Draft:List of death tolls by leaders

Here are the deaths caused by specific political leaders. The deaths are attributed both to the domestic situation due to state policy and to active killings by the military loyal to the leader in question.

leader	low estimate	high estimate	synergistic avg	place	start	finish	period	remarks
Mao Zedong	20,185,000	84,929,000	41,404,008	People's Republic of China	1946	1976	30 years	Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform The estimate of the minimum death toll is the sum of the minimum estimate of famine dead (11.6 million), land reform and Campaign to Suppress Counterrevilutionaries dead (200,000), China Civil War (8,000,000) and Cultural Revolution dead (400,000) plus the minimum killed in the 1959 Tibetan uprising (85,000 to 87,000) 「History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)」も参照
Genghis Khan	30,000,000	57,000,000	41,352,146	Eurasia	1206	1227	21 years	The number of the death toll containes the result of the conquests of Mongol Empire which he started and passed down to his descendants.
Adolf Hitler	35,740,000	45,759,692	40,440,715	Europe under Nazi Germany	1934	1945	11 years	The estimate includes number of deaths in Europe under Nazi rule (excluding Italian military deaths) and Soviet famine in 1946-1947 and Fight and expulsion of Germans. 4,900,000 to 6,200,000 Jews killed (2/3s to 78% of European Jewry killed) 7,405,000 to 17,244,692 civilians and 13,000,000 to 19,350,000 German and Soviet soldiers alone 13,000,000 to 19,350,000 killed by Generalplan Ost and Hunger Plan 2,470,000 to 11,149,692Non Jewish and Roma Soviet civilians killed (500,000 died from Bombing of Soviet civilians alone) 3,135,000 to 3,325,000 Non-Jewish Soviet POWs killed by Nazis 1,800,000 to 2,770,000Poles and other Non-Jews killed by Nazis in Poland 1,500,000 to 3,500,000 Civilians in Germany killed by Killed by Soviet retaliation 130,000 to 500,000 killed in Porajmos (1/4 of Roma population) 300,000 to 600,000 Serbians killed by the Ustaše 300,000Great Famine (Greece) 275,000 to 300,000 killed in Aktion T4 80,000 to 200,000 killed in Elimination of Freemasons 77,000 members of German resistance against Nazism executed 20,000 to 25,000 Slovenes 18,000 to 22,000Dutch famine of 1944–45 7,000 Spanish Republican killed 5,000 to 15,000 Homosexuals killed 1,250 to 5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses killed
Hong Xiuquan	10,000,000	100,000,000	31,622,777	China (Qing)	1851	1864	13 years	See also: Taiping Rebellion
An Lushan	13,000,000	36,000,000	21,633,308	China (Tang)	755	763	8 years	See also: Anshi Rebellion
Joseph Stalin	14,183,790	27,159,386	19,627,099	Soviet Union	1922	1953	31 years	Given the number of deaths due to his direct policies, Holodomor 7,000,000~14,500,000 Participation in the war against Japan 　186,594 Siberian internment 　58,232-70,000 Continuation War 　387,333 Winter War 　153,736-194,837 Forced relocation 　1,124,203-1,912,392 (See the original article for the source) The Great Purge 681,692-1,704,230 Deportation of Germans 2 million people Also, given the number of deaths due to his indirect policies, Famine in the immediate aftermath of the Great War 900,000 Korean War 1.5 million ~ Deaths at the hands of communist governments in other countries established by Stalin Romania: ~435,000 Bulgaria: 31,000 ~220,000 Poland: 22,000 Hungary: 27,000 East Germany: 70,000~100,000
Wilheim II	14,413,868			German Empire	1888	1918	30 years	There is a lot of debate about war responsibility. His imperialist policies led to the collapse of the Bismarck regime. If Germany had not invaded Serbia with its allies and fueled a confrontation with Russia, World War I would not have occurred. The estimate on the left is the sum of all the casualties of the First World War, excluding the civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire, which were often attributable to internal affairs. What is the basis for the specific figures? See Victims of the First World War
Fumimaro Konoe	6,976,197	22,910,000	12,642,178	Provisional Government of the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China	1937	1941	4 years	The Sino-Japanese War was the main factor in the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War due to the dispatch and invasion of China decided by him, and the deterioration of Japan-US relations due to the invasion of France and India. The estimate on the left is the sum of all the casualties of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the casualties of the Japanese and American forces in the Pacific War. However, the victims of incidents unrelated to the policies of the Japan government, such as the Yellow River burst caused by the Chinese Nationalist government, were excluded. In addition, there is still a lot of debate about Japan's responsibility for the war.
