Draft:List of United States vice presidential firsts

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This list lists achievements and distinctions of various vice presidents of the United States. It includes distinctions achieved in their earlier lives and post-vice-presidencies. However, vice presidents who went on to be President will not have achievements or firsts garnered during their presidencies listed.

John Adams (1789–1797)

Further information: John Adams

First vice president of the United States.^[a]^[1]
First vice president to later become president.
First vice president to be a part of a political party.
First Federalist vice president.
First vice president to have a direct relative become President.^[b]
First Unitarian vice president.
First Congregationalist vice president.
First vice president who had never served in the military.^[2]
First vice president from Massachusetts.^[3]
First vice president to serve more than one term.
First vice president to live to the age of 90.

Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)

Further information: Thomas Jefferson

First Democratic-Republican vice president.
First vice president to be a part of a contested presidential election.
First vice president to have a political party differing from their president's.^[c]
First vice president to have served in the military.
First vice president to be widowed prior to their vice presidency.
First vice president to own slaves.
First vice president to have been a Cabinet member.
First vice president to have been secretary of state.
First vice president to only serve one term.
First vice president to have been a state governor.^[d]
First vice president from Virginia.
First redhead vice president.
First vice president to defeat his own president in a presidential election.

Aaron Burr (1801–1805)

Further information: Aaron Burr

First vice president to not become president.
First vice president from New York.
First Presbyterian vice president.
First vice president to have been a senator.
First vice president to have been a state attorney general.^[e]
First vice president to not be the only vice president under a single president.^[f]
First vice president to remarry after their vice presidency.
First vice president to kill a Founding Father.

George Clinton (1805–1812)

Further information: George Clinton

First vice president to serve under two different presidents (Thomas Jefferson and James Madison).^[4]
First vice president elected after the passage of the Twelfth Amendment.^[5]
First vice president to run for President of the United States and lose the presidential election.
First vice president born in New York.
First vice president to be a Freemason.
First Dutch Reformed vice president.
First vice president to die during their term.^[4]

Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)

Further information: Elbridge Gerry

First vice president to have been a member of the House of Representatives.
First vice president to take the oath of office outside of Washington D.C.
First vice president to take office following an intra-term vacancy.^[g]
First Episcopalian vice president.
First vice president not to run for President of the United States.
First vice president buried in Washington, D.C.

Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)

Further information: Daniel D. Tompkins

First vice president to serve two full four-year terms of office.
First Freemason vice president to serve under a president who was also a Freemason.

John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)

Further information: John C. Calhoun

First vice president born as a United States citizen (born after the Declaration of Independence).^[6]
First vice president to cast more than 30 tie-breaking votes as president of the Senate.
First vice president to become a senator after their vice presidency.
First vice president to become a Cabinet member after their vice presidency.
First vice president from South Carolina.
First Nullifier vice president.
First vice president to resign.^[7]

Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)

Further information: Martin Van Buren

First Democrat vice president.
First vice president to be a non-native speaker of English.^[h]

Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841)

Further information: Richard M. Johnson

First vice president from Kentucky.
First Baptist vice president.
First vice president elected by the Senate under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment.^[8]
First vice president to have served in the War of 1812.

John Tyler (1841–1841)

Further information: John Tyler

First Whig vice president.
First vice president to be born in the same county as his president.
First vice president to cast no tie-breaking votes as president of the Senate.
First vice president to succeed to the presidency without election.^[9]
First vice president to hold political office in the Confederate States of America (as a delegate to the Confederate Congress).^[10]

George M. Dallas (1845–1849)

Further information: George M. Dallas

First vice president from Pennsylvania.
First vice president to have been a mayor.^[i]
First vice president to become an ambassador after their vice presidency.

Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)

Further information: Millard Fillmore

First vice president to have served in the Civil War.^[j]

William R. King (1853–1853)

Further information: William R. King

First vice president from Alabama.
First vice president born in North Carolina.
First vice president to take the oath of office on foreign soil (Havana, Cuba).^[11]
First vice president to administer the oath of office to another vice president (as president pro tempore of the Senate).
First vice president to resign from the Senate to take office as Vice President.
First vice president to have no children.

