertrains from two Bolt EVs repackaged into in a restored 1962 C-10 pickup truck.[33]

For SEMA 2020, Chevrolet showcased the "Electric Connect and Cruise" eCrate package, which included the main drivetrain components of a single Bolt EV (motor, battery, controller, and inverter), and was demonstrated as a retrofit to a restored 1977 K5 Blazer. The kit was scheduled to go on sale in the second half of 2021.[34] In this application, the Bolt motor was modified by removing the differential and reduction gear unit, then fitting an adapter plate and crank flange, allowing it to bolt to a conventional transmission. Together with the controller and inverter, the motor occupies approximately the same space as the small-block V8 it replaced; the 900 lb (410 kg) battery was bolted into the cargo area. In general, the battery presents a greater challenge for packaging, which is why the initial development has focused on trucks.[35] As of July 2022, the eCrate package was still being explored as a "future business opportunity", according to Chevrolet Vice President Scott Bell.[36] Chevrolet plans to release the Ultium eCrate Package in mid-2023.[37]

1978 F-100 Eluminator "electromod" truck, displayed at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Feb 2022)

In November 2021, Ford Performance released the "Eluminator" 210 kW (281 hp) crate EV motor, which was the same traction motor used in the Ford Mustang Mach-E GT Performance Edition and used to power the 1978 F-100 Eluminator restomod pickup truck.[38] As of 3 November 2021, the crate motor was available for pre-order but not yet shipping.[39] Final assembly and integration of the F-100 Eluminator was performed by McCue-Lane electric Race Cars (MLe), a shop operated as a partnership between Pat McCue and racer Jeff Lane.

Hyundai Motor Corporation won praise from the press for its Heritage Series electromods presented in 2021, which include a Pony[40] and Grandeur,[41] both restored and repowered as EVs and carrying that brand's "Parametric Pixel" design language applied to its Ioniq sub-brand. Powertrain details were not supplied.[42] Additional factory electromods shown recently include conversions of a Maserati Shamal (November 2020),[43] the Manta A previously mentioned (May 2021),[44] and Renault 5 Diamant and Turbo 3E one-offs (2022).[45][46]

At the 2023 Tokyo Auto Salon, Toyota demonstrated two AE86-based electromod concepts: the BEV Concept, which is a Corolla Levin equipped with the electric motor from the Tundra i-Force Max hybrid coupled to the original manual transmission, drawing from a storage battery taken from the plug-in version of the Prius hybrid; and the H2 Concept, which is a Sprinter Trueno that retains its internal combustion 4A-GE engine, modified to run on hydrogen fuel instead of gasoline.[47]