Timur	8,000,000	17,000,000	11,661,904	Timurid Dynasty	1370	1405	35 years
Chiang Kai-shek	5,965,000	18,522,000	10,511,124	Republic of China	1928	1946	18 years	Primarily from conscription campaigns but also grain confiscations and other atrocities. 「Mass killings under the Chinese Nationalist government」も参照
Nicholas II	9,994,180	10,437,549	10,213,458	Russian Empire	1868	1918	50 years	There is a lot of debate about war responsibility. The Russian Empire, while allied with France under his rule, was hostile to the Central Powers, and suffered many casualties by the lead. (See also the articles on World War I, the Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I, and the Russian Empire's entry into World War I.) In addition, the southward policy also caused the Russo-Japanese War. The estimates on the left also include the war dead in Russia, France, Germany, Austria=Hungary in World War I, the war dead in the Ottoman Empire, and the war dead in the Russo-Japanese War. Also, for the basis of the specific number of casualties, see also "Victims of World War I"
Vladimir Lenin	1,250,000	15,000,000	4,330,127	Soviet Union	1917	1924	7 years	See also: Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Russian Famine (1921-1922)
Ferdinand II	4,000,000	12,000,000	6,928,203	Holy Roman Empire	1619	1637	18 yeas	See also: Thirty Years' War
Leopold II	3,000,000	13,000,000	6,244,998	Congo Free State	1885	1908	13 years	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.  Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.  See also: Atrocities in the Congo Free State
Hideki Tojo		7,390,000		Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (Empire of Japan)	1941	1944	3 years	The estimates on the left exclude deaths in India, which was heavily influenced by the British, among the deaths in the newly occupied territories of the Pacific War that he led.
Aurangzeb	5,000,000			Mughal Empire	1658	1707	49 years	See also: Deccan War
Napoleon Bonaparte	3,500,000	7,000,000	4,949,747	French Empire	1803	1815	13 years	See also: Napoleonic Wars
Hernán Cortés	729,000	24,300,000	4,208,883	Spanish Empire	1519	1547	28 years	We don't know the exact figures, but we calculated the lowest estimate because the Aztec Mexico he conquered had a decline of 24.3 million natives (from which the maximum estimate was calculated), and at least 3% of them were due to non-disease See also: Conquistador, Spanish conquest of the Aztec kingdom
Laurent Kabila	2,738,000	6,285,000	4,148,292	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1997	2001	4 years	"第一・第二コンゴ戦争」
Kim il sung	1,900,000	6,000,000	3,376,389	North Korea	1949	1994	55 years	Korean War 1.5 million ~ concentration camp 400,000~1,500,000   (Including those made by successors after death)
Pol Pot	1,816,734	4,030,000	2,705,815	Cambodia	1963 (Appointed General Secretary of the Party)	1985 (Resignation of the Anti-Vietnam Alliance)	22　years	Cambodian Genocide Number of victims: 1,386,738 ~3,400,000 (Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields. [要出典]) Cambodian Civil War Number of victims: 400,000 ~ 600,000 Cambodia-Vietnam War Number of victims:
Radama I	2,500,000	2,500,000	2,500,000	Madagascar	1829	1842	13 years	Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships, Ranavalona I pursued a policy of self-reliance, made possible through frequent use of the long-standing tradition of fanompoana—forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods. Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor, Radama I, in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island, and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will. Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns, high death rates among fanompoana workers, and harsh traditions of justice under her rule, the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833–39, and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829–42 in Imerina.  These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona's rule in historical accounts.
Winston Churchill	1,500,000	4,000,000	2,449,490	United Kingdom	1940	1945	6 years	War-related administrative policies in India by him ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll (Bengal famine).
Lyndon Johnson	966,000	3,800,000	2,383,000	America	1963	1969	6 years	See also: Vietnam War
Kim Jong-il	760,000	5,600,000	2,063,008	North Korea	1993	2011	18 years	Deaths from the March of Hardship 600,000 ~5 million 1972~2018 Death toll in concentration camps 400,000~1,500,000   (In the left estimate, assuming that the number of deaths in the above period is the same every year, the number of deaths in 1993~2011 is estimated with two significant digits.) Also, for the situation in North Korea that continues to the present, see also "North Korean human rights issues"
Talaat Pasha	1,489,000	2,810,000	2,045,505	Ottoman Empire	1913	1918	5 years	Under the Young Turks' regime whose leader is him, the Ottoman Empire committed various genocides and ethnic cleansings. The death toll is derived from the sum of the death tolls of the Armenian Genocide (800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide (150,000 to 300,000), Greek Genocide (289,000 to 750,000), ethnic cleansing of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913 (50,000 to 60,000), and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (200,000).
