Draft:Twelve revivers of Caliphate
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The term Identification of the Twelve Caliphs has significance in Islamic eschatology, theology, and historical analysis. it is based on hadiths of Prophet Muhammad.[1] the concept of twelve caliphs has various interpretation by Sunni and Shia scholars, as well as other sects. Those interpretations have played significant role in shaping Islamic theology and sectarian identities. According to the Hadith all twelve are will be from the Quraysh. Those twelve caliphs are referred as Righteous Caliphs by scholars.[2][3]
Hadith
[edit]The primary source for the concept of twelve caliphs is a widely reported hadith in Sunni collections:
Narrated Jabir bin Samura:
I heard the Prophet (ﷺ) saying, "There will be twelve Muslim rulers (who will rule all the Islamic world)." He then said a sentence which I did not hear. My father said, "All of them (those rulers) will be from Quraish."[4]
and Sahih Muslim (1821a, 1821b, 1821c),
It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. Samura who said:
I joined the company of the Prophet (ﷺ) with my father and I heard him say: This Caliphate will not end until there have been twelve Caliphs among them. The narrator said: Then he (the Holy Prophet) said something that I could not follow. I said to my father: What did he say? He said: He has said: All of them will be from the Quraish.[5]
Sunni
[edit]According to the largest school of Islam, Sunni Islam, there are five caliphs who are considered
The Rightly Guided Caliphs (Khulafa Rashidun)
[edit]The first four caliphs—Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib—are unanimously included in the listdue to their foundational contributions to Islam and their adherence to justice and piety. These caliphs are collectively known as the Khulafa Rashidun (Rightly Guided Caliphs).[6] There is also a hadith which says prophetic caliphate will remain for 30 years and that Hadith mentions about those for caliphs which indicates that they are Righteous caliphs [7][8][9]
Hasan ibn ali
[edit]Hasan ibn Ali, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad and the eldest son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, briefly served as caliph after his father's assassination in 661 CE. He reigned as caliph for approximately six months and because of that Muslims were dividing. He give Bay'ah to Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan to prevent further bloodshed among Muslims. Some scholars count him in this list also as Rashidun Caliph but the majority don't consider.[10]
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
[edit]Umar ibn Abdulaziz (717–720 CE), Umayyad caliph, is frequently included in the twelve caliphs for justice, humility, and reform. Sunni scholars often refer to him as "Fifth Rightly Guided Caliph" for his adherence to the principles of first four caliphs[11][12][13] He famously renewed the shura system after his predecessor Suleiman nominated him before death he rejected it and asked the Muslim ummah again to ensure his legitimacy by shura.[14][15][16]
Summary List
[edit]| Name | Reign |
|---|---|
| Abu bakr | (632–634) |
| Umar | (634–644) |
| Uthman | (644–656) |
| Ali | (656–661) |
| Umar ii | (680–720) |
Shia
[edit]In Shia Islam, the twelve caliphs are identified as the Twelve Imams, spiritual leaders descended from Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad.
The Twelve Imams
[edit]The Shia interpretation aligns the twelve caliphs they are known as twelve imams they believe all should be belong from Ahl Al-bayt they are:
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (600–661 CE)
- Hasan ibn Ali (625–670 CE)
- Husayn ibn Ali (626–680 CE)
- Ali Zayn al-Abidin (659–713 CE)
- Muhammad al-Baqir (677–732 CE)
- Ja'far al-Sadiq (702–765 CE)
- Musa al-Kadhim (744–799 CE)
- Ali al-Ridha (766–817 CE)
- Muhammad al-Taqi (811–835 CE)
- Ali al-Hadi (828–868 CE)
- Hasan al-Askari (846–874 CE)
- Muhammad al-Mahdi (born 869 CE, considered in occultation).[18]
References
[edit]- ^ "Sahih Muslim 1821 d". Sunnah.com.
- ^ "The hadeeth "There will appear among you twelve imams coming one after another, all of them from Quraysh." - Islam Question & Answer".
- ^ ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Muhammad (1996). The first civil war. Vol. 17. Translated by Hawting, G.R. State University of New York Press. ISBN 079142393X.
- ^ Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Ibrāhīm al-Juʿfī al-Bukhārī. "Sahih al-Bukhari 7222, 7223, Book 93, Hadith 82; USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 9, Book 89, Hadith 329". Sunnah.com. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj. "Sahih Muslim 1821a In-book reference : Book 33, Hadith 5 USC-MSA web (English) reference : Book 20, Hadith 4477". Sunnah.com. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ "Beliefs: Twelve Successors". Al-Islam.org. 30 October 2012.
- ^ "Sunan Abi Dawud 4646 - Model Behavior of the Prophet (Kitab Al-Sunnah) - كتاب السنة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com.
- ^ "Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2226 - Chapters On Al-Fitan - كتاب الفتن عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com.
- ^ "Mishkat al-Masabih 5395 - Fitan - كتاب الفتن - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com.
- ^ Hazleton, Lesley (2009). After the prophet : the epic story of the Shia-Sunni split in Islam (1st ed.) (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-52393-6.
- ^ "Pioneers of Islamic History: Omar ibn Abdul Aziz: The Rightly Guided Caliph". IslamOnline. August 28, 2022.
- ^ "Leadership and history making: Lessons from Umar bin Abdul Aziz". Home.
- ^ "'Umar Ibn 'Abdul 'Aziz, the Fifth Caliph - Khaalid Abu Saalih". en.islamway.net.
- ^ "Umar ibn Abdul Aziz: The Rightly Guided Reformer". April 28, 2023.
- ^ "Leadership lessons from the life of ʿUmar bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (RA) – Islamic Self Help".
- ^ "Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz: The First Reviver of Islam". www.miftaah.org.
- ^ Kohlberg, E. (2009). Imāmiyya to Ithnā-'ashariyya. Vol. 39. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00050989. JSTOR 614712.
- ^ Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1980). Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shiʿism. State University of New York Press. ISBN 1438418442.