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Draft:Stuart Licht

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Stuart Lawrence Licht (born July 24, 1954) is an academic chemist, inventor of the electrochemical transformation of CO2 into graphene nanocarbons and several batteries and solar cells, and he is a technologist focused on the low-carbon economy and mitigation of climate change. He advocates for climate action, specifically through carbon dioxide removal to rising carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere. His approach involves converting CO2 directly into useful nanocarbons like carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon nano-onions, known for their high strength and conductivity.

Mitigation of Global Warming

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Stuart Licht, a researcher specializing in carbon dioxide removal and the transition to a low-carbon or decarbonized economy (LCE), has focused on introducing new fundamental[1], solar, [2],[3],[4],[5],[6] solar fuel, [7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12]and battery chemistries, [13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19] and inventing and developing technologies to address climate change. In 2009, Licht introduced the STEP process, a method for converting solar energy into a means for ending anthropogenic global warming and overcoming CO2’s intrinsic stability [20] barrier to its removal as a greenhouse gas. [21],[22],[23] This process incorporates a high-temperature electrochemical technique to produce chemicals for carbon capture, offering an alternative to traditional electrical product generation. Following the initial development, a 2010 study showcased the first experimental demonstration of carbon capture using the STEP process via electrolysis in molten salts. [24] Further research indicated that allocating a land area roughly 4% the size of the Sahara Desert to this technology could potentially neutralize all accumulated anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, assuming sufficient resources are dedicated to this effort. [25] By 2015, Licht advanced his work by refining STEP Carbon Capture to facilitate the transformation of CO2 into graphene-based nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanofibers, through the use of transition metals. [26],[23] A 2016 study documented the direct conversion, with or without solar energy, of airborne CO2 into the highest tensile strength material on the planet carbon nanotubes, highlighting the process's ability to capture and split CO2 to produce oxygen. [27] This body of work demonstrates that this electrochemical conversion of CO2 is low energy [28],[29],[30] and can be adjusted to create a variety of carbon nanomaterials with desirable properties, such as high conductivity, and form structures like "wool," thin-walled, magnetic, or helical CNTs, as well as aerogels of CNTs and graphene nano-scaffolds. [31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39] By 2020 CO2 had also been directly converted to graphene and carbon nano-onions, [40],[41] and by 2022 into macro assemblies of CNTs and new graphene forms including nano-pearls, nano- bamboo, nano-trees. [42],[43]

By 2024 the technology had been awarded the Carbon XPRIZE XFactor award for producing the most valuable product from CO2 , had been scaled to industrial plant size at Carbon Corp in Calgary, Canada, and had been used been to reduce the carbon footprint and increase the strength of materials including cements, polymers and buckypapers. [44],[45],[46],[47],[48],[49] The value of this decarbonization technology arises from the unique properties of graphene nanocarbons such as exceptional strength, conductivity, solid lubrication, electronic and catalytic activity, the permanent storage of the capture CO2 , and the value and usefulness of the graphene nanocarbon products. This direct air capture (DAC) and carbon capture andutilization (CCS and CCUS) decarbonization chemistry has been termed C2CNT ® (CO2 To Carbon Nanomaterial Technology). A statue “The World on Our Shoulders” made using CO2 from the air by C2CNT ® is shown. These developments and patents [48] contribute to sensible, sustainable solutions of climate change mitigation.

Early life and education

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Stuart Licht was born in Boston, Massachusetts, continuing a family tradition in chemistry established by his father, Truman Light (a.k.a. Licht), and grandfather, Joseph Licht. Stuart Licht (a.k.a. Light) earned his B.Sc. in 1976 and his M.Sc. in 1980 from Wesleyan University, where he contributed to research in molecular quantum mechanics under the guidance of George Petersson. [50] Licht completed his Ph.D. in materials chemistry in 1985 at the Weizmann Institute of Science, focusing on photoelectrochemical liquid solar cells with Joost Manassen. This period also saw him conducting independent research on pH levels in high-alkalinity aqueous solutions and photoelectrochemical energy conversion. From 1986 to 1988, Licht was a postdoctoral fellow at MIT, collaborating with Mark Wrighton on studies involving microelectrode diffusion.

