List of extinct languages of Oceania

Language Endangerment Status
by UNESCO *Atlas of the World's*
*Languages in Danger* category
Language Endangerment Status by UNESCO Atlas of the World's; Languages in Danger category
Extinct (EX)
Extinct (EX);	(lists);
Endangered
Critically Endangered (CR); Severely Endangered (SE); Definitely Endangered (DE); Vulnerable (VU);	(list); (list); (list); (list);
Safe
Safe (NE);	no list;
	Other categories
Revived (RE); Constructed (CL);	(list); (list);
	Related topics Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger; Endangered Languages Project; Ethnologue; Unclassified language; List of languages by total number of speakers;
	; UNESCO Atlas of the World's; Languages in Danger categories
	v; t; e;

This is a list of extinct languages of Oceania, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers and no spoken descendant. The languages listed are spoken in New Caledonia, New South Wales, New Zealand, the Northern Territory, Papua New Guinea, Queensland, the Solomon Islands, South Australia, Tasmania, Tonga, Victoria, Western Australia and Western New Guinea.

Hawaii

Pidgin Hawaiian^[1]

Micronesian Pidgin English

Pidgin Hawaiian^[1]

New Caledonia

Waamwang^[2]
Zire^[3]

New South Wales

New Zealand

Moriori^[15]

Northern Territory

Doolboong^[18]

Papua New Guinea

Queensland

Adithinngithigh^[50]
Aghu Tharrnggala^[51]
Alngith^[11]
Arritinngithigh^[52]
Ayabadhu^[53]
Bidjara^[54]
Damin^[55]
Dhangu-Djangu^[11]
Dhungaloo^[56]
Djinba^[11]
Flinders Island^[57]
Gkuthaarn^[58]
Gubbi Gubbi^[59]
Gugu Thaypan^[60]
Kalali^[61]
Kok-Nar^[62]
Kukatj^[63]
Mayi-Kutuna^[64]
Mbabaram^[65]
Mbara-Yanga^[66]
Mbariman-Gudhinma^[67]
Mbiywom^[68]
Morrobolam^[69]
Mpalityan^[70]
Mutumui^[71]
Ndra'ngith^[72]
Ngawun^[73]
Nyawaygi^[74]
Pakanha^[75]
Pitta Pitta^[76]
Umpithamu^[77]
Uradhi^[78]
Wakka Wakka^[79]
Walangama^[80]
Warluwarra^[81]
Warrgamay^[76]
Warrongo^[57]
Wilson River^[82]
Wulguru^[83]
Yalarnnga^[84]
Yandruwandha^[85] (also spoken in South Australia)
Yir-Yoront^[86]

Samoa

Samoan Plantation Pidgin^[1]

Solomon Islands

South Australia

Tasmania

Tonga

Niuatoputapu^[100]

