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Elżbieta Sieniawska

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Elżbieta Sieniawska
Grand Hetmaness of the Crown
Portrait of Elżbieta Sieniawska as Minerva
Born1669
Końskowola, Poland
Died21 March 1729
Oleszyce, Poland
Noble familyLubomirski family
Spouse(s)Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski
IssueMaria Zofia Czartoryska
FatherStanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski
MotherZofia Opalińska

Elżbieta Helena Sieniawska, née Lubomirska (Końskowola, 1669 – 21 March 1729, Oleszyce), was a Polish noblewoman, Grand Hetmaness of the Crown (hetmanowa wielka koronna),[1] and a renowned patron of the arts.

An influential woman politician in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the reign of Augustus II the Strong, she was deeply embroiled in the Great Northern War and in Rákóczi's War for [Hungarian] Independence.

She was considered the most powerful woman in the Commonwealth and was called "the uncrowned Queen of Poland".[2]

Biography

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Early life

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Elżbieta was the only child of Prince Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski by his first wife Countess Zofia Opalińska. Her father, a neostoic known as the Polish Solomon,[3] had a great influence on her education and politics.[4] After her father's death she inherited many of his estates, including Puławy, Łubnice, Siekierki, Czerniaków and many other properties in Warsaw.[5] She was educated in the Visitationist Sisters boarding-school in Warsaw and in 1680 she was admitted at the court as a lady-in-waiting of Queen Marie Casimire.[6] In 1687, she married Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski, Grand Hetman of the Crown, and despite her husband's demands she stayed in Warsaw, where she got involved in a famed romance with Jan Stanisław Jabłonowski.[7] She was reconciled with her husband, but soon after, her affair with Aleksander Benedykt Sobieski became well known.[8] Her financial independence caused conflict with her husband and she was forced to defend her property and income from his interference.[6] Eventually, the hetmaness achieved equilibrium within their marriage, and sometimes even underlined her leadership role in their intimate relations addressing Sieniawski as My dear Maiden in her letters.[9] Monsieur de Mongrillon, secretary of the French Embassy in the period 1694–1698, recalled in his memoirs: she is a true Amazon [...] She smokes like a man. It is said that the Tatar ambassador who came to Poland with peace overtures came to smoke by her bed and she smoked with him.[10]

Stateswoman

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Elżbieta Sieniawska by Ádám Mányoki

The hetmaness was "a lady of great wisdom, reason and shrewdness" and she was deployed by her husband on diplomatic missions, duties and obligations that he could not cope with.[11] Otwinowski called her "a great owner of such shrewdness that she had meetings with the whole of Europe".[11] Others called her "a great ruler and the First Lady of the Republic"[12] and Augustus II had her portrait amid the effigies of distinguished women.[13] After John III Sobieski's death she supported the French candidature of François Louis, Prince of Conti for the Polish throne and became a leader of his party.[14] When she became disillusioned with his candidature, she affiliated with Augustus II.[14] After Queen Marie Casimire's departure to Rome, she administered her widow dowry in Warsaw. Between 1701 and 1703, due to incitement of the French diplomacy, she was involved in the anti-Habsburg insurrection in Hungary, which she financially and politically supported.[12] The rebellion's leader Francis II Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania, became her lover.[14] In the Sieniawskis' estate in Berezhany, Rákóczi issued a proclamation To all Hungarians considered as the beginning of the uprising.[15] Their discreet romance flourished in the turbulent years of war. He wrote a madrigal in French dedicated to the hetmaness and his love letters are interesting examples of epistolography.[16] When in 1704, Jakub and Konstanty Sobieskis were kidnapped and imprisoned in Saxony, Aleksander resigned from the rivalry for the crown, afraid of revenge from his former lover (at that time Wettin partisan).[17]

Elżbieta Sieniawska, portrayed in Sarmatian pose and in male delia cloak, by Louis de Silvestre