John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)

Further information: John C. Breckinridge

First vice president born in the 19th century.
First vice president to run for the presidency, earn the primary nomination in their party, and lose the presidential election.
First vice president to have served in the Mexican–American War.^[k]

Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)

Further information: Hannibal Hamlin

First vice president from Maine.^[l]
First Republican vice president.^[12]
First vice president to be widowed and remarry prior to their vice presidency.

Andrew Johnson (1865–1865)

Further information: Andrew Johnson

First vice president from Tennessee.
First vice president to receive no higher education.
First National Union vice president.

Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)

Further information: Schuyler Colfax

First vice president born in New York City.
First vice president from Indiana.
First vice president to have been Speaker of the House of Representatives.^[m]

Henry Wilson (1873–1875)

Further information: Henry Wilson

First vice president born in New Hampshire.

William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)

Further information: William A. Wheeler

First vice president to have been a district attorney.^[n]

Chester A. Arthur (1881–1881)

Further information: Chester A. Arthur

First vice president born in Vermont.

Thomas A. Hendricks (1885–1885)

Further information: Thomas A. Hendricks

First vice president born in Ohio.

Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)

Further information: Levi P. Morton

First vice president to become a state governor after their vice presidency.^[o]
First vice president to be alive in the 20th century.

Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897)

Further information: Adlai Stevenson I

First vice president from Illinois.

Garret Hobart (1897–1899)

Further information: Garret Hobart

First vice president from New Jersey.

Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1901)

Further information: Theodore Roosevelt

First vice president to succeed to the presidency and later win election to the presidency in his own right.^[13]
First vice president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.^[p]^[14]

Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)

Further information: Charles W. Fairbanks

First vice president to serve a complete term without casting any tie-breaking votes as president of the Senate.

James S. Sherman (1909–1912)

Further information: James S. Sherman

First vice president to fly in an airplane.^[15]
First vice president to throw out the ceremonial first pitch at a baseball game.^[15]

Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)

Further information: Thomas R. Marshall

First vice president born in Indiana.
First vice president to preside over cabinet meetings.

Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)

Further information: Calvin Coolidge

First vice president to attend Cabinet meetings.^[16]
First vice president born after the Civil War.

Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)

Further information: Charles G. Dawes

First vice president to have served in World War I.
First vice president to have been a member of the American Legion.

Charles Curtis (1929–1933)

Further information: Charles Curtis

First vice president of color.^[17]
First Native American vice president.
First vice president to have been Senate Majority Leader.
First vice president to have been Senate Majority Whip.
First vice president to have been Senate Minority Whip.
First vice president born in a U.S. territory (Kansas Territory).
First vice president from Kansas.^[18]
First vice president from west of the Mississippi River.^[19]
First vice president to take the oath of office on a Bible.^[19]
First vice president to open the Olympic Games.^[20]

John Nance Garner (1933–1941)

Further information: John Nance Garner

First vice president from Texas.
First vice president under Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[q]
First vice president to take the oath of office in the same ceremony as the president.^[21]
First vice president inaugurated on January 20th.^[22]

Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)

Further information: Henry A. Wallace

First vice president from Iowa.
First vice president to travel abroad.^[13]
First vice president to head a government agency.^[r]^[23]

Harry S. Truman (1945–1945)

Further information: Harry S. Truman

First vice president from Missouri.
First vice president to be assigned a Secret Service agent.^[13]

Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)

Further information: Alben W. Barkley

First Methodist vice president.
First vice president to assume the office over the age of 70.
First vice president to be called "veep".^[s]^[24]
First vice president to marry while in office.^[25]
First vice president to have been Senate Minority Leader.
First vice president to become a member of the National Security Council.^[26]

Richard Nixon (1953–1961)

Further information: Richard Nixon

First Quaker vice president.
First vice president from California.
First vice president from west of the Rocky Mountains.
First vice president born in the 20th century.^[27]
First non-incumbent vice president to be elected president.^[28]
First vice president to have served in World War II.

Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)

Further information: Lyndon B. Johnson

First Disciples of Christ vice president.^[29]

Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)

Further information: Hubert Humphrey

First Lutheran vice president.
First vice president born in South Dakota.
First vice president from Minnesota.^[30]
First vice president to address the House of Representatives in session.^[t]

Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)

Further information: Spiro Agnew

First vice president from Maryland.
First vice president to resign as a result of a scandal.^[31]

Gerald Ford (1973–1974)

Further information: Gerald Ford

First vice president born in Nebraska.
First vice president from Michigan.
First vice president to have been minority leader of the House of Representatives.
First vice president named during a presidential term under the provisions of the 25th Amendment.^[13]
First vice president not elected by the Electoral College to succeed to the presidency without an election.

Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)

Further information: Nelson Rockefeller

First vice president to divorce and remarry prior to their vice presidency.
First vice president to be cremated.^[u]^[32]

Walter Mondale (1977–1981)

Further information: Walter Mondale

First vice president born after World War I.
First vice president to attend a vice-presidential debate.^[33]
First vice president to be briefed on the U.S. nuclear war plan.^[34]
First vice president to participate in nuclear-attack drills.^[34]
First vice president to have an office in the White House.^[35]

George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)

Further information: George H. W. Bush

First vice president to serve as acting president.^[36]

Dan Quayle (1989–1993)

Further information: Dan Quayle

First vice president born after World War II.^[37]

Al Gore (1993–2001)

Further information: Al Gore

First vice president born in Washington, D.C.
First vice president to win the popular vote in the presidential election, but not the electoral vote.

Dick Cheney (2001–2009)

Further information: Dick Cheney

First vice president from Wyoming.^[38]
First Methodist vice president to serve under a Methodist president.

Joe Biden (2009–2017)

Further information: Joe Biden

First vice president from Delaware.^[39]
First Catholic vice president.^[40]
First vice president to have a Facebook page.^[41]

Mike Pence (2017–2021)

Further information: Mike Pence

First Evangelical vice president.^[42]
First vice president to cast a tie-breaking vote as president of the Senate to confirm a Cabinet member (Betsy DeVos).^[43]
First vice president to cast a tie-breaking vote as president of the Senate to confirm a judicial nominee (Jonathan A. Kobes).^[44]
First vice president to speak at the March for Life.^[45]
First vice president to establish an independent political action committee.^[v]^[46]

Kamala Harris (2021–)

Further information: Kamala Harris

First female vice president.^[47]
First woman of color to serve as vice president.^[17]
First African-American vice president.^[47]
First Asian-American vice president.^[47]
First vice president to have a Jewish spouse (Douglas Emhoff).^[48]
First vice president to be named TIME Person of the Year.^[w]^[47]
First vice president featured in Madame Tussauds wax museum.^[x]^[49]

