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Education in Maharashtra

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Modern education was introduced to Maharashtra region during the 19th century by British colonial administration. Census of 2011 showed literacy rates in the state for males and females were around 78% and 67% respectively.[1] Education at different levels in the state is provided by the state, government supported charities, or private institutions. There are also a number of institutes offering vocational training.

History

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American Marathi Mission, Scottish presbyterian missionary John Wilson, Indian nationalists such as Vasudev Balwant Phadke and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, social reformers such as Jyotirao Phule, Dhondo Keshav Karve and Bhaurao Patil all played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges during the British colonial era.[2][3][4][5] The forerunner of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute was established in 1821. The Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University, the oldest women's liberal arts college in south Asia, started its journey in 1916. College of Engineering Pune, established in 1854, is the third oldest college in Asia.[6] Government Polytechnic Nagpur, established in 1914, is one of the oldest polytechnics in India.[7]

Primary and secondary level

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Students at a state-run primary school in Raigad district.

Maharashtra schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. It is mandatory for local authorities to provide primary education under state law. However, secondary education is an optional duty.[8][9] Public primary schools in the rural and urban are run by the area Zilla Parishad or the municipal corporations respectively. Private schools are run mainly by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities. Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government.[10] Instruction is mainly in Marathi, English or Hindi, though Urdu is also used. Physical education is mandatory.[11] The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) or the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs at colleges affiliated to a university.

Tertiary level

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AFMC Pune
Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, was one of the institutions established after the Indian independence movement

Maharashtra has 24 universities with a turnout of 160,000 Graduates every year.[12][13] Maharashtra has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. The University of Mumbai, is the largest university in the world in terms of the number of graduates and has 141 affiliated colleges.[14] According to prominent national rankings, 5 to 7 Maharashtra colleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in India.[15][16][17] Maharashtra is also home to such notable autonomous institutes as Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, College of Engineering Pune (CoEP), Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Institute of Chemical Technology, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Walchand College of Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT) and Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Sardar Patel College of Engineering (SPCE).[18] Most of these autonomous institutes are ranked the highest in India and have very competitive entry requirements. The University of Pune (now Savitribai Phule Pune University), the National Defence Academy, Film and Television Institute of India, Armed Forces Medical College and National Chemical Laboratory were established in Pune soon after the Indian independence in 1947. Mumbai has an IIT, has National Institute of Industrial Engineering and Nagpur has IIM and AIIMS.

Some of the notable institutes in the state are: Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur (MNLUN), Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai (MNLUM), Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad (MNLUA), Government Law College, Mumbai (GLC), ILS Law College, and Symbiosis Law School (SLS).

Maharashtra has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions. Most of the private colleges were set up in the last forty years after the State Government of Vasantdada Patil liberalised the Education Sector in 1982.[19] Politicians and leaders involved in the huge cooperative movement in Maharashtra were instrumental in setting up the private institutes[20][21] There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition[citation needed].

Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural university) at Akola

The state also has four agricultural universities namely Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth and Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,[22] besides these, there are other regional universities like Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, North Maharashtra University, Shivaji University, Solapur University, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University and Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, all well established and nationally renowned, to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state. Apart from this, there are a number of deemed universities in Maharashtra, including Symbiosis International University, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, and Tilak Maharashtra University.[23]

Vocational training

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The state has many post-secondary school industrial training institutes (ITIs) run by the government and private trusts that offer vocational training in numerous trades such as construction, plumbing, welding, automobile mechanic etc. Successful candidates receive the National Trade Certificate.[24] In 2012 approximately 1,50,000 (113644 in ITIs and 35512 in ITCs) students were enrolled in programs run by these organizations.[25]

References

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  1. ^ "C-8 Educational Level By Age And Sex For Population Age 7 And Above". Census of India. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  2. ^ "The Personality and Philosophy of Lokmanya B.G. Tilak". ncte-india.org/. NCTE: National Council For Teacher Education. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  3. ^ "Mahatma Jotiba Phule: An Educational Philosopher". sikhinstitute.org/. Institute of Sikh Studies. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  4. ^ "Dr. B.R.Ambedkar's Contribution To Buddhist Education". countercurrents.org/. Counter Currents news portal. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  5. ^ George Smith (7 June 2012). Life of John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S.: For Fifty Years Philanthropist and Scholar in the East. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-108-05045-6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  6. ^ "The Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School". College of Engineering, Pune. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  7. ^ Government Polytechnic, Nagpur Training Brochure (PDF). 2018. pp. http://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  8. ^ "Govt dissolves education board; schools now under Pune Municipal Corporation's wing - Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  9. ^ "Maharashtra Assembly passes bill allowing private companies to open schools in state, sets guidelines". Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  10. ^ Joshi, R., Regulatory Requirements for Starting a School in Poona. Centre for Civil Society, CCS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PAPERS 2004 [1] Archived 3 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Katrin Bromber; Birgit Krawietz; Joseph Maguire (2013). Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities. Routledge. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-415-88438-9.
  12. ^ "State University". University Grants Commission. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  13. ^ "Universities of Maharashtra". Education information of India. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  14. ^ "Mumbai University Affiliated Colleges". University of Mumbai. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  15. ^ "10 Indian universities in developing nations top 100 list". The Times of India. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  16. ^ "India's Best Universities for 2013". India Today. 12 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  17. ^ "Top colleges in state". India Today. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  18. ^ "List of autonomous institutes in Maharashtra" (PDF). University Grants Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  19. ^ Bhosale, Jayashree (10 November 2007). "Economic Times: Despite private participation Education lacks quality in Maharashtra". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  20. ^ Dahiwale Vol. 30, No. 6 (11 February 1995), pp., S. M. (1995). "Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra". Economic and Political Weekly. 30 (6): 341–342. JSTOR 4402382.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Baviskar, B. S. (2007). "Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead". Economic and Political Weekly. 42 (42): 4217–4219. JSTOR 40276570.
  22. ^ "Welcome to MCAER official website". mcaer.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  23. ^ "List of Deemed Universities" (PDF). aicte-india.org. All India Council for Technical Education. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  24. ^ Campbell, James (editor); Melsens, S; Mangaonkar – Vaiude, P; Bertels, Inge (Authors) (2017). Building Histories: the Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Construction History Society Conference. Cambridge UK: The Construction History Society. pp. 27–38. ISBN 978-0-9928751-3-8. Retrieved 3 October 2017. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  25. ^ Mujumdar, M.S.S., 2012. A Study of Significance of Vocationalization of Education and Skill Development in India-with special reference to the State of Maharashtra. Unpublished PhD Thesis). Symbiosis International University, Pune, India. MHRD.(2014). Revised Scheme of Vocationalization of Higher Secondary Education, Department of School Education and Literacy. New Delhi: MHRD.[2] Archived 23 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine page 32

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