In 1706, after Augustus II's abdication, she engaged in the negotiations to reach an agreement between the tsar Peter I of Russia and king Charles XII of Sweden.[18] During the negotiations she met with her former lover Jabłonowski, King Leszczyński's envoy. Sieniawska was abducted in November 1707 by the Swedish Army and met with the king himself.[18] She was released after a month due to French mediation.[14] After Augustus' abdication Sieniawska's husband become one of the most significant players in the struggle for Polish crown.[19] He was considered as one of the leaders of the Sandomierz Confederation, and starting from 1707 he negotiated with the Tsar Peter I his own candidature to the throne. But his wife strongly opposed his candidacy and threatened him with divorce.[19] She did however support the candidature of her lover Francis Rákóczi as the most appropriate in a very difficult political situation of the Serenissima.[19] With a support of a French diplomat Jean Victor de Besenval she was involved in peace mediations.[19] After the declaration of interregnum in the Commonwealth in July 1707 an agreement was reached and on 8 August 1707 the Lublin Council was appointed.[19] Because of robberies and other abuses by Russian troops, Sejm began to enforce the Sieniawska's protegee.[19] When those plans failed, she endeavoured to legalise Leszczyński's election and to remove all foreign troops from the country.[19] In her politics, she also aimed to reduce the Russian influences in the Commonwealth.[20] She was an unscrupulous politician participating in political affairs on a large scale, establishing secret contacts with different camps and conducting various personal intrigues[6] – Charles XII of Sweden referred to her as "that most accursed woman".[21]

Since 1709, she fostered Konstanty's candidature to the throne (he visited her together with Stanisław Leszczyńksi in Lviv in Spring 1709), and though she was against the Wettin restoration, she could accommodate to Augustus II being already in possession of the Polish crown.[14] To the baptism of her only daughter in 1711 in Jarosław she invited the powerful of the age. Among the godparents were Tsar Peter I, King Augustus II and prince Rákóczi, accompanied by about 15000 soldiers.[22] The tsar Peter I was attracted by her unusual intelligence and it is believed that she became his mistress.[23][24] During his stay in Jaworów in May 1711, according to the French ambassador Sieur Baluze, they talked endlessly and built a boat together.[25]

Later life

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Maria Zofia Czartoryska, heiress of Sieniawska's fortune

In the following years, the hetmaness retired from politics, and concentrated on administration of her vast estates and their economic development. In one of her letters of 17 July 1726 Sieniawska reprimanded an accountant in the Tenczyn Castle, Monsieur Zabagłowicz:

Your letter of today's post has reached me here and you describe everything in it very heedlessly, only to slobber the post, it is the way you care about the propriety but remember you can take it on the chin.[26]

Among her close collaborators were Końskowola canon Andrzej Stanisław Tucci and a Jewish woman Feyga Leybowiczowa, to whom she entrusted the management of mills and inns in Końskowola.[27] She also supported Jewish settlement on her lands (on 2 May 1718 she issued a privilege for the Jews to settle in Staszów and build a synagogue).[28]

Sieniawski family, 1724–1726

She also focused on constructional foundations. In 1720, she established the new orangery of the Wilanów Palace,[29] in 1722 she started the reconstruction of the Puławy Palace and in 1730 she enlarged the Łubnice Palace, at that time artistic center of Sieniawska's properties. From Konstanty she purchased Olesko and Ternopil[14] and in 1720 the Sobieskis colifichet de gentillesse (the most pleasant trinket) – Wilanów Palace.[30] Among her most notable foundations are the church and monastery for the Capuchin friars in Lviv founded in 1708 and accomplished in 1718, the wooden mansion in Oleszyce (1713), a palace-orangery in Sieniawa (1718), the Discalced Carmelite Sisters Church in Lublin (before 1721), the palace in Wysocko (1720s), the two storied palace in Przybysławice (1720s), reconstruction of the Founding of Holy Cross Parish Church in Końskowola (1724), the St. Elisabeth's Church in Powsin (1725), reconstruction of the Lubomirski Palace in Lublin (1725–1728) – some of them she erected together with her husband. When Sieniawska's daughter widowed in 1728 her new marriage become a significant matter, not only in the Commonwealth but also in Europe. After her father's death in 1726 Maria Zofia inherited his Ruthenian estates including 35 towns, 235 villages and Berezhany fortress, she was also the only inheritor of her husband's estates and of her mother's fortune. Among the candidates to the hand of one of the wealthiest women in Europe were Charles de Bourbon-Condé, Count of Charolais supported by France (Louis XV even invited Maria Zofia to Versailles), Portuguese infante Dom Manuel de Bragança supported by the Habsburgs (proposed as the next King of Poland, due to the tenets of the Löwenwolde's Treaty),[31] Jan Klemens Branicki, Franciszek Salezy Potocki, Jan Tarło and August Aleksander Czartoryski, who eventually won the competition full of duels and speech encounters due to support of Augustus II, as the latter was afraid of increase of power of his opponents.[32]

