Draft:Monte Zovetto

Monte Zovetto
Monte Zovetto
Highest point
Elevation	1,232 m (4,042 ft)
Coordinates	45°50′04″N 11°27′39″E
Geography
Monte Zovetto Location of Monte Zovetto Monte Zovetto Monte Zovetto (Italy) Monte Zovetto Monte Zovetto (Europe)
Location of Monte Zovetto
Location	Roana,Vicenza (VI)
Country	Italy
Parent range	Vicentine Alps
Geology
Rock age	Unknown
Mountain type	Mount

Monte Zovetto is a mountain situated in the Pre-Alps, more specifically within the Vicentine Alps, in the northern Italian region of Veneto. The area is known for a variety of activities, such as hiking, and mountain biking, it also hosts several archaeological sites related to World War I, such as English trenches.

According to Mario Rigoni Stern the mountains of the Asiago Plateau are named after Norse mythology.

Geography

Monte Zovetto lies within the municipality of Roana, in the province of Vicenza, which is one of the seven municipalities that make up the Asiago Plateau and that has a population of approximately 4,299 residents. The mountain has a summit elevation of 1,232 m (4,042 ft) above sea level. The closest locality is Cesuna, in the municipality of Roana.

The north face overlooks Monte Ceramella, while its eastern side provides views of the Magnaboschi Valley and Monte Lemerle. On the western side, it faces Monte Busibollo (1162 m).

Geology

Triassic Period (about 250-200 million years ago)

The geological foundation of Mount Zovetto dates back to the Late Triassic, a period during which the first stages of sedimentary deposition occurred in the area. At this time, the region was submerged in a shallow sea, which facilitated the deposition of dolomites and limestones, forming the base of the mountain’s geology. The main lithological unit characterizing Mount Zovetto is the Main Dolomite, a resistant carbonatic rock that forms a solid base for the mountain. The Main Dolomite is a fundamental geological element of the Asiago Plateau, as it is the parent rock of many of the mountain structures in the region.

Jurassic Period (about 200-145 million years ago)

During the Early Jurassic, the region underwent a phase of geological change, during which the dolomite sediments were covered by layers of gray limestone. These limestones, mainly consisting of fine-grained micritic limestone, are less resistant to erosion compared to the dolomites, but they still contribute to the composition of Mount Zovetto. The presence of Jurassic limestones is particularly evident on the exposed slopes, where they form visible stratification and contribute to the creation of more eroded and jagged landscapes. During the Jurassic, erosive activity and the solubility of the limestones began to favor the formation of karst phenomena, such as sinkholes, swallow holes, and underground cavities, which are now among the predominant geological features of the entire area.

Alpine Orogeny (about 35-25 million years ago)

The morphological evolution of Mount Zovetto underwent a significant transformation from the Late Cretaceous to the Tertiary, during the process of Alpine orogeny. This event was triggered by the collision between the African plate and the Eurasian plate, causing the uplift, folding, and fracturing of the pre-existing sedimentary formations. The uplift of the pre-existing dolomites and limestones led to the creation of the mountain ranges that now form the Asiago Plateau. The tectonic movement also generated a series of faults and folds, which have shaped the geological structure of Mount Zovetto.

Pleistocene and Holocene (about 3 million years ago)

During the Pleistocene and Holocene, the region underwent further landscape modification, primarily due to glaciations. Although the area of Mount Zovetto was not directly covered by glaciers, the colder climate favored glacial erosion and the ablation of debris, contributing to the reorganization of the landscape. The karst phenomenon, intensified by abundant precipitation and surface waters, continued to shape the land, creating a landscape characterized by sinkholes and caves. These features are a distinctive element of Mount Zovetto’s landscape, reflecting the continuous interaction between the local geology and chemical erosion processes. The underground karst cavities also provide significant ecological habitats for various animal species.

The Monte Zovetto stromatolite horizon, referred to as the Zovetto Horizon, is a prominent geological feature characterized by a continuous layer of stromatolites. This horizon is believed to have formed in a shallow, warm marine or lacustrine setting, where conditions supported the growth of microbial mats. These mats played a role in the stabilization of sediments and the development of the layered stromatolitic structures. The continuity of the horizon suggests that such conditions were widespread and sustained over a considerable period.