Stuart Licht began his academic career in 1988, holding the Carlson Chair in Chemistry at Clark University until 1995. During this period, Licht was elected Chair of the New England Section of the American Chemical Society, and also founded and chaired both the New England and Israel Section of the Electrochemical Society, where he is recognized as a Fellow. From 1995 to 2003, he served as the Gustella Award Israeli Immigrant Professor of Chemistry at the Technion, and held a position as Adjunct Fellow at Bar Ilan University from 2003 to 2005. Licht then became Department Chair of Chemistry at the University of Massachusetts from 2003 until 2008, and also worked as a Program Director at the National Science Foundation (NSF) between 2007 and 2008. In 2008, he joined George Washington University, where he has been appointed Professor Emeritus of Chemistry since 2023. In 2016, aiming to further the application of his decarbonization research, Licht founded C2CNT LLC and its subsidiaries: Carbon Corp (Canada), Carbon International LLC (US), Carbon Revolution LLC, along with Direct Air Capture LLC, to facilitate the transfer of academic research to industrial applications.

Research

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Stuart Licht's research primarily focuses on global decarbonization through the molten electrolysis of carbon dioxide to create nanocarbons, a method detailed in the section on Mitigation of Global Warming. Alongside this focus, his work spans fundamental studies in physical chemistry, renewable energy and climate mitigationchemistry, contributing to over 600 patents and papers. He holds editorial and co-authorship roles in significant works such as "Semiconductor Electrodes and Photoelectrochemistry" [ 6 ] and "The Solar Generation of Hydrogen: Towards a Renewable Energy Future."

  1. His research achievements include the development of highly efficient fuels derived from sunlight, such as hydrogen, carbon, syngas, and methane, [7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12] alongside pioneering the "STEP" solar process aimed at halting anthropogenic global warming. [21],[22],[23] [24] [25]Licht has also innovated in the creation of liquid solar cells capable of operating in darkness, [2],[3],[4],[5], and developed high-capacity batteries using materials such as aluminum, zinc, sulfur, [13],[14] super-iron,[15] and non-aqueous aluminum,[16] alongside redox polysulfide,[17] VB 2 air,[18] and molten air batteries.[19] Further, Licht has shown that light can be absorbed in domains smaller than its wavelength, [51] invented light addressable sensors,[52] established new benchmarks for ultraconcentrated and ultrapure water, [53][54][55] introduced multi-sensor electrochemical arrays,[56] and reevaluated the formation constant for sulfide minerals, indicating they are significantly lower than previously estimated.[57]