Patronage

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Elżbieta Sieniawska as Flora by Giuseppe Rossi

Through her extensive contacts from Neuburg court, through Prague, Vienna and Wrocław, the hetmaness brought to Poland many renowned artists. Ádám Mányoki, Rákóczi's court painter, before he was appointed official court painter of Augustus II was at Sieniawska's service in Warsaw since 1713.[12] She employed the most prominent artists active in the Commonwealth. Among them there were architects Giovanni Spazzio, Józef Fontana, Karol Bay, Efraim Szreger and František Mayer of Moravia, painters Jan Jerzy Plersch and Giuseppe Rossi, eminent sculptors of Bohemian Baroque Jan Elijáš and Hynek Hoffmanns,[33] stucco decorators Francesco Fumo and Pietro Innocente Comparetti, gardener Georg Zeidler of Saxony.[34] She also employed Dresden court artists such as Johann Sigmund Deybel, Louis de Silvestre and sculptor Jean-Joseph Vinache[35] and was a patron of young talented artists, like Julius Perty son of her architect Jacob, who was trained in Charles de Prevot's atelier in Sandomierz between 1726 and 1730.[36] Among her protegees was also a poet Elżbieta Drużbacka known as the Sarmatian Muse.[37]

The Wilanów Palace wings were constructed by Sieniawska between 1720 and 1729.

In 1713, the king Augustus II purchased the Morsztyn Palace and neighbouring allotments and started the construction of a new palace – so called Saxon Palace. Modelled after Versailles, it was the largest building in Warsaw, apart from the Sobieski's Marywil. It was a time of late baroque and rococo, when theatrum mundi, with its theatrical decorations played an essential role, not only in founder's glorification but also in politics to confirm the status. That is why the facade of the new palace was considered as rather poor[38] (all the major funds were intended to embellished the prince-elector's capital in Dresden, Germany). Sieniawska, who competed with the king in architectural foundations,[39] choose an old Royal edifice – the Visitationist Church established by Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga, as her major propaganda investment in the capital.[40] Probably the most important was its location at the Cracow Suburb Street, in front of the main entrance to the new royal residence, so everyone who visited the king must pass before the ornate Sieniawska's magnum opus.[39][40] She appointed her court architect Karol Bay to design a new rococo facade profusely embellished with columns and sculptures.[39]

The conservation and enlargement of the former residence of Victorious King, John III Sobieski, is considered as her most significant achievement in the field of architecture. She embellished the palace facades and garden parterres with her coat of arms Szreniawa and monograms.[29] For the decoration of the palace's interiors she nominated an Italian fresco painter Giuseppe Rossi, who adorned the chambers with trompe-l'œil paintings and mythological plafonds. By taking the example of Queen Marie Casimire, that ordered to paint her as a goddess in palace plafonds, the hetmaness decorated the Lower Vestibule with a fresco depicting her as a Roman goddess of fertility – Flora (she was almost 60 at that time).[41]

In 1729, she erected the mausoleum in Berezhany to commemorate her husband, the last male line descendant of the Sieniawski family, but she did not complete the interior.[35] Elżbieta Sieniawska died the same year in Oleszyce.[14]