Yakub Gowon	2,045,000	2,075,000	2,059,945	Nigeria	1966	1975	9 years	See also: Biafra War
Charles X	1,380,000	2,980,000	2,027,905	Kingdom of France	1824	1830	6 years	980,000~1,480,000 in the invasion of Algeria, and the Algerian war that was later caused by it 40~1.5 million people were killed. Please refer to each article for the basis of specific figures.
Leonid Brezhnev	2,015,000	2,015,000	2,015,000	Soviet Union	1964	1982	18 years	See also: Afghanistan conflict
Toyotomi Hideyoshi	１,000,000	3,440,000	1,854,724	Japan	1591	1599	8 years	This is only for the victims of the Bunroku and Keicho roles performed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and does not include the deaths of the leaders who took place before the unification of Japan.
Herbert Henry Asquith	1,796,597			British Empire	1908	1916	8 yeas	The estimate on the left is the sum of the casualties of the country and the African theater due to its participation in World War I. The basis for the detailed figures is See also: Victims of the First World War
Omar Al = Bashir	1,063,000	2,530,000	1,639,936	Sudan	1989	2019	29 years	1 to 2 million: Second Sudanese Civil War 63,000 to 530,000:Darfur genocide
Suharto	680,500	3,418,000+	1,525,106+	Indonesia	1965	1998	33 years	65/66 Politicide: 500,000 to 3,000,000 "communists" East Timor Atrocities: 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese West Papua Atrocities: 100,000 papuans Petrus Killings: 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals
Francisco Pizarro	256,350	8,582,000	1,483,238	Spanish Empire	1531	1541	10 years	I don't know the exact figures, but in the area he conquered most of today's Chile, Peru, and Bolivia, 8,545,000 ~ 8,582,000 natives declined, at least 3% of which (the maximum estimate was used) was due to non-diseaseThe lowest estimate was calculated from this. See also: Conquistador, Spanish conquest of the Aztec kingdom
Gaius Julius Caesar	1,460,000			Ancient Rome	BC 61	BC 44	17 years	See also: Gallic Wars
Shaka Zulu	1,000,000	2,000,000	1,414,214	South Africa	1816	1828	12 years	See also: Mfecane
Mengistu Haile Mariam	1,400,000			Ethiopia	1977	1987	10 years	1983-1985 Ethiopian Famine, See also: Ethiopian Civil War
Appius Claudius Caudex	1,170,000	1,260,000	1,214,166	Ancient Rome	BC 264	?		He instigated the First Punic War, which was also the cause of the Second Punic War. The high estimate also includes the number of Carthaginian rebel soldiers in the mercenary war.
Yahya Khan	400,000	3,600,000	1,200,000	Pakistan	1969	1971	2 years	See also: Bangladesh War of Independence
Zhang Xianzhong	1,000,000	1,000,000	1,000,000	China (Ming)	1644	1646	2 years
Du Wenxiu	1,000,000			China (Qing)	1856	1873	17 years	See also: Pansee Rebellion
Bagosora	750,000	1,174,000	938,349	Rwanda	1994	1994	1 years	See also: Rwandan genocide
Charles I	876,000	876,000	876,000	British Isles	1629	1649	20 years	His tyranny led to the Triple War, and many people were killed until the constitutional monarchy he rejected was established. See also "Puritan Revolution" above
Ferdinand I	700,000			Kingdom of Romania	1914	1927	13 years	The estimate on the left is the number of casualties in the country due to its participation in World War I. What is the basis for the specific figures? See also: Victims of the First World War
Nicholas I	615,378	673,015	643,552	Russian Empire	1825	1855	30 years	See also: Crimean War
Saddam Hussein	200,000	2,000,000	632,456	Iraq	1979	2003	24 years	see Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq#Number of victims
Ho Chi Minh	328,000	1,169,000	619,219	Vietnam	1953	1956	3 years	land reform in North Vietnam 195,000~865,000 Massacres of civilians (including those by successors) 133,000~304,000
Charles de Gaulle	597,000	597,000	597,000	France	1944	1946	2 years	See also: First Indochina War
Ante Pavelic Nikola Mandić	300,000	1,088,000	571,314	Croatia	1941	1945	4 years	See also: Independent State of Croatia
André Masangaissa English version	300,500	1,025,500	555,124	Republic of Mozambique	1977	1979	2 years	The estimate on the left is the sum of all the deaths from the war dead, starvation, and genocide of the RENAMO in the Mozambican civil war that he started.