Press Reports

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  • Stuart Licht, Research on Liquid Solar Cell: Mehr Licht. The Economist, Jan. 15, 1988
  • Solar cell that works nights. Popular Science, p. 142, April 1989
  • Rainy days don’t bother Stuart Licht, one of the world’s leading solar energy researchers. Telegram, 1992
  • Battery May Make Electric Vehicles Much More Viable, Wall Street Journal, 1993
  • 2 RESEARCHERS TAKE ON BIG 3 IN RACE FOR ELECTRIC-CAR BATTERY. Chicago Tribune. 1993
  • Israelis’ Rechargeable Battery May Last up to 50% Longer; Uses Unusual Form of Iron, Wall Street Journal, 1999
  • More power less poison in a battery. New York Times,1999
  • Do Not Store With Kryptonite (Super-iron), Newsweek, 1999
  • “Super Iron” Comes to the Rescue of Batteries, Science, 1999
  • Scientists Unveil New ‘Super’ Battery, Los Angeles Times, 1999
  • SUPERBATTERY HAS LONGER LIFE, C&E News, 1999
  • The Key To Cleaner Fuel Cells? It’s in the Water. Bloomberg, 2000
  • Device ups hydrogen energy from sunlight. Science News, 2003
  • Tapping sun's light and heat to make hydrogen. Science News, 2004
  • Iron Power: Eking more juice from batteries. Science News, 2004
  • Vanadium boride battery bears fuel cell hopes. The Chemical Engineer, 2008
  • Researchers Develop Vanadium Boride Air Cell; Twice the Practical Energy Capacity of Gasoline. Green Car Congress, 2008
  • GWU Researcher Developing Efficient Solar Chemical Process for Conversion of CO2,  Green Car Congress, 2009
  • Solar-powered process could decrease carbon dioxide to pre-industrial levels in 10 years, Phys.org, 2010
  • Solar Photo-Thermal Electrochemistry Demonstrated, C&E News, 2010
  • Erasing carbon’s footprint with sunshine. Photonics News, 2010
  • Researcher develops carbon dioxide-free method of producing iron.  phys.org, 2010
  • The Iron Age Reinvented? nature.com blogs, 2010
  • Step up for green iron production. Royal Society Chemical Communications Blog, 2010
  • Turning Carbon Dioxide Into Bioplastics: 2 Birds with 1 Stone? Discover Magazine, 2011
  • New Cement Making Could Slash Carbon Emissions. MIT Technology Review, 2012
  • Solar cement — Solar-driven electrolysis for making lime and no CO2 emission. Ceramic Tech Today, 2012
  • CO2-free STEP Cement. Materials China, 2012
  • Molten Air Battery Debuts. C&E News, 2013.
  • Molten Air – A New Class of Battery. Chemistry World, 2013.
  • New high-energy rechargeable batteries. US National Science Foundation News, 2014.
  • GWU team uses one-pot process to co-generate H2 and solid carbon from water and CO2; solar fuels,  Green Car Congress, 2014
  • Professor Stuart Licht explains capturing CO2 from the air could help fight global warming. BBC Newshour, 2015.
  • Carbon nanofibres made from CO2 in the air. BBC News, 2015.
  • How Science Turns Carbon Dioxide Into Planes, Batteries, much more. Forbes, 2015.
  • Researcher Demonstrates How to Suck Carbon from the Air, Make Stuff from It. MIT Technology Review, 2015
  • Tailpipe to Tank. Science, 2015
  • Diamonds from the sky®’s approach turns CO2 into valuable products. American Chemical Society, 2015
  • Scientists pull Carbon Nanofibers Out Of Thin Air. Popular Science, 2015
  • 'Diamonds from the sky' approach turns CO2 into valuable products. Science News, 2015
  • Scientists Create Carbon Nanofibres Using Nothing But Air: The Strongest Materials On The Planet Are Literally Being Spun Out Of Thin Air. Huffington Post, 2015
  • Scientists spin wonder material from thin air. Christian Science Monitor, 2015
  • CO2 in the Sky with Diamonds. R&D World, 2015
  • A Carbon Capture Strategy That Pays. Science, 2015
  • GWU Prof. Licht’s Solar C2CNT Process displayed as a nationally televised Jeopardy question clue. Jeopardy, March 23, 2016.
  • Researchers assess power plants that convert all of their CO2 emissions into carbon nanotubes. phys.org, 2016
  • Turning captured carbon into nanotubes. The Chemical Engineer, 2016
  • Cleaning up CO2 emissions could be worth millions. phys.org, 2017
  • Transforming greenhouse gas CO2 into carbon nanotubes. nanowerk, 2017
  • GWU Team Demonstrates Carbon Nanotube Wools directly from CO2. Green Car Congress, 2017
  • C2CNT Advances to the Final Round of the Carbon XPrize. youtube, 2018
  • C2CNT: Top 10 Innovations for Cool Earth Forum. ICEF. Japan, 2018
  • Licht Group reports high-yield, low-energy synthesis of carbon nano-onions from CO2. 2019
  • C2CNT receives $3.5 million from Canadian Federal Government to build CO2 to CNT pilot plant. 2019
  • C2CNT Converts Flue Gas Into Carbon Nanotubes. Green Car Congress, 2019
  • Carbon nanotube composites cut CO2 emissions. Materials Today, 2019
  • Dramatic advance in the technology to fight global warming. 2019
  • C2CNT Transforms the Greenhouse gas CO2 into graphene. nanowerk, 2019
  • C2CNT subsidiary Carbon Corp Awarded XPrize XFactor for most valuable product from CO2. 2021
  • C2CNT announces join venture to build world’s largest carbon nanotube plant. 2021
  • Novel removal process of anthropogenic CO2 results in graphene-based nanocarbons. nanowerk, 2022
  • Direct Air Capture advances to the Top 60 of Musk XPrize Carbon Removal Competition. 2022
  • CARBON DIOXIDE-FREE CALCIUM OXIDE FOR USE IN CONCRETE. 2023
  • Carbon Capture and Storage Solutions to Mitigate Climate Change. Vinfuture, 2023