References

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  1. ^ "So You Want to Build an Electric Car". EV Album. October 3, 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Shacket, Sheldon R. (1979). The Complete Book of Electric Vehicles. Northbrook, Illinois: Domus Books. ISBN 0-89196-033-3.
  3. ^ Lucas, Ted; Riess, Fred (1980). How to Convert to an Electric Car. Crown Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-517-54055X.
  4. ^ Brown, Michael P; Prange, Shari (1993). Convert It (3rd ed.). Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Future Books. ISBN 1-879857-94-4.
  5. ^ Brant, Bob (1994). Build Your Own Electric Vehicle. TAB Books. ISBN 0-8306-4232-3.
  6. ^ Robinson, Aaron (February 21, 2014). "2013-2014 EVs Compared: Spark, Focus, 00E, Feat, Leaf, Fortwo". Car and Driver. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  7. ^ George, Alexander (October 22, 2012). "Croatia Breaks EV Speed Records With 1984 BMW". Wired. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  8. ^ a b Farah, Matt (October 4, 2022). "Everyone Has the Wrong Idea About EV-Converted Classic Cars". Road and Track. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  9. ^ Strohl, Daniel (4 November 2020). "Open Diff: Which vehicles make the most sense to electromod?". Hemmings. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  10. ^ Curry, Iain (November 7, 2020). "Australian Electromod: Tesla-batteried 196 Ford Cortina Mk1". EV central. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  11. ^ Wood, Dafydd (17 October 2019). "Swindon Powertrain launches crate EV motor". PistonHeads. UK. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
  12. ^ Stoklosa, Alexander (October 2, 2020). "Scrap the Small-Block V-8 Swap and sub in This Literal Tesla Crate Motor". Motor Trend. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  13. ^ Thomas, Phillip (5 October 2020). "The new crate motor by EV West and Revolt fits just like a small-block Chevy". Hagerty. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  14. ^ Gnaticov, Cristian (April 25, 2020). "What Classic Car Would You Electromod And Why?". CarScoops. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  15. ^ Padeanu, Adrian (May 21, 2021). "Opel Manta GSe ElektroMOD Brings Back The Sports Coupe As An EV". Motor1. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  16. ^ Reyes, Alvin (March 16, 2021). "Opel Manta is returning as an electric restomod? Bring it on!". Slash Gear. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  17. ^ "Opel Manta GSe ElektroMOD". Opel. Retrieved 6 October 2022. One of the things MOD stands for is MODERN, made clear as this unique concept features a fully digital cockpit that combines purity and emotional boldness for total detox experience. MOD also stands for RESTOMOD. Among the most notable upgrades is a fully electric powertrain. Ageless design becomes future-proof with sustainable, emissions-free driving.
  18. ^ "Opel Manta GSe ElektroMOD: The Dream, the Team, the Technology" (Press release). Stellantis. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  19. ^ "Automobiles: The Great Electric-Car Race". Time. September 13, 1968. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  20. ^ "Cambridge or Bust | Pasadena or Bust" (PDF). Engineering and Science. Vol. XXXII, no. 1. October 1968. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  21. ^ Schreiber, Ronnie (15 November 2019). "Decades before GM's EV1, these postal Electruck Jeeps delivered the goods". Hagerty. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  22. ^ "GM's long road back to electric cars: Electrovette". CNN Money. 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  23. ^ Knight, Jerry (September 26, 1979). "GM Unveils Electric Car, New Battery". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  24. ^ Dowgiallo, Jr., Edward J.; Snellings, Ivan R. (October 1980). Verification tests of the US Electricar Corp. "Lectric Leopard" (PDF) (Report). U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  25. ^ Parrish, Michael (March 21, 1995). "Electric Vehicle Firm Struggles to Keep Going: Energy: Electricar has laid off a third of its 300-member staff. It says it needs $15 million by the end of July to stay in business". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  26. ^ "Northshore high school students build rare electric race car". The Woodinville Weekly. October 17, 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  27. ^ Howard, John William (October 19, 201). "Northshore automotive students set electric drag racing world record". Bothell-Kenmore Reporter. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  28. ^ Pat McCue (October 12, 201). "Car of the Week: "Shock & Awe" Electric Motor '03 Pontiac Firebird". BTE Racing (Interview). Interviewed by Amber Ambrose. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  29. ^ Markus, Frank (July 13, 2021). "ECD Electric Land Rover Range Rover Classic First Drive: Electro-Luxe". Motor Trend. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  30. ^ "eCOPO Camaro race car concept electrifies drag racing" (Press release). Chevrolet Pressroom. October 29, 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  31. ^ Woodard, Collin (October 30, 2018). "Chevrolet eCOPO Camaro Concept is a 700-HP Electric Drag Racer". Motor Trend. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  32. ^ Krok, Andrew (October 30, 2018). "Chevy eCOPO Camaro is a 9-second electric drag-racing monster at SEMA". Road/Show. CNet. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  33. ^ Mortimer, Maxwell B. (November 6, 2019). "Chevy's 450-HP E-10 Pickup Concept Seeks to Electrify Gearhead Hearts and Minds". Car and Driver. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  34. ^ Schrader, Stef (October 29, 2020). "The Chevrolet Performance eCrate Is Here to Make Electric Drivetrain Swaps Easier Than Ever". The Drive. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  35. ^ Magda, Mike (January 2021). "Shocking Rivalry". Performance Racing. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  36. ^ LaReau, Jamie L. (July 20, 2022). "Chevrolet to offer kit to convert gasoline classic cars into EVs". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  37. ^ Ackley, J.A. (December 21, 2022). "Go EV with the Chevrolet Performance Ultium eCrate Package". Grassroots Motorsports. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  38. ^ "The future of custom vehicles: Ford unveils all-electric F-100 Eluminator Concept with new EV crate motor customers can now buy" (Press release). Las Vegas, Nevada: Ford Motor Company. November 2, 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  39. ^ "Eluminator Mach E Electric Motor ~ M9000MACHE". Ford Store. US. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
  40. ^ Cole, Craig (April 19, 2021). "Heritage Series Pony is the coolest Hyundai ever". Road/Show. CNet. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  41. ^ Clark, Mitchell (November 15, 2021). "Hyundai's restomod Grandeur is the perfect EV for a supervillain". The Verge. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  42. ^ Ismail, Adam (November 9, 2021). "The Hyundai Grandeur Heritage Restomod Is '80s Luxury Gone Cyberpunk". Jalopnik. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  43. ^ Kierstein, Alex (November 23, 2020). "Maserati Project Rekall Is a Captivating, Retro-trastic Take on the Shamal". Motor Trend. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  44. ^ Ismail, Adam (May 19, 2021). "Opel Manta EV One-Off Is A Restomod Done Right". Jalopnik. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  45. ^ Miller, Caleb (July 6, 2022). "Renault 5 Diamant Is the French Icon Turned into an Elegant Electric Car". Car and Driver. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  46. ^ Pappas, Thanos (September 22, 2022). "Renault R5 Turbo 3E Is A Modern EV Take On The Homologation Special". CarScoops.
  47. ^ Ismail, Adam (January 13, 2023). "Toyota's Hydrogen, Battery-Powered AE86 Concepts Give Us Hope For the Future". Jalopnik. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
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