Ancestors

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See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Mencel 1974, p. 37
  2. ^ Muszyńska-Hoffmannowa 1976, p. 326
  3. ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 113
  4. ^ Popiołek 1996, p. 15
  5. ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 111
  6. ^ a b c Bogucka 2004, p. 167
  7. ^ Muszyńska-Hoffmannowa 1976, p. 94
  8. ^ Wernichowska 1988, p. 93
  9. ^ Popiołek 1996, p. 30
  10. ^ Kuchowicz 1989, p. 7
  11. ^ a b Rostworowski 1986, p. 80
  12. ^ a b c Gajewski 2004, p. 7
  13. ^ Karpowicz 1986, p. 169
  14. ^ Felczak 1979, p. 36,90
  15. ^ Felczak 1979, p. 38
  16. ^ Poraziński 2000, pp. 481–496
  17. ^ a b Kamiński 1969, p. 112
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Kopyś 2004, pp. 46–48
  19. ^ Kopyś 2004, p. 52
  20. ^ Rosman 1990, p. 26
  21. ^ Sieradzki 2006, p. 102
  22. ^ Waliczewski 2009, p. 254
  23. ^ Moskalenko 1996, p. 202
  24. ^ Waliczewski 2009, p. 110
  25. ^ Bąkowski-Kois 2005, p. 20
  26. ^ Freeze 2005, p. 54
  27. ^ Zarębski 1992, p. 43
  28. ^ a b Fijałkowski 1983, p. 115
  29. ^ Fijałkowski 1983, p. 19,111
  30. ^ Sieradzki 2006, p. 106
  31. ^ Polski Słownik Biograficzny. "Czartoryska z Sieniawskich Maria Zofia". www.wilanow-palac.art.pl. Retrieved 20 July 2013. Swatano jej księcia Charolais, infanta portugalskiego, a w Rzeczypospolitej stanęli do konkurencji o jej rękę Jan Klemens Branicki, Franciszek Salezy Potocki, znów Tarło, oraz August Czartoryski. Rywalizacja była zacięta, strzelano się, ośmieszano rywali. Już po śmierci władczej matki (zm. 1729) młoda wdowa zdecydował się poślubić Augusta Czartoryskiego. Ten konkurent miał poparcie króla Augusta II, który obawiał się połączenia wielkiej fortuny Sieniawskich z kimś potężnym, a nastawionym wobec Sasów opozycyjnie.
  32. ^ Bohdziewicz 1964, p. 311
  33. ^ Fijałkowski 1983, pp. 111–115
  34. ^ a b State Institute of Art 2006, p. 190
  35. ^ Kieniewicz 1984, p. 539
  36. ^ Carroll 1907, p. 400
  37. ^ Karpowicz 1986, p. 143
  38. ^ a b c Kieniewicz 1984, p. 481
  39. ^ a b Chrościcki 1973, p. 38
  40. ^ "Elżbieta Sieniawska". www.wilanow-palac.pl. Retrieved 20 July 2013. Fresco with Flora displaying the facial features of Elżbieta Sieniawska, painter: Giuseppe Rossi, 1720s.[permanent dead link]