References

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  1. ^ Licht, Stuart; Cammarata, Vince; Wrighton, Mark S. (1989-03-03). "Time and Spatial Dependence of the Concentration of Less Than 10 5 Microelectrode-Generated Molecules". Science. 243 (4895): 1176–1178. doi:10.1126/science.243.4895.1176. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17799898.
  2. ^ a b Licht, Stuart (November 1987). "A description of energy conversion in photoelectrochemical solar cells". Nature. 330 (6144): 148–151. Bibcode:1987Natur.330..148L. doi:10.1038/330148a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  3. ^ a b Licht, Stuart (Nature). ""Efficient photoelectrochemical solar cells from electrolyte modification"". researchgate. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. ^ a b Licht, S.; Wang, B.; Soga, T.; Umeno, M. (1999-06-28). "Light invariant, efficient, multiple band gap AlGaAs/Si/metal hydride solar cell". Applied Physics Letters. 74 (26): 4055–4057. Bibcode:1999ApPhL..74.4055L. doi:10.1063/1.123259. ISSN 0003-6951.
  5. ^ a b Licht, S.; Wang, B.; Soga, T.; Umeno, M. (1999-06-28). "Light invariant, efficient, multiple band gap AlGaAs/Si/metal hydride solar cell". Applied Physics Letters. 74 (26): 4055–4057. Bibcode:1999ApPhL..74.4055L. doi:10.1063/1.123259. ISSN 0003-6951.
  6. ^ Berg, H (April 2003). "Semiconductor Electrodes and Photoelectrochemistry". Bioelectrochemistry. 59 (1–2): 135. doi:10.1016/s1567-5394(03)00013-6. ISSN 1567-5394.
  7. ^ a b Bourne, Simon (July 2012). "A flexible hydrogen generation future". Renewable Energy Focus. 13 (4): 16–18. Bibcode:2012REneF..13...16B. doi:10.1016/s1755-0084(12)70080-7. ISSN 1755-0084.
  8. ^ a b Licht, S (July 2001). "Over 18% solar energy conversion to generation of hydrogen fuel; theory and experiment for efficient solar water splitting". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 26 (7): 653–659. Bibcode:2001IJHE...26..653L. doi:10.1016/s0360-3199(00)00133-6. ISSN 0360-3199.
  9. ^ a b Licht, Stuart; Liu, Shuzhi; Cui, Baochen; Lau, Jason; Hu, Liwen; Stuart, Jessica; Wang, Baohui; El-Ghazawi, Omar; Li, Fang-Fang (2016). "Comparison of Alternative Molten Electrolytes for Water Splitting to Generate Hydrogen Fuel". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 163 (10): F1162–F1168. doi:10.1149/2.0561610jes. ISSN 0013-4651.
  10. ^ a b Li, Fang-Fang; Liu, Shuzhi; Cui, Baochen; Lau, Jason; Stuart, Jessica; Wang, Baohui; Licht, Stuart (2014-12-23). "A One-Pot Synthesis of Hydrogen and Carbon Fuels from Water and Carbon Dioxide". Advanced Energy Materials. 5 (7). doi:10.1002/aenm.201401791. ISSN 1614-6832.
  11. ^ a b Li, Fang-Fang; Lau, Jason; Licht, Stuart (October 2015). "Sungas Instead of Syngas: Efficient Coproduction of CO and H2 with a Single Beam of Sunlight". Advanced Science. 2 (11). doi:10.1002/advs.201500260. ISSN 2198-3844. PMC 5054927. PMID 27774376.
  12. ^ a b Wu, Hongjun; Ji, Deqiang; Li, Lili; Yuan, Dandan; Zhu, Yanji; Wang, Baohui; Zhang, Zhonghai; Licht, Stuart (2016-07-14). "A New Technology for Efficient, High Yield Carbon Dioxide and Water Transformation to Methane by Electrolysis in Molten Salts". Advanced Materials Technologies. 1 (6). doi:10.1002/admt.201600092. ISSN 2365-709X.
  13. ^ a b "Aluminum and sulfur electrochemical batteries and cells". Journal of Power Sources. 70 (2): 309. February 1998. doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(97)83823-2. ISSN 0378-7753.
  14. ^ a b Amiri, Ahmad; Shahali, Hossein; Polycarpou, Andreas A. (2024), "Zinc–Sulfur Battery Design and Construction", SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 25–95, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71491-7_3, ISBN 978-3-031-71490-0, retrieved 2024-11-13
  15. ^ a b Licht, Stuart; Wang, Baohui; Ghosh, Susanta (1999-11-16). "ChemInform Abstract: Energetic Iron(VI) Chemistry: The Super-Iron Battery". ChemInform. 30 (46). doi:10.1002/chin.199946028. ISSN 0931-7597.