Vanuatu

Victoria

Western Australia

Western New Guinea

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Jacque Arends, Pieter Muysken & Norval Smith (ed.). Pidgins and Creoles. John Benjamins. pp. 344, 360. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
^ "Waamwang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Sîshëë". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "S66: Awabakal". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ Lynette F. Oates (1 January 1985). "Barranbinya: Fragments of A N.S.W. Aboriginal Language". p. 185. Retrieved 2024-10-09 – via ProQuest.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Darkinyung". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Dyangadi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Dharuk". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Dhurga". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "S51: Dyirringañ". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". ABS. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Ngarigu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Ngunawal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Yugambal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "HIRAWANU TAPU PEACE SCHOLARSHIP" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Lower Southern Aranda". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Antekerrepenh". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "K50: Doolboong". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
^ "Gagadu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Giyug". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Garig-Ilgar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "Kamu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "Kungarakany". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "Limilngan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "Margu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "Matngala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "Ngalakgan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "Cherry Wulumirr Daniels laid to rest". Yugul Mangi Development Aboriginal Corporation. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
^ "Ngurmbur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "N211: Nhangu". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Nungali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Umbugarla". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Wagaya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Wulna". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Wurrugu". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "N68: Yangman". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Aribwatsa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
^ "Bina". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
^ "Guramalum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
^ "Hermit". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
^ "Kaniet". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
^ "The Karami Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
^ "Laua". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "Mapia". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "The Mulaha Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
^ "Ouma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
^ "The Rema Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
^ "Uruava". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
^ "Yoba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
^ "Adithinngithigh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
^ "Aghu-Tharnggala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Arritinngithigh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Ayabadhu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Bidjara". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ Ken Hale. "Damin". Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved 2024-10-08. It seems pretty clear that Damin was an invented language, and a cleverly built one, but unfortunately it has become extinct. This is a compilation of the information I've been able to find about Damin.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Dhungaloo". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ ^a ^b "Language revitalization: revival of Warrungu (Australia) and maintenance of Maori (New Zealand)". Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
^ "Kuthant". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Gubbi Gubbi". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Awu Laya". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Garlali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
^ "Kok-Nar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
^ "Gugadj". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
^ "Mayaguduna". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
^ "Barbaram". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
^ "Mbara". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Mbariman-Gudhinma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Mbiywom". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Morrobalama". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Mpalitjanh". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
^ "Barrow Point". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Ndra'ngith". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Ngawun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ Dixon, R.M.W (2010-12-10). I Am a Linguist. BRILL. p. 160. ISBN 978-9004192355.
^ "Y64: Pakanh". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m R.M.W. Dixon; Barry J. Blake (1979). Handbook of Australian Languages. Vol. 1. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-0512-4.
^ "Umbindhamu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Uradhi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Wakawaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
^ "Walangama". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Waluwarra". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Wangkumara". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "The Wulguru Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
^ "Yalarnnga". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Yandruwandha". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Y72: Yir Yoront". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
^ "Kazukuru". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
^ "Laghu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
^ "Extinct Languages: The Languages We Have Lost in the 21st Century". Atomic Scribe. 2022-01-31. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
^ Alex Rawlings (2019-03-22). "The man bringing dead languages back to life". BBC. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
^ "L14: Dhirari". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
^ Amery, Rob; University of Adelaide, (issuing body.) (2016). Warraparna Kaurna! : reclaiming an Australian language (PDF). University of Adelaide Press. pp. 1, 17. ISBN 978-1-925261-24-0. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
^ "L1: Narungga/Nharangga". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
^ "Nauo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Ngadjuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Ngamini". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Pirlatapa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
^ "Waray". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Fanny Cochrane Smith". Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
^ "Niuatoputapu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
^ "Aore". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
^ "Presentation of the Olrat language and audio archive". Pangloss Collection. Paris: CNRS. 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Sowa". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Ifo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
^ François, Alexandre (2012). "The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (214): 85–110. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022. S2CID 145208588.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Boonwurrung". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Kolakngat". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Pallanganmiddang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "S37: Taungurung". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Wathawurrung". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Warrnambool". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Endangered Languages Project - Wemba-Wemba". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "S36: Woiwurrung". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
^ "Yorta Yorta". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Burduna". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Dyugun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Kalarko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Dyaberdyaber". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Djawi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
^ "Djiwarli". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Tjurruru". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Martuyhunira". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Ngumbarl". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Nimanbur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Nyulnyul". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Warrwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
^ "Mapia". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
^ ^a ^b "11 Indigenous Languages Declared Extinct: Education Ministry". Jakarta Globe. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
^ "Saponi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.

[Pidgins_and_Creoles-1] Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Jacque Arends, Pieter Muysken & Norval Smith (ed.). Pidgins and Creoles. John Benjamins. pp. 344, 360. Retrieved 2024-11-20.

[2] "Waamwang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.

[3] "Endangered Languages Project - Sîshëë". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[4] "S66: Awabakal". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[5] Lynette F. Oates (1 January 1985). "Barranbinya: Fragments of A N.S.W. Aboriginal Language". p. 185. Retrieved 2024-10-09 – via ProQuest.

[6] "Endangered Languages Project - Darkinyung". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[7] "Dyangadi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[8] "Dharuk". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.

[9] "Endangered Languages Project - Dhurga". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[10] "S51: Dyirringañ". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-09.

[ABS-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". ABS. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[12] "Ngarigu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[13] "Ngunawal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[14] "Yugambal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[15] "HIRAWANU TAPU PEACE SCHOLARSHIP" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2024.

[16] "Endangered Languages Project - Lower Southern Aranda". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[17] "Endangered Languages Project - Antekerrepenh". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[18] "K50: Doolboong". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-09.

[19] "Gagadu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[20] "Giyug". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[21] "Garig-Ilgar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[22] "Kamu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[23] "Kungarakany". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[24] "Limilngan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[25] "Margu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[26] "Matngala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[27] "Ngalakgan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[28] "Cherry Wulumirr Daniels laid to rest". Yugul Mangi Development Aboriginal Corporation. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

[29] "Ngurmbur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[30] "N211: Nhangu". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[31] "Nungali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[32] "Umbugarla". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[33] "Wagaya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[34] "Wulna". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[35] "Wurrugu". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[36] "N68: Yangman". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[37] "Aribwatsa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.

[38] "Bina". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.

[39] "Guramalum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.

[40] "Hermit". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.

[41] "Kaniet". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.

[42] "The Karami Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2024.

[43] "Laua". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[44] "Mapia". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[45] "The Mulaha Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2024.

[46] "Ouma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.

[47] "The Rema Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2024.

[48] "Uruava". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.

[49] "Yoba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.