Bibliography

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  1. Bąkowski-Kois, Dariusz (2005), Zarządcy dóbr Elżbiety Sieniawskiej: studium z historii mentalności 1704–1726 (Administrators of Elżbieta Sieniawska's estates: a study of the history of mentality 1704–1726) (in Polish), Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica", ISBN 83-88737-97-X.
  2. Bogucka, Maria (2004), Women in early modern Polish society, against the European background, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, ISBN 0-7546-3241-5.
  3. Bohdziewicz, Piotr (1964), Korespondencja artystyczna Elżbiety Sieniawskiej z lat 1700–1729 w zbiorach Czartoryskich w Krakowie (Artistic correspondence of Elżbieta Sieniawska between 1700–1729 in the Czartoryski Collection in Kraków) (in Polish), Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego.
  4. Carroll, Mitchell (collective work) (1907), Woman: in all ages and in all countries, Volume 3, G. Barrie & Sons.
  5. Chrościcki, Juliusz A. (1973), Kościół Wizytek (Visitationist Church) (in Polish), Polish Scientific Publishers PWN.
  6. (in English and Polish) Felczak, Wacław; Fischinger, Andrzej (1979), Polska-Węgry, tysiąc lat przyjaźni (Poland-Hungary, a thousand years of friendship), National Publishing Agency KAW, Corvina Press, ISBN 963-13-3018-4{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  7. Fijałkowski, Wojciech (1983), Wilanów. Rezydencja Króla Zwycięzcy (Wilanów. The residence of the Victorious King) (in Polish), Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza.
  8. Freeze, ChaeRan Y.; Hyman, Paula; Polonsky, Antony (2005), Jewish women in Eastern Europe, Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, ISBN 1-874774-93-5{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  9. Gajewski, Jacek (2004), Portret w Polsce doby unii polsko-saskiej (Portrait in Poland during the Polish-Saxon Union) (in Polish), Technical University of Radom, Rocznik Katedry Sztuki 04-05-18.
  10. Kamiński, Andrzej (1969), Konfederacja sandomierska wobec Rosji w okresie poaltransztadzkim, 1706–1709 (Sandomierz Confederation towards Russia in the post-Altranstädter period, 1706–1709) (in Polish), National Ossolinski Institute.
  11. Karpowicz, Mariusz; Chrościcki, Juliusz (1986), Sztuka Warszawy (The Art of Warsaw) (in Polish), Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, ISBN 83-01-04060-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  12. Kieniewicz, Stefan (1984), Warszawa w latach 1526–1795 (Warsaw in 1526–1795) (in Polish), Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, ISBN 83-01-03323-1.
  13. Kopyś, Tadeusz (2004), Rzeczpospolita Polska w okresie powstania Ferenca Rákócziego 1703–1711 (Polish Republic during the Ferenc Rákóczi Uprising 1703–1711) (in Polish), Studia Caroliensia No. 3-4.
  14. Kuchowicz, Zbigniew (1989), Żywoty niepospolitych kobiet polskiego baroku (Lives of uncommon women of the Polish Baroque) (in Polish), Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Krzewienia Lultury Świeckiej, ISBN 83-85030-27-1.
  15. Link-Lenczowski, Andrzej; Popiołek, Bożena (1997), Sieniawska Elżbieta Helena (1669–1729) (in Polish), Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume XXXVII (37){{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  16. Mencel, Tadeusz (1974), Dzieje Lubelszczyzny: praca zbiorowa, Tom 6, Część 3 (History of Lublin Region: collective work, Volume 6, Part 3) (in Polish), Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, ISBN 83-85491-10-4.
  17. Moskalenko, Sergey; Waliczewski, Kazimierz (1996), Собрание сочинений в пяти томах: Петр Великий (Everyday Life in 3 Volumes: Peter the Great) (in Russian), "Vek" Publishing House{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  18. Muszyńska-Hoffmannowa, Hanna (1976), Panie na Wilanowie (Ladies on Wilanów) (in Polish), Instytut Wydawniczy Pax.
  19. Popiołek, Bożena (1996), Królowa bez korony (A queen without a crown) (in Polish), Academic Publishing House of the Pedagogical University of Cracow, ISBN 83-86841-13-3.
  20. Poraziński, Jarosław (2000), Sobieski Aleksander Benedykt Stanisław (1677–1714) (in Polish), Polish Biographical Dictionary, Volume XXXIX/4 (39/4).
  21. Rosman, Murray Jay (1990), The lords' Jews: magnate-Jewish relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the eighteenth century, Harvard University Press for the Center for Jewish Studies, Harvard University and the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, ISBN 0-916458-18-0.
  22. Rostworowski, Marek (1986), Polaków portret własny: praca zbiorowa (Self-portrait of the Poles: collective work) (in Polish), Arkady, ISBN 83-213-3155-6.
  23. Sieradzki, Paweł (2006), Obecność rodziny książąt Czartoryskich na ziemi jarosławskiej (The presence of the Czartoryski dukes in the land of Jarosław) (in Polish), Teka Komisji Historycznej OL PAN (99–123).
  24. State Institute of Art, Warsaw University of Technology (2006), Biuletyn historii sztuki, Tom 68 (Art History Bulletin, Volume 68) (in Polish).
  25. Waliczewski, Kazimierz (2009), Peter the Great, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 978-1-113-21227-6.
  26. Wernichowska, Bogna; Kozłowski, Maciej (1988), Almanach piękności (Almanac of beauty) (in Polish), National Publishing Agency KAW{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  27. Zarębski, Maciej (1992), Życie i zagłada Żydów staszowskich (Life and extermination of the Staszów Jews), Staszowskie Towarzystwo Kulturalne.
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