  16. ^ a b Licht, S. (1999). "The Organic Phase for Aluminum Batteries". Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. 2 (6): 262. doi:10.1149/1.1390805. ISSN 1099-0062.
  17. ^ a b LICHT, S. (1987-12-22). "ChemInform Abstract: Energetic Medium for Electrochemical Storage Utilizing the High Aqueous Solubility of Potassium Polysulfide". ChemInform. 18 (51). doi:10.1002/chin.198751019. ISSN 0931-7597.
  18. ^ a b Licht, Stuart; Wu, Huiming; Yu, Xingwen; Wang, Yufei (2008). "Renewable highest capacity VB2/air energy storage". Chemical Communications (28): 3257–3259. doi:10.1039/b807929c. ISSN 1359-7345. PMID 18622436.
  19. ^ a b Licht, Stuart; Cui, Baochen; Stuart, Jessica; Wang, Baohui; Lau, Jason (2013). "Molten air – a new, highest energy class of rechargeable batteries". Energy & Environmental Science. 6 (12): 3646. arXiv:1307.1305. doi:10.1039/c3ee42654h. ISSN 1754-5692.
  20. ^ "Introduction: Geotherapy, the Down-to-Earth Solution to Global Warming", Geotherapy, CRC Press, pp. 31–34, 2014-12-19, doi:10.1201/b13788-9, ISBN 978-0-429-16890-1, retrieved 2024-11-13
  21. ^ a b Licht, Stuart (2010-02-05). "A Solar Process to End Anthropogenic Global Warming? The STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo) Generation of Energetic Molecules". ECS Meeting Abstracts. MA2010-01 (27): 1341. doi:10.1149/ma2010-01/27/1341. ISSN 2151-2043.
  22. ^ a b Licht, Stuart; Wu, Hongjun; Hettige, Chaminda; Wang, Baohui; Asercion, Joseph; Lau, Jason; Stuart, Jessica (2012). "STEP cement: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of CaO without CO2 emission". Chemical Communications. 48 (48): 6019–6021. doi:10.1039/c2cc31341c. ISSN 1359-7345. PMID 22540130.
  23. ^ a b c Ren, Jiawen; Yu, Ao; Peng, Ping; Lefler, Matthew; Li, Fang-Fang; Licht, Stuart (2019-11-07). "Recent Advances in Solar Thermal Electrochemical Process (STEP) for Carbon Neutral Products and High Value Nanocarbons". Accounts of Chemical Research. 52 (11): 3177–3187. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00405. ISSN 0001-4842. PMID 31697061.
  24. ^ a b Licht, Stuart; Wang, Baohui; Ghosh, Susanta; Ayub, Hina; Jiang, Dianlu; Ganley, Jason (2010-07-14). "A New Solar Carbon Capture Process: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo (STEP) Carbon Capture". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 1 (15): 2363–2368. doi:10.1021/jz100829s. ISSN 1948-7185.
  25. ^ a b Licht, S. (2011-10-25). "Efficient Solar-Driven Synthesis, Carbon Capture, and Desalinization, STEP: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Fuels, Metals, Bleach". Advanced Materials. 23 (47): 5592–5612. Bibcode:2011AdM....23.5592L. doi:10.1002/adma.201103198. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 22025216.
  26. ^ Ren, Jiawen; Li, Fang-Fang; Lau, Jason; González-Urbina, Luis; Licht, Stuart (2015-08-05). "One-Pot Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers from CO2". Nano Letters. 15 (9): 6142–6148. Bibcode:2015NanoL..15.6142R. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02427. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 26237131.
  27. ^ Ren, Jiawen; Licht, Stuart (2016-06-09). "Tracking airborne CO2 mitigation and low cost transformation into valuable carbon nanotubes". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 27760. doi:10.1038/srep27760. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4899781. PMID 27279594.
  28. ^ Ren, Jiawen; Lau, Jason; Lefler, Matthew; Licht, Stuart (2015-10-02). "The Minimum Electrolytic Energy Needed To Convert Carbon Dioxide to Carbon by Electrolysis in Carbonate Melts". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 119 (41): 23342–23349. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07026. ISSN 1932-7447.
  29. ^ Dey, Gangotri; Ren, Jiawen; El-Ghazawi, Tarek; Licht, Stuart (2016). "How does an amalgamated Ni cathode affect carbon nanotube growth? A density functional theory study". RSC Advances. 6 (32): 27191–27196. Bibcode:2016RSCAd...627191D. doi:10.1039/c6ra03460h. ISSN 2046-2069.