Climate

At the elevation of Monte Zovetto, the climate is exhibits a mountainous temperate regime, featuring cool Summers and cold Winters. Summer temperatures are mild, tipically ranging from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). Winter brings cold weather, with temperatures often dropping below 0°C (32°F) and tipically averaging between -5°C (23°F) and -10°C (14°F), in particular at night or during periods of intense cold. The plateau generally experiences an annual precipitation ranging between 1400 to 2000 mm, with rainfall occurring fairly evenly across all seasons.

Strong southern winds have caused significant environmental damage in the Asiago Plateau, including Monte Zovetto. These air currents have flattened extensive coniferous forests, altering the landscape.

History

Ancient History

Human presence in the area dates back to prehistoric times, particularly during the Middle Paleolithic, when Neanderthals (50,000–40,000 years ago) inhabited the Roana region. Later, between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago, the area near Enego became a site of human settlement. In the 14th–13th century BC, during the Bronze Age, a fortified village was established on Monte Cornion in the municipality of Lusiana. The first evidence of permanent settlements dates to the late Iron Age (between the end of the 5th and the early 1st century BC) at Castelletto di Rotzo. Here, a village of Rhaetian origin was destroyed by the Romans in the 2nd/1st century BC, as indicated by the discovery of burned remains and the Roman strategy of controlling the area. In the 2nd-3rd centuries AD, the Romans built fortifications to monitor the movements of populations coming from the north. Other Roman sites have been found in Lusiana and Rotzo.

Roman period

During the Roman period, the area of the Asiago Plateau as well as Monte Zovetto region, may have been organized as a public pastureland temporarily used by paying pastoralists and woodcutters. The evidence of transhumance and the lack of permanent settlements in the region support this idea, suggesting that the Romans utilized the land for collective purposes, such as summer grazing and forest exploitation.

Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Germanic traditions brought back collective land management practices that resembled the "Gemeinden" structure prevalent in Germanic regions. This system was then mantained by the Ostrogoths and it was further strenghtened by the Lombards in 569. These collective traditions were preserved when the the Franks gained control of the area.

Middle Ages

Around year 1000, the population began to increase, as German-speaking communities established settlements on Monte Zovetto and the surrounding mountains. It was during this time that the Cimbrian language appeared on the mountain, which is a Germanic language still in use today in Roana. Historically, this language was widely spoken across the mountainous area situated between Adige and Brenta rivers.

In 1310, Monte Zovetto became part of the Spettabile Reggenza dei Sette Comuni, an autonomous federal government founded to safeguard the indipendence of the communities settled on the Asiago Plateau. Characterized by collective land ownership (a system still in place today), the Reggenza endured until 1807, when it fell to Napoleon. After the Austrian and French invasions, it ceased to exist, with Angelo Rigoni Stern serving as its final chancellor.

World War One

British fortifications of the First World War, in Cesuna di Roana. Part of the Great War Ecomuseum in the Vicenza Pre-Alps.

In early June 1916 Monte Zovetto was part of an Italian defensive line barring the advancing Austrian Strafexpedition from access to Val Canaglia. Retreating Italian forces held by the Liguria, Forli, Pescara and Catanzaro brigades defended positions from Lemerle to Monte Zovetto and Monte Pau, with the Liguria brigade suffering 25% casualties. In 1916, the Liguria brigade was in a critical situation. Except for a strong defense against an Austrian counterattack on April 11th 1916, where the battalions of the 157th Regiment and the machine gunners led by Giuseppe Rusca fought back fiercely, it was in June that the entire brigade faced its greatest challenge. In early June 1916, the 33rd Division along with the Liguria brigade, were sent to the Vicenza region as a reserve force. Between the 5th and 6th of June, the brigade was placed in the southern part of the Asiago Plateau, near Mount Zovetto and Val Magnaboschi, in the south region of Cesuna. From June 14th to 16th, the Austro-Hungarian 1st Army Corps, under General Karl von Kirchbach auf Lauterbach, launched the final attack of the Strafexpedition in this area. The Liguria brigade resisted the assaults and bombardments of the Austro-Hungarian, but at a great cost in lives. On Mount Zovetto, the brigade held its position for two days before the offensive was finally repelled. Giuseppe Rusca was killed here, while directing his machine gunners from behind the trench, exposed to the enemy fire. In recognition of his courage, Lieutenant Rusca was awarded the Gold Medal for Military Valor.