[50] "Adithinngithigh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

[51] "Aghu-Tharnggala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[52] "Arritinngithigh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[53] "Ayabadhu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[54] "Bidjara". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[55] Ken Hale. "Damin". Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved 2024-10-08. It seems pretty clear that Damin was an invented language, and a cleverly built one, but unfortunately it has become extinct. This is a compilation of the information I've been able to find about Damin.

[56] "Endangered Languages Project - Dhungaloo". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[Tasaku_Tsunoda-57] "Language revitalization: revival of Warrungu (Australia) and maintenance of Maori (New Zealand)". Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2024.

[58] "Kuthant". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[59] "Endangered Languages Project - Gubbi Gubbi". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-05.

[60] "Endangered Languages Project - Awu Laya". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[61] "Garlali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-05.

[62] "Kok-Nar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-05.

[63] "Gugadj". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-05.

[64] "Mayaguduna". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-05.

[65] "Barbaram". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.

[66] "Mbara". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[67] "Mbariman-Gudhinma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[68] "Endangered Languages Project - Mbiywom". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[69] "Morrobalama". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[70] "Mpalitjanh". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-09.

[71] "Barrow Point". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[72] "Ndra'ngith". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[73] "Ngawun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[74] Dixon, R.M.W (2010-12-10). I Am a Linguist. BRILL. p. 160. ISBN 978-9004192355.

[75] "Y64: Pakanh". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-09.

[Australian_Languages_Handbook-76] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m R.M.W. Dixon; Barry J. Blake (1979). Handbook of Australian Languages. Vol. 1. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-0512-4.

[77] "Umbindhamu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[78] "Uradhi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[79] "Wakawaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.

[80] "Walangama". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[81] "Waluwarra". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[82] "Wangkumara". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[83] "The Wulguru Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2024.

[84] "Yalarnnga". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[85] "Yandruwandha". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[86] "Y72: Yir Yoront". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-08.

[87] "Kazukuru". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.

[88] "Laghu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-26.

[89] "Extinct Languages: The Languages We Have Lost in the 21st Century". Atomic Scribe. 2022-01-31. Retrieved 2024-10-05.

[90] Alex Rawlings (2019-03-22). "The man bringing dead languages back to life". BBC. Retrieved 2024-09-25.

[91] "L14: Dhirari". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-03.

[92] Amery, Rob; University of Adelaide, (issuing body.) (2016). Warraparna Kaurna! : reclaiming an Australian language (PDF). University of Adelaide Press. pp. 1, 17. ISBN 978-1-925261-24-0. Retrieved 2024-09-25.

[93] "L1: Narungga/Nharangga". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-03.

[94] "Nauo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[95] "Ngadjuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[96] "Ngamini". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[97] "Pirlatapa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.

[98] "Waray". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[99] "Fanny Cochrane Smith". Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2024.

[100] "Niuatoputapu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.

[101] "Aore". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.

[102] "Presentation of the Olrat language and audio archive". Pangloss Collection. Paris: CNRS. 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2024.

[103] "Endangered Languages Project - Sowa". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[104] "Ifo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-25.

[105] François, Alexandre (2012). "The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (214): 85–110. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022. S2CID 145208588.

[106] "Endangered Languages Project - Boonwurrung". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[107] "Endangered Languages Project - Kolakngat". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[108] "Pallanganmiddang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[109] "S37: Taungurung". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[110] "Wathawurrung". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[111] "Endangered Languages Project - Warrnambool". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[112] "Endangered Languages Project - Wemba-Wemba". ELP. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[113] "S36: Woiwurrung". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-10-04.

[114] "Yorta Yorta". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[115] "Burduna". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[116] "Dyugun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[117] "Kalarko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[118] "Dyaberdyaber". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[119] "Djawi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-27.

[120] "Djiwarli". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[121] "Tjurruru". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[122] "Martuyhunira". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[123] "Ngumbarl". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[124] "Nimanbur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[125] "Nyulnyul". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[126] "Warrwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-02.

[127] "Mapia". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-09-27.

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[129] "Saponi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-10-11.

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Language Endangerment Status by UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger category
Extinct (EX)
Extinct (EX)	(lists)
Endangered
Critically Endangered (CR) Severely Endangered (SE) Definitely Endangered (DE) Vulnerable (VU)	(list) (list) (list) (list)
Safe
Safe (NE)	no list
Other categories
Revived (RE) Constructed (CL)	(list) (list)
Related topics Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Endangered Languages Project Ethnologue Unclassified language List of languages by total number of speakers
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger categories
v t e

Hawaii

Micronesian Pidgin English

New Caledonia

New South Wales

New Zealand

Northern Territory

Papua New Guinea

Queensland

Samoa

Solomon Islands

South Australia

Tasmania

Tonga

Vanuatu

Victoria

Western Australia

Western New Guinea

See also

References