Notes

^ As Adams was the first vice president, every thing he did or could possibly be described as would be a vice presidential first. In service of limiting his section, only noteworthy firsts will be listed.
^ Adams' eldest son, John Quincy Adams, was the 6th President of the United States.
^ Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican, while President John Adams was a Federalist. This is because they were the only two candidates for President in the 1796 election, and neither had running mates. While John Adams and George Washington did not belong to the same party, this is only because George Washington did not belong to any party; Thomas Jefferson was the first vice president to have a president with a differing party.
^ Jefferson served as Governor of Virginia from June 2, 1779 to June 3, 1781.
^ Burr served as Attorney General of New York from September 29, 1789 to November 8, 1791.
^ Burr's president, Thomas Jefferson, replaced Burr on his ticket in favor of George Clinton in the election of 1804, which Jefferson and Clinton won.
^ As his predecessor George Clinton died in office and there were no measures in place at the time for filling the vacancy, Gerry took office following a ten-month period of the position's inoccupancy.
^ Van Buren was born in New York, but his first language was Dutch.
^ Dallas served as Mayor of Philadelphia from October 21, 1828 to April 15, 1829.
^ Fillmore commanded the Union Continentals (New York Guard) post-vice presidency as a Captain (Guard).
^ Though a Major, he saw no combat.
^ Hamlin was born in 1809 in what is today Maine, then the District of Maine, part of Massachusetts. Maine gained statehood in 1820.
^ 38th, 39th, and 40th Congresses (1863–1869). Colfax resigned as Speaker the day before his inauguration as Vice President. Garner would become the second vice president to have served as Speaker.
^ Wheeler served as district attorney of Franklin County, New York from 1846 to 1849. Nearly 30 years later, he would serve as vice president.
^ Morton served as Governor of New York from January 1, 1895 to December 31, 1896.
^ Awarded in 1906 for negotiating the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth, ending the Russo-Japanese War. "For his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia."
^ Roosevelt served four terms as president, the most of any president. During this time, he had three vice presidents, the most of any president, the first of which being Garner.
^ Wallace was appointed chair of the Economic Defense Board in July 1941.
^ A nickname received from his grandson.
^ On November 3, 1977, Humphrey became the first person other than the President or a member of the House to address the House in session.
^ Rockefeller's remains were cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York, in 1979. The vice president who succeeded him, Mondale, would eventually become the second vice president to be cremated, after his 2021 death.
^ The Great America Committee was founded by Pence while serving as vice president in 2017.
^ Harris was Vice President-elect at the time, and named TIME Person of the Year jointly with President-elect Joe Biden, who had previously served as Vice President.
^ Paired with a wax figure of President Joe Biden, a former vice president. Currently on display at Madame Tussauds New York. Madame Tussauds Washington D.C., a now closed museum, housed wax figures of all former presidents, some of which had also served as vice president.

References

^ "John Adams, Our First Vice President". www.americanacorner.com.
^ "Military Roots: Presidents who were Veterans". U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs.
^ Eskin, Blake (1998). Book of Political Lists. p. 5.
^ ^a ^b Sirgiovanni, George S. (1994). "Dumping the Vice President: An Historical Overview and Analysis". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 24 (4): 765–782. JSTOR 27551324.
^ The American Presidency. Encyclopaedia Britannica. January 2017. ISBN 9781625135322.
^ "John C. Calhoun". etc.usf.edu.
^ Editors, History com. "John C. Calhoun resigns vice presidency". HISTORY. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "The Senate Elects a Vice President". senate.gov.
^ "John Tyler". The White House.
^ Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 Volume 1. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904. pp. 303, 658.
^ "William Rufus King sworn in as Vice President in Havana, Cuba | House Divided". hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu.
^ "Grave site of U.S. Vice President Hannibal Hamlin · Mount Hope Cemetery Virtual Tour". mounthopecemetery.omeka.net.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDOC-104sdoc26/pdf/CDOC-104sdoc26.pdf
^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1906". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06.
^ ^a ^b "James S. Sherman: So Many Firsts... | Politic-Ed". March 28, 2022.
^ "U.S. Senate: About the Vice President | Historical Overview". www.senate.gov.
^ ^a ^b "Fact check: Charles Curtis holds spot as first person of color as vice president". www.usatoday.com.
^ "Charles Curtis". www.visittopeka.com.
^ ^a ^b "Charles Curtis: The First and Only Native American Vice President of USA". January 5, 2019.
^ "Curtis Opens Tenth Olympiad with Over 100,000 Looking Over". The Nebraska State Journal. Lincoln, NE. July 31, 1932. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Abrupt Transition". National Archives. August 15, 2016.
^ "Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives". 2000.
^ Nelson, Michael (May 2015). Guide to the Presidency. Routledge. ISBN 9781135914691.
^ "The Veep: A great death for Alben Barkley".
^ https://study.com/learn/lesson/vice-president-alben-w-barkley-facts-biography-quotes.html
^ https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20010213_RL30842_2a48b07bf01b43a5b1ad5180c5135a295996c049.pdf
^ Sirgiovanni, George (1988). "The "Van Buren Jinx": Vice Presidents Need Not Beware". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 18 (1): 61–76. JSTOR 27550532 – via JSTOR.
^ "Vice Presidents who ran for President". CBS News. 3 September 2015.
^ "Religion and President Johnson". Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-11-21.
^ "'Model' vice-president back from the cold". the Guardian. October 28, 2002.
^ Editors, History com. "Vice President Agnew resigns". HISTORY. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "Vice presidential haunts". www.chicagotribune.com. 22 September 2002.
^ "Veep debates: A brief history of memorable moments". www.usatoday.com.
^ ^a ^b Kaplan, Fred (20 April 2021). "The Vice Presidency Was a Joke Before Walter Mondale". Slate.
^ "Walter Mondale, liberal icon and Carter's vice president, dies at 93". www.pbs.org. 19 April 2021.
^ Boyd, Gerald M. (July 14, 1985). "Reagan Transfers Power to Bush for 8-Hour Period of 'Incapacity'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2019.
^ American Political Leaders 1789-2009. CQ Press. 22 September 2009. ISBN 9781452267265.
^ "DenverPost.com - Colorado Politics & Elections". extras.denverpost.com.
^ "Think you know your election trivia?". CNN. November 3, 2008. Archived from the original on November 6, 2008.
^ "The First Catholic Vice President?". www.npr.org.
^ "Hi, folks. Welcome to my Facebook page. It's the first time a Vice President has had one of these". www.facebook.com.
^ Mahler, Jonathan; Johnson, Dirk (2016-07-20). "Mike Pence's Journey: Catholic Democrat to Evangelical Republican". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
^ "VP Pence Casts Tie-Breaking Vote to Confirm Betsy DeVos as Education Secretary". www.spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte.
^ "Federal judge becomes first in U.S. history confirmed by tiebreaker in the Senate". www.cbsnews.com. 11 December 2018.
^ "Pence at March for Life: 'Life is winning again'". www.indystar.com.
^ "Pence Creates PAC Ahead of 2018, 2020 Elections". www.nbcnews.com. 18 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "The History Behind TIME Choosing President-Elects as Person of the Year". www.time.com. 11 December 2020.
^ "Douglas Emhoff: Second Gentleman". www.whitehouse.gov.
^ "Kamala Harris to be first vice president immortalized in Madame Tussauds Wax Museum". www.nbcnews.com. May 2021.