The Battle of Caporetto

In April 1917 the first artillery groups from the United Kingdom reached Italy to support attacks in the Carso area. It was only after the defeat at Caporetto on October 24th 1917 and the retreat of the Italian army to the line Altopiano-Grappa-Piave, that the Allies offered real support to Italy (a British Expeditionary Force as well as six French divisions were sent to Italy), trying to stop the Austro-Hungarians from advancing into the Po Valley and possibly towards the southern French border, and worried that a further Italian defeat could lower morale and have a negative impact. If the Austrians had entered Italy, they could have attacked France from the Alps, where no troops had been stationed for a while due to Italy's neutrality at first, and later its coalition with the Allies. This is why the Allies acted quickly to send troops, and wanted to position them along the Mincio river, which was considered a strong natural defense line, to help keep Austria away from the French border.

In late March 1918, the XIV Army Corps, under the command of Lord Cavan, was deployed to this area, which included the inhabited town of Cesuna and the Barental road. The Corps consisted of the 7th, 23rd, and 48th Divisions. In June 1918, the Austro-Hungarian forces launched a major offensive, with Hungarian soldiers from the 38th "Honved" Division attacking the Allied positions. The 23rd and 48th Divisions were at the forefront of the defense. Despite some local setbacks, particularly in the

Battle of the Solstice, known also as the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918

Cesuna sector where the 48th Division faced difficulties in maintaining its position, the Allies managed to resist the assault. Italian artillery, positioned near the strategic Cengio ridge, provided support, while a decisive British counterattack helped to resist the Austrian attack. The battle, known as the Battle of the Solstice, was a crucial moment in halting the Austro-Hungarian offensive. The coordinated defense by the Italian and British forces successfully stopped the enemy's progress and secured the front line. By then, the area had been strongly fortified, and the well-preserved remains of these defenses can still be seen and visited today on Monte Zovetto.

Aerial photo taken by the British over the Austro-Hungarian positions near Asiago. This image shows the frontline positions of 1918, which extended from the Zovetto and Lemerle mountains to the Tre Monti.

Trenches

British trenches used during WWI on Monte Zovetto.

View from an opening in an English trench on Monte Zovetto

The trenches on Monte Zovetto were built in order to provide coverage for the troups as firearms had become more precise and powerful. They offered soldiers greater protection while using their weapons, allowed for better observation of the enemy, and served as an obstacle to any attackers. The trenches were often surrounded by obstacles such as barbed wire and the so-called "cheval de frise", in case the enemy was going to attack. The trenches were aproximately two meters deep, the side facing the enemy usually had a step for lookouts to monitor enemy movements. Building trenches in the mountainous terrain was challenging, so soldiers had to adapt to the natural landscape, utilizing its features to their advantage. They weren't built in a straight line, but with many curves to make it more difficult for the enemy to observe. This design also allowed for the possibility of a crossfire if necessary. The trenches had tiny openings from which the soldiers could observe or shoot while still being protected; on Monte Zovetto there are machine gun positions, where the soldiers used to place the machine gun and shoot from a small opening in the rock without getting exposed.

Italian-Austrian cemetery "of the spruce trees" (above), Magnaboschi British cemetery(below).

Monuments

War cemeteries

In the area of Monte Zovetto there are two cemeteries in memory of the dead soldiers of World war I. The most important is the Italian-Austrian cemetery of Val Magnaboschi, in which are buried 50 unknown soldiers under as many tree trunks. This cemetery had been recovered by volunteers in 1993 and then completed in 2006 and hosts every year the "international infantryman pilgrimage" organised by "Associazione Nazionale del Fante" . The Magnaboschi British cemetery is just one out of five British cemeteries in the Asiago Plateau area: Val Magnaboschi, Barenthal, Boscon, Cavalletto, Granezza. These five cemeteries, in which are buried a total of 1024 soldiers, are all protected by the Commonwealth war graves commission which takes care and guarantees conservation.

Monument on Monte Zovetto dedicated to the Liguria brigade.