Hadrian	500,000+	600,000+	547,723	Ancient Rome	117	138	19 years	See also: Bal Kokba's rebellion
Zamora Machel	255,500	1,150,500	542,174	Republic of Mozambique	1975	1986	11 years	The estimate on the left is the sum of all the deaths in battle, starvation, and FRELIMO repression in the Mozambican civil war led by FRELIMO.
Gessius Florus	250,000	1,100,000	524,404	Ancient Rome	64	66	2 years	「First Jewish–Roman War」も参照
Bharaji Bhaji Rao	490,000	550,000	519,134	Maratha Kingdom	1740	1761	21 years
Alexander III	Hundreds of thousands (estimated by GPT-4)			Kingdom of Argean Macedonia	356 BC	323 BC	33 years	Answer by Copilot below "Some historians estimate that the death toll from Alexander the Great's expedition to the East was in the hundreds of thousands. Such speculations take into account many factors, including the population density at the time, the scale and frequency of the fighting, and the size of the area affected by the war.
William McKinley	230,200	1,024,200	485,562	America	1897	1901	4 years	See also: Philippine-American War
Pope Innocent III	200,000+	1,000,000+	447,214+	Europe	1198	1216	18 years	The figures on the left are for the Albigensian Crusade only, and do not include other massacres such as the Fourth Crusade
Raghuzy Bonesleigh	400,000+			Maratha Kingdom (India)	1738	1755	17 years	「Maratha invasions of Bengal」も参照
Mehmed IV	380,000+			Ottoman Empire	1648	1687	39 years	The figures on the left are based only on the casualties of the Great Turkish War
Benito Mussolini	158,000	628,000	314,998	Italy, Libya, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, Greece	1922	1945	24 years	80,000 to 125,000[信頼性要検証] or over 1/4 of the CyrenaicanPacification of Libya Ethiopia in which 62,000 to 485,000 Second Italo-Abyssinian War[信頼性要検証] 11,000War crimes in Greece 5,000 to 7,000. War crimes in Yugoslavia
Lu Hong peach (English edition)	250,000	400,000	316,228	Vietnam	1072	1128	56 years	"Song–Dai Viet warSee also
George W. Bush	244,124	266,427	255,031	America	2001	2009	8 years	The war on terror he provoked involved many civilians. For details http://www.icti-e.com see /,http://icta.m-shonan.jp/
Francisco Franco	195,000	265,000	227,321	Spain, Australia, Russia	1939	1975	36 years	Diseases and starvation: 130,000 (1939–1943) Repression: 30,000–100,000 (1939–1948) Prison camps: 20,000 (1939–1943) Spanish Maquis: 5,548 (1939–1965) World War II: 5,000 (Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria) Blue Division: Casualties in the Russo-German conflict totalled 22,700. In action against the Blue Division, the Red Army suffered 49,300 casualties. 「Francoist Spain」も参照
Idi Amin	100,000	500,000	223,607	Uganda	1971	1979	8 years	Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition, earning him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda."
Josip Broz Tito	60,000	802,000	219,363	Yugoslavia	1944	1980	36 years
Oliver Cromwell	250,000	260,000	254,951	Ireland Island	1653	1658	3 years	See also: Cromwell's invasion of Ireland
Abu Bakr al-= Baghdadi	232,500+			Iraq	2014	2019	5 years	See also: Islamic State, fighting in Iraq (2013-2017)
Lee Seung-wan	200,00+			Republic of Korea	1919	1960	41 years	See also: "Guardian League Case"
Claudius	132,935	292,935	197,336	Ancient Rome	41	54	13 years	The estimated value on the left is also due to his conquest of the island of Britain
Harry S. Truman	150,000	246,000	192,094	America	1945	1953	8 years	See Atomic bomb dropped on Japan
Ferdinand	187,500			Bulgaria	1887	1918	28 tears	Deaths in their home countries due to participation in World War I
Gheorghe Gheorghiu = Desi	60,000	435,000	161,555	Romania	1945	1989	44 years	The estimate on the left includes all the number of people who were sacrificed by the rule of Romania by the Romanian Communist regime with which he was in place.