[1] As Adams was the first vice president, every thing he did or could possibly be described as would be a vice presidential first. In service of limiting his section, only noteworthy firsts will be listed.

[3] Adams' eldest son, John Quincy Adams, was the 6th President of the United States.

[6] Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican, while President John Adams was a Federalist. This is because they were the only two candidates for President in the 1796 election, and neither had running mates. While John Adams and George Washington did not belong to the same party, this is only because George Washington did not belong to any party; Thomas Jefferson was the first vice president to have a president with a differing party.

[7] Jefferson served as Governor of Virginia from June 2, 1779 to June 3, 1781.

[8] Burr served as Attorney General of New York from September 29, 1789 to November 8, 1791.

[9] Burr's president, Thomas Jefferson, replaced Burr on his ticket in favor of George Clinton in the election of 1804, which Jefferson and Clinton won.

[12] As his predecessor George Clinton died in office and there were no measures in place at the time for filling the vacancy, Gerry took office following a ten-month period of the position's inoccupancy.

[15] Van Buren was born in New York, but his first language was Dutch.

[19] Dallas served as Mayor of Philadelphia from October 21, 1828 to April 15, 1829.

[20] Fillmore commanded the Union Continentals (New York Guard) post-vice presidency as a Captain (Guard).

[22] Though a Major, he saw no combat.

[23] Hamlin was born in 1809 in what is today Maine, then the District of Maine, part of Massachusetts. Maine gained statehood in 1820.

[25] 38th, 39th, and 40th Congresses (1863–1869). Colfax resigned as Speaker the day before his inauguration as Vice President. Garner would become the second vice president to have served as Speaker.

[26] Wheeler served as district attorney of Franklin County, New York from 1846 to 1849. Nearly 30 years later, he would serve as vice president.

[27] Morton served as Governor of New York from January 1, 1895 to December 31, 1896.