Brigata Liguria monument

The monument is placed on Monte Zovetto, and recalls at the actions of Liguria brigade, the only regiment of the Italian army able to obtain two gold medals for military valor. The first gold medal was awarded for events in 1916 during the Strafexpedition, where the brigade held out against Austrian attacks on the Asiago Plateau, along the line between Mounts Zovetto and Lemerle, near Cesuna in the municipality of Roana. The brigade suffered over 3,000 casualties, later reinterred at the Asiago War Memorial at Leiten after the war. On June 29, 2008, a historical reenactment was held on Mount Zovetto by the Association “Per Non Dimenticare” of Padua to honor this brigade and ensure their sacrifices are not forgotten. Another area where the Brigata Liguria distinguished itself was on Mount Pasubio. After more than a year on the Venetian Pre-alps, under the command of future General Achille Papa, the brigade was transferred in 1917 to Bainsizza, where they again received another gold medal for military valor.

Cippo Bignami, located at the bottom of Monte Zovetto

Cippo Bignami

The Cippo Bignami is a monument located at the bottom of Monte Zovetto. It was dedicated to Ugo Bignami, commander of the I° Battalion II° Regiment of the Brigade of the Granatieri di Sardegna, and his men, who defended Peak 1152, a summit located near Cesuna. From 31st May to 2nd June 1916, despite of enemy bombing, commander Bignami and his men managed to maintain their positions until June 3, when the Austro-Hungarian infantry was able to break into the Italian defensive lines and conquered the area until Monte Busibollo, located behind the Grenadiers, the Italian were quickly surrounded, colonel Bignami took action and shot four Austrian soldiers, until he was and taken prisoner. This monnumen\t was built to remember the Italian soldiers that fought to defend this area, and in particular in honour of the three decorated soldiers, the second lieutenant Teodoro Capocci, the lieutenant colonel Ugo Bignami, and the granadier Alfonso Samoggia.

Flora and fauna

Flora

The vegetation of Monte Zovetto and its surrounding area follows a typical submontane succession. Shrubland and mixed forests give way to beech forests and fir woods, which are showing signs of abandonment, with shrub expanding as thorny plants take over. More robust trees such as hazels, willows, maples, and firs are establishing themselves.

The landscape is characterized by meadows and pastures, interspersed with coniferous forests of silver fir, mountain ash, and hazel trees. In Spring, early bloomers like Anemone nemorosa, Ficaria verna, primroses, and Erythronium dens-canis emerge, followed by Galanthus, Scilla bifolia, and later, Dentaria enneaphyllos and Oxalis. In the beech forest, the lower vegetation is dominated by ferns and shade-loving plants such as Paris quadrifolia and Aruncus dioicus. In Summer, cyclamen, orchids, and gentian are common. The flora of the area, shaped by local microclimates, is rich in botanical diversity.

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  Anemone nemorosa
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  Ficaria verna
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  Primroses
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  Erythronium dens-canis
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  Galanthus
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  Scilla bifolia
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  Oxalis
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  Paris quadrifolia
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  Aruncus dioicus
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  Cyclamen
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  Orchids
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  Gentian

Fauna

The fauna that populates this area, with an altitude ranging from 900 m to 1,200 m, adapted to harsh climatic conditions, characterized by long, cold winters. The animals that inhabit this mountainous area have developed specific survival strategies to cope with these conditions. Some species, such as the white partridge, the mountain hare, and the stoat, change their appearance according to the seasons, adopting a white coat in winter to blend in with the snow. Other animals, like the marmot, the dormouse, and bats, enter hibernation to reduce energy consumption during the long winter months. Mountain birds frequent Monte Zovetto primarily during the summer months, when they nest and raise their young. Among these species are the white-collared blackbird, the bluethroat, and the kestrel. The fauna of Monte Zovetto and its surroundings also includes a variety of invertebrates, such as insects, spiders, earthworms, and mollusks, all adapted to life in a mountainous environment. Alpine lepidoptera, such as parnassius and erebia butterflies, live at high altitudes, adapting to low temperatures and sparce vegetation. During Summer there are cows from the Malga Zovetto grazing on top of Monte Zovetto.

In 1890, the geologist and paleontologist Giovanni Omboni discovered remains of a crocodile, including a skull of Stenosaurus barettoni, on the mountain.