  30. ^ Lau, Jason; Dey, Gangotri; Licht, Stuart (August 2016). "Thermodynamic assessment of CO2 to carbon nanofiber transformation for carbon sequestration in a combined cycle gas or a coal power plant". Energy Conversion and Management. 122: 400–410. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.06.007. ISSN 0196-8904.
  31. ^ Wang, Xirui; Liu, Xinye; Licht, Gad; Wang, Baohui; Licht, Stuart (December 2019). "Exploration of alkali cation variation on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes by electrolysis of CO2 in molten carbonates". Journal of CO2 Utilization. 34: 303–312. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2019.07.007. ISSN 2212-9820.
  32. ^ Ren, Jiawen; Johnson, Marcus; Singhal, Richa; Licht, Stuart (March 2017). "Transformation of the greenhouse gas CO2 by molten electrolysis into a wide controlled selection of carbon nanotubes". Journal of CO2 Utilization. 18: 335–344. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2017.02.005. ISSN 2212-9820.
  33. ^ Johnson, Marcus; Ren, Jiawen; Lefler, Matthew; Licht, Gad; Vicini, Juan; Liu, Xinye; Licht, Stuart (September 2017). "Carbon nanotube wools made directly from CO2 by molten electrolysis: Value driven pathways to carbon dioxide greenhouse gas mitigation". Materials Today Energy. 5: 230–236. doi:10.1016/j.mtener.2017.07.003. ISSN 2468-6069.
  34. ^ Johnson, M.; Ren, J.; Lefler, M.; Licht, G.; Vicini, J.; Licht, S. (October 2017). "Data on SEM, TEM and Raman Spectra of doped, and wool carbon nanotubes made directly from CO 2 by molten electrolysis". Data in Brief. 14: 592–606. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2017.08.013. ISSN 2352-3409. PMID 28879217.
  35. ^ Wang, Xirui; Liu, Xinye; Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (2020-09-15). "Calcium metaborate induced thin walled carbon nanotube syntheses from CO2 by molten carbonate electrolysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71644-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 32934276.
  36. ^ Wang, Xirui; Sharif, Farbod; Liu, Xinye; Licht, Gad; Lefler, Matthew; Licht, Stuart (September 2020). "Magnetic carbon nanotubes: Carbide nucleated electrochemical growth of ferromagnetic CNTs from CO2". Journal of CO2 Utilization. 40: 101218. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101218. ISSN 2212-9820.
  37. ^ Liu, X.; Licht, G.; Licht, S. (December 2021). "The green synthesis of exceptional braided, helical carbon nanotubes and nanospiral platelets made directly from CO2". Materials Today Chemistry. 22: 100529. doi:10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100529. ISSN 2468-5194.
  38. ^ Wang, Xirui; Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (January 2021). "Green and scalable separation and purification of carbon materials in molten salt by efficient high-temperature press filtration". Separation and Purification Technology. 255: 117719. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117719. ISSN 1383-5866.
  39. ^ Wang, Xirui; Licht, Gad; Liu, Xinye; Licht, Stuart (2020-12-09). "One pot facile transformation of CO2 to an unusual 3-D nano-scaffold morphology of carbon". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78258-6. ISSN 2045-2322.
  40. ^ Liu, Xinye; Wang, Xirui; Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (February 2020). "Transformation of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to graphene". Journal of CO2 Utilization. 36: 288–294. Bibcode:2020JCOU...36..288L. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2019.11.019. ISSN 2212-9820.
  41. ^ Liu, Xinye; Ren, Jiawen; Licht, Gad; Wang, Xirui; Licht, Stuart (2019-07-19). "Carbon Nano-Onions Made Directly from CO2 by Molten Electrolysis for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation". Advanced Sustainable Systems. 3 (10). Bibcode:2019AdSSy...300056L. doi:10.1002/adsu.201900056. ISSN 2366-7486.