Ivan IV	60,000  [Confidence to 検証].	260,000	124,900	Russian Empire	1533	1584	51 years
Mohammed Siad Barre	50,000	200,000	100,000	Somalia	1988	1991	3 years	See also: Isaaq genocide
Bashar Assad	100,000	100,000	100,000	Syria	2011	present	9 years	See also: Syrian Civil War
Huyen Thong Bat English version	95,000	95,000	95,000	South Vietnam	1975	1976	1 years	See also: refresher camp
Holy Father	90,000+			Khitan (Northeast China)	982	1031	49 years	See also: Khitan's invasion of Goryeo
Jean = Bedel Bokassa	90,000			Central African Republic	1966	1976	10 years
King Salman	85,000	85,000	85,000	Saudi Arabia	2016	present	3 years	See also: Famine in Yemen
Vlko Chervenkov	31,000	220,000	81,240	Bulgaria	1944	1954	5 years	The estimate on the left includes all the numbers of people who were killed by the rule of Bulgaria by the Bulgarian Communist regime with which he was established.
Henry VIII	72,000	72,000	72,000	England	1509	1547	38 years
Tokugawa Ieyasu	30,350	162,600	70,249	Japan	1600	1616	6 years	The number of deaths from the battles he led ・Battle of Sekigahara (there are various theories) 12,000-42,600 ・Osaka-no-jin 18,350-120,000
Walter Ulbricht	70,000	70,000	70,000	East Germany	1950	1971	21 years	The estimate on the left includes all the people who were killed by the rule of East Germany by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany government, which he instituted.
Vlad III	43,903	100,000	66,259	Wallachia	1456	1462	6 years
Clement Gottwald	65,000	65,000	65,000	Czechoslovakia	1948	1968	20 years	The estimate on the left includes all the victims of the communist regime established by the political upheaval of 1948 that he led.
Francisco Macias Nguema	50,000	80,000	63,246	Equatorial Guinea	1968	1979	11 years	Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic, corrupt, and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history. Sources vary, but he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time. [要出典]
Rafael Trujillo	50,000	50,000	50,000	Dominican Republic	1930	1938	8 years
François Duvalier	30,000	60,000	42,426	Haiti	1957	1971	14 years	Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians, and the exile of many more. [要出典]
Issen Habre	40,000	40,000	40,000	Chad	1982	1990	8 years	In May 2016, Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people. He was sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.
Tiberius	38,000			Ancient Rome	14	37	23 years
Matsukura Katsuya	28,130	42,712	34,662	Shimabara Domain (Edo Shogunate)	1630	1638	8 years	See also: Shimabara Rebellion
Feder Castro	9,240	92,400	29,219	Cuba	1961	2006	45 years	Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, which accuses the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses. This includes offenses such as arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution.
Ayatollah Khomeini	10,482	48,000	22,431	Iran	1979	1989	10 years	4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre 6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed (refer to earlier tables on page)
Bolesław Bierut	22,000	22,000	22,000	People's Republic of Poland	1948	1956	44 years	First leader of the United Workers' Party of Poland The estimate on the left also includes all victims up to the democratization (1987).
Tomás de Torquemada	2,000	124,621	15,787	Spanish Empire	1480	1498	18 years	Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those burned at the stake, whereas the maximum death toll also includes those who died from hunger and torture.
Rākosi Matthias	27,000	27,000	13,748	Hungary	1948	1956	8 years	150,000 perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies. 「ハンガリー共産党」も参照
Enver Hoxha	5,000	28,000	11,832	Albania	1941	1985	44 years
Daniel-François Marin	18,997  [Credible Certificate].	21,000	19,999	South Africa	1948	1954	6 years	The estimate on the left is an estimate of the number of victims of the apartheid policy that he established.
Ferdinand Marcos	3,257	80,000	16,142	Philippines	1965	1986	21 years	The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. Also Includes those from the Moro conflict.
Tiberius	9,500  [Confidence to 検証].	9,500	9,500	Ancient Rome	14	37	23 years
Caligula	9,000	9,000	9,000	Ancient Rome	37	41	4 years
Johnny Paul Coloma	6,000	6,000	6,000	Sierra Leone	1997	1998	1 year
Nero	5,750	5,750	5,750	Ancient Rome	54	68	14 years