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  Mountain hare, winter cropped
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  Stoat, winter cropped
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  Dormouse
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  Marmot
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  White patridge, (Arborophila atrogularis)
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  White-collared blackbird
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  Bluethroat
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  Kestrel
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  Parnassius butterfly
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  Erebia butterfly

Tourism

Rifugio Kubelek

The Rifugio Kubelek is a restaurant located at the top of Monte Zovetto. It was founded in 1973 by the Guida family. The restaurant offers appetizers, grilled vegetables and meat, typical dishes from the region, and desserts, with grilled meat being their specialty. At the Rifugio they offer lunch, dinner and the typical Italian "aperitivo". Rifugio Kubelek also hosts events like dinners with a special menu for Christmas and New Year's Eve. The Guida family makes their own wine, which they sell and serve in the restaurant. Their vineyard is located in Lison di Portogruaro between two rivers, in eastern Veneto, Luigi Guida originally discovered this land and now his sons are responsible for the company, the head of Tenuta Guida is currently Stefano Guida. The company is responsible for the entire production process, from growing grapes to bottling the wine. They produce a variety of different wines such as white wine, red wine and rosé.

Malga Zovetto

Malga Zovetto on the top of Monte Zovetto

Malga Zovetto is a livestock farm situated on the top of Monte Zovetto, near Rifugio Kubelek and the trenches. The farm is owned by Frigo Claudio Stöff, who takes care of the animals and of the productions of goods with his employees. They own dairy cattle and pigs. They produce milk, cheeses of different maturation, ricotta, pannacotta, and butter; they let their cows roam on top of Monte Zovetto during the Summer season, and move them for Winter in a pasture near Canove, a town close to Asiago. They also produce salami, sopressa, smoked ham, and cotechino from the pigs that they raise. This pasture is particularly productive thanks to the favorable conditions of the territory and the fertile soil. In order to get to the Malga Zovetto there is a road that begins in Cesuna, a small town in the municipality of Roana, and arrives at the top of Monte Zovetto, this road is also accessible by car; there is also a walkable trail that starts from Cesuna and goes up the mountain.

The Malga Trail

The "Sette Comuni" on the Asiago Plateau has created and promoted the "Malga Trail" in order to promote the farms on the plateau through a trail that can be explored by bike or by foot, and also in order to ease the access to these places that are often not easily connected. This initiative was created to boost the economy of the malghe and of the surrounding area and helps supporting the small businesses that operate in the area. These types of farms are characteristic of the region, with a total of 78 spread across the plateau. Popular with both tourists and locals, they offer a unique insight into the area's agricultural traditions.

Activities

Walking Routes

Magnaboschi valley - Monte Zovetto Hiking Trail

The Magnaboschi valley-Monte Zovetto is a hiking route located on the Asiago Plateau in Italy. The trail is accessible to hikers of various skill levels and spans a total distance of approximately 3.6 km (round trip), with an elevation gain of 150 m. Starting at an altitude of 1,087 m, the route reaches a maximum elevation of 1,232 m. The hike takes around two hours to complete.

The trailhead can be accessed from Cesuna, a locality in the municipality of Roana. For visitors traveling from Vicenza, the route passes through the town of Treschè Conca. Those arriving from Asiago should proceed past Canove. In Cesuna, signs lead to the Kubelek Refuge, and from there a junction near the Chapel of Saint Anthony marks the starting point.

Walking trail on Monte Zovetto from Cesuna

A short distance from the starting point, the trail passes by two cemeteries of historical significance in Magnaboschi valley: the Italian-Austrian Cemetery, and the English Cemetery.

The trail continues through a forest; an uphill section leads toward the higher elevations of Monte Zovetto. As the route progresses, it merges with a dirt road that traverses another wooded area. The path eventually opens into the summit clearing of Monte Zovetto, where a combination of open landscapes and historical landmarks can be observed. At this stage of the trail, it is possible to walk along the entire fortified line, including sections that allow access to trenches and fortified machine gun emplacements.

The trail concludes at the Kubelek Refuge, located at the summit of Monte Zovetto. The location offers a panoramic view of the Asiago Plateau, providing a clear perspective of the major peaks of the Sette Comuni.

For the return, hikers may follow the main road descending from the Kubelek Refuge.

Mountain biking

The old Asiago train line route

Until 1955, the Asiago Plateau was connected to the Alto Vicentino plains by a narrow-gauge railway. Today, the final section of this former railway line has been repurposed into a cycling path. The track covers a distance of 24.4 km, with an elevation gain of 510 m, takes approximately 2 hours to complete, and reaches a maximum altitude of 1170 m.