[29] Awarded in 1906 for negotiating the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth, ending the Russo-Japanese War. "For his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia."

[37] Roosevelt served four terms as president, the most of any president. During this time, he had three vice presidents, the most of any president, the first of which being Garner.

[40] Wallace was appointed chair of the Economic Defense Board in July 1941.

[42] A nickname received from his grandson.

[50] On November 3, 1977, Humphrey became the first person other than the President or a member of the House to address the House in session.

[52] Rockefeller's remains were cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York, in 1979. The vice president who succeeded him, Mondale, would eventually become the second vice president to be cremated, after his 2021 death.

[67] The Great America Committee was founded by Pence while serving as vice president in 2017.

[71] Harris was Vice President-elect at the time, and named TIME Person of the Year jointly with President-elect Joe Biden, who had previously served as Vice President.

[72] Paired with a wax figure of President Joe Biden, a former vice president. Currently on display at Madame Tussauds New York. Madame Tussauds Washington D.C., a now closed museum, housed wax figures of all former presidents, some of which had also served as vice president.

[2] "John Adams, Our First Vice President". www.americanacorner.com.

[PrezWhoAreVets-4] "Military Roots: Presidents who were Veterans". U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs.

[5] Eskin, Blake (1998). Book of Political Lists. p. 5.

[auto2-10] Sirgiovanni, George S. (1994). "Dumping the Vice President: An Historical Overview and Analysis". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 24 (4): 765–782. JSTOR 27551324.

[11] The American Presidency. Encyclopaedia Britannica. January 2017. ISBN 9781625135322.

[13] "John C. Calhoun". etc.usf.edu.

[14] Editors, History com. "John C. Calhoun resigns vice presidency". HISTORY. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[16] "The Senate Elects a Vice President". senate.gov.

[17] "John Tyler". The White House.

[18] Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 Volume 1. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904. pp. 303, 658.

[21] "William Rufus King sworn in as Vice President in Havana, Cuba | House Divided". hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu.

[24] "Grave site of U.S. Vice President Hannibal Hamlin · Mount Hope Cemetery Virtual Tour". mounthopecemetery.omeka.net.

[cdoc-28] ttps://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDOC-104sdoc26/pdf/CDOC-104sdoc26.pdf

[30] "The Nobel Peace Prize 1906". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06.

[auto-31] "James S. Sherman: So Many Firsts... | Politic-Ed". March 28, 2022.

[32] "U.S. Senate: About the Vice President | Historical Overview". www.senate.gov.

[curtis-33] "Fact check: Charles Curtis holds spot as first person of color as vice president". www.usatoday.com.

[34] "Charles Curtis". www.visittopeka.com.

[auto1-35] "Charles Curtis: The First and Only Native American Vice President of USA". January 5, 2019.

[36] "Curtis Opens Tenth Olympiad with Over 100,000 Looking Over". The Nebraska State Journal. Lincoln, NE. July 31, 1932. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.

[38] "Abrupt Transition". National Archives. August 15, 2016.

[39] "Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives". 2000.

[41] Nelson, Michael (May 2015). Guide to the Presidency. Routledge. ISBN 9781135914691.

[43] "The Veep: A great death for Alben Barkley".

[44] ttps://study.com/learn/lesson/vice-president-alben-w-barkley-facts-biography-quotes.html

[45] ttps://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20010213_RL30842_2a48b07bf01b43a5b1ad5180c5135a295996c049.pdf

[46] Sirgiovanni, George (1988). "The "Van Buren Jinx": Vice Presidents Need Not Beware". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 18 (1): 61–76. JSTOR 27550532 – via JSTOR.

[47] "Vice Presidents who ran for President". CBS News. 3 September 2015.

[48] "Religion and President Johnson". Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. Archived from the original on 2013-11-21.

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[51] Editors, History com. "Vice President Agnew resigns". HISTORY. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[53] "Vice presidential haunts". www.chicagotribune.com. 22 September 2002.

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[62] "Hi, folks. Welcome to my Facebook page. It's the first time a Vice President has had one of these". www.facebook.com.

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