  42. ^ Liu, Xinye; Licht, Gad; Wang, Xirui; Licht, Stuart (2022-01-21). "Controlled Growth of Unusual Nanocarbon Allotropes by Molten Electrolysis of CO2". Catalysts. 12 (2): 125. doi:10.3390/catal12020125. ISSN 2073-4344.
  43. ^ Licht, Stuart (March 2017). "Co-production of cement and carbon nanotubes with a carbon negative footprint". Journal of CO2 Utilization. 18: 378–389. arXiv:1608.00946. Bibcode:2017JCOU...18..378L. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2017.02.011. ISSN 2212-9820.
  44. ^ Licht, S.; Liu, X.; Licht, G.; Wang, X.; Swesi, A.; Chan, Y. (December 2019). "Amplified CO2 reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with C2CNT carbon nanotube composites". Materials Today Sustainability. 6: 100023. doi:10.1016/j.mtsust.2019.100023. ISSN 2589-2347.
  45. ^ Licht, S.; Liu, X.; Licht, G.; Wang, X.; Swesi, A.; Chan, Y. (December 2019). "Amplified CO2 reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with C2CNT carbon nanotube composites". Materials Today Sustainability. 6: 100023. doi:10.1016/j.mtsust.2019.100023. ISSN 2589-2347.
  46. ^ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (2024). "Polymer composites with carbon nanotubes made from CO2". RSC Sustainability. 2 (9): 2496–2504. doi:10.1039/d4su00234b. ISSN 2753-8125.
  47. ^ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (June 2024). "Separation of molten electrolyte from the graphene nanocarbon product subsequent to electrolytic CO2 capture". DeCarbon. 4: 100044. doi:10.1016/j.decarb.2024.100044. ISSN 2949-8813.
  48. ^ a b Licht, Gad; Peltier, Ethan; Gee, Simon; Licht, Stuart (September 2024). "Facile CO2 diffusion for decarbonization through thermal insulation membranes". DeCarbon. 5: 100063. doi:10.1016/j.decarb.2024.100063. ISSN 2949-8813.
  49. ^ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (2024). "Buckypaper made with carbon nanotubes derived from CO2". RSC Advances. 14 (37): 27187–27195. doi:10.1039/d4ra04358h. ISSN 2046-2069. PMID 39193298.
  50. ^ Light, Stuart L.; Petersson, G. A. (1977-03-01). "Hartree-Fock (1s,2s) interorbital pair correlation energies and absolute overlap integrals". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 66 (5): 2015–2018. Bibcode:1977JChPh..66.2015L. doi:10.1063/1.434159. ISSN 0021-9606.
  51. ^ Peramunage, Dharmasena.; Forouzan, Fardad.; Licht, Stuart. (1994-02-01). "Activity and spectroscopic analysis of concentrated solutions of potassium sulfide". Analytical Chemistry. 66 (3): 378–383. doi:10.1021/ac00075a011. ISSN 0003-2700.
  52. ^ Licht, Stuart; Myung, Noseung; Sun, Yue (1996-01-01). "A Light Addressable Photoelectrochemical Cyanide Sensor". Analytical Chemistry. 68 (6): 954–959. doi:10.1021/ac9507449. ISSN 0003-2700.
  53. ^ Light, Truman S.; Licht, Stuart; Bevilacqua, Anthony C.; Morash, Kenneth R. (2005). "The Fundamental Conductivity and Resistivity of Water". Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. 8 (1): E16. doi:10.1149/1.1836121. ISSN 1099-0062.
  54. ^ Licht, Stuart. (1985-02-01). "pH Measurement in Concentrated Alkaline Solutions". Analytical Chemistry. 57 (2): 514–519. doi:10.1021/ac50001a045. ISSN 0003-2700.
  55. ^ Light, Truman S.; Licht, Stuart L. (1987-10-01). "Conductivity and resistivity of water from the melting to critical point". Analytical Chemistry. 59 (19): 2327–2330. doi:10.1021/ac00146a003. ISSN 0003-2700.
  56. ^ Shatkin, Jo Anne.; Brown, Halina Szejnwald.; Licht, Stuart. (1995-03-15). "Composite Graphite Ion Selective Electrode Array Potentiometry for the Detection of Mercury and Other Relevant Ions in Aquatic Systems". Analytical Chemistry. 67 (6): 1147–1151. doi:10.1021/ac00102a020. ISSN 0003-2700.
  57. ^ Licht, Stuart (1988-12-01). "Aqueous Solubilities, Solubility Products and Standard Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of the Metal Sulfides". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 135 (12): 2971–2975. Bibcode:1988JElS..135.2971L. doi:10.1149/1.2095471. ISSN 0013-4651.
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