The route starts with the rolling terrain of the Scogli di Ave, a grassy area with rocky formations. It continues through the forests of Mount Lemerle, passing the English Military Cemetery and Baito Boscon, before reaching the pass into Magnaboschi valley. A short, mostly paved ascent then climbs the slopes of Monte Zovetto.

A wooden cross marks the start of the descent along the old railway track via the Val di Maso path. The route follows a wide cycle path, passing through Treschè Conca, Cesuna, Canove, and Asiago, and ends at the Canove station which hosts a museum dedicated to the Great War.

Ski Slopes

The Ski Area previously located at Monte Zovetto on the Asiago Plateau has been decommissioned. The ski lifts and slopes are no longer in operation.

The area was situated at an altitude of 1,087 m to 1,232 m, with a vertical drop of 145 meters. The ski area featured two ski lifts : Monte Zovetto 1, Baby Oliver. The main slope was 2.6 kilometers long, classified as easy.

Although the Monte Zovetto area is no longer operational, there are other active ski slopes in nearby mountains on the Asiago Plateau.

Museums

The Roana Great War museum

Roana (VI) - Canove district - Museum 1915-18 (former railway station)

The Canove district history museum contains and collects finds from WWI. First inaugurated in 1974, the museum was built in the location of the former railway station and was realised thanks to a small group of local inhabitants. The exhibition is composed of many items from the lives of soldiers, including a large collection of weapons and military equipment for a total of about 8,500 finds. There are also over 2,000 photographs, depicting the lives of soldiers, not only in combat but also while engaged in various tasks such as building roads, working together, digging trenches, constructing, aqueducts, mountain cableways, hospitals, and cemeteries. During World War I, over 1,500 kilometers of roads were built, making it the highest density in the world, along with hundreds of tunnels, trenches, and paths. Inside the museum, it is also possible to find medals and decorations awarded to soldiers who fought on the local mountains: Monte Cengio, Monte Zovetto, Monte Lémerle, and Monte Ortigara.

Educational farms

Educational farms are agricultural enterprises that, in addition to their primary farming activities, also engage in educational programs targeted at children, teenagers, families, and school groups. These farms provide opportunities to observe nature and agricultural practices up close, with the goal of promoting environmental education and awareness of farming activities.

Cascon delle meraviglie

The Cason delle Meraviglie is an educational farm located in Treschè Conca, a hamlet in the municipality of Roana, on the Asiago Plateau near Monte Zovetto. The farm is housed in a restored mountain hut from the early 1900s, surrounded by three historic cherry trees. Visitors can enjoy panoramic views of the Roana Riviera, the surrounding pastures and forests, and the nearby border mountains.

Cultural references

Monte Zovetto in Literature

Un anno sul Pasubio (“A Year on Pasubio”) by Michele Campana. The author, a lieutenant of the Brigata Liguria, recounted his experience on the high-altitude front in the book .

One Year on the High Plateau by Emilio Lussu, the author narrates the events and the life of the soldiers during World War I, during which he fought as an officer of the Sassari Brigade on the Asiago Plateau, and on Monte Zovetto.

Storia di Tönle (The story of Tönle) by Mario Rigoni Stern, which portraits the life of a contraband shepherd whose traditional rural world is upended by the events of World War I, specifically the Austro-Hungarian Strafexpedition that took place on Monte Zovetto.

Le stagioni di Giacomo (The seasons of Giacomo) by Mario Rigoni Stern, the author explores the theme of rural life and its disruptions by war, with the Asiago Plateau and Monte Zovetto serving as a symbolic landscape.

Diari di guerra e prigionia by Carlo Emilio Gadda, in this book the author, who was originally in favour on Italy participating in the war, narrates the brutality of the conflict, and in particular regarding his own imprisonment and consequent segregation. The book was published after the author's death.

I diari di mio padre by Gregorio Corigliano

See also

• Municipality of Asiago
• Municipality of Roana
• World War I
• Liguria brigade
• Granatieri di Sardegna
• Sassari brigade
• The Battle of Asiago
• Asiago Plateau
• Cimbri tribe
• Cimbrian language
• Asiago cheese