Draft:Jin (mass)
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Jin (Chinese: 斤; pinyin: jīn), also called "Chinese pound" or "catty"[a], is a traditional Chinese unit for weight measurement in East Asia. It originated in China mainland before being introduced to neighboring places. Nowaday, the mass of a jin normally ranges between 600 to 610 grams in different places: 500 grams in mainland China, 600 grams in Taiwan,[1] Japan, Korea[2] and Thailand, 604.78982 grams in Hong Kong,[3] 604.79 grams in Malaysia[4] and 604.8 grams in Singapore.[5] Jin is mostly used in the traditional markets. They are also famous for measuring monetary objects such as gold and silver. [6]
History
[edit]In ancient China, there was an official position called "Sima" (司马). Sima was mainly in charge of the military. Because the management of grain and fodder required weighing, "Sima" was related to the unit of weight. China has had weight units since the Zhou Dynasty: Jin, Liang, Qian, Fen, also known as "Sima Jin" (司馬斤), "Sima Liang", etc. The measuring tool is called "Sima Scale", this standard is also called "Sima Ping System Mark" ”. One Sima Jin is equal to sixteen Sima Liang, which is how the idiom "half a catty eight Liang" comes from. [7]
The actual mass of the jin has changed in different eras and regions, but its ratio to other relevant units remains unchanged. One jin is equal to sixteen liangs, one 1/100 of a dan, or 1/120 of a shi. Starting from the late Qing Dynasty, jin was also written in English as catty or kan based on the sounds of Malay language.[8]。
Before the Qing Dynasty, various regions and industries in China had their own weight standards for jin and liang, which were not uniform, thus often causing confusion. During the Qing Dynasty, unified weights and measures were implemented. One jin was approximately 596.816 grams, which equaled 16 liang, or one liang was approximately 37.301 grams.[9]
China Mainland
[edit]Chinese mass units promulgated in 1915
[edit]On 7 January 1915, the Beiyang government promulgated a measurement law to use not only metric system as the standard but also a set of Chinese-style measurement based directly on the Qing dynasty definitions (营造尺库平制).[9]
| Pinyin | Character | Relative value | Metric value | Imperial value | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| háo | 毫 | 1⁄10000 | 3.7301 mg | 0.0001316 oz | |
| lí | 釐 | 1⁄1000 | 37.301 mg | 0.001316 oz | cash |
| fēn | 分 | 1⁄100 | 373.01 mg | 0.01316 oz | candareen |
| qián | 錢 | 1⁄10 | 3.7301 g | 0.1316 oz | mace or Chinese dram |
| liǎng | 兩 | 1 | 37.301 g | 1.316 oz | tael or Chinese ounce |
| jīn | 斤 | 16 | 596.816 g | 1.316 lb | catty or Chinese pound |
Mass units in the Republic of China since 1930
[edit]On 16 February 1929, the Nationalist government adopted and promulgated The Weights and Measures Act[10] to adopt the metric system as the official standard and to limit the newer Chinese units of measurement (Chinese: 市用制; pinyin: shìyòngzhì; lit. 'market-use system') to private sales and trade in Article 11, effective on 1 January 1930. These newer "market" units are based on rounded metric numbers.[11]
| Pinyin | Character | Relative value | Metric value | Imperial value | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sī | 絲 | 1⁄1600000 | 312.5 μg | 0.00001102 oz | |
| háo | 毫 | 1⁄160000 | 3.125 mg | 0.0001102 oz | |
| lí | 市釐 | 1⁄16000 | 31.25 mg | 0.001102 oz | cash |
| fēn | 市分 | 1⁄1600 | 312.5 mg | 0.01102 oz | candareen |
| qián | 市錢 | 1⁄160 | 3.125 g | 0.1102 oz | mace or Chinese dram |
| liǎng | 市兩 | 1⁄16 | 31.25 g | 1.102 oz | tael or Chinese ounce |
| jīn | 市斤 | 1 | 500 g | 1.102 lb | catty or Chinese pound |
| dàn | 擔 | 100 | 50 kg | 110.2 lb | picul or Chinese hundredweight |
Mass units in the People's Republic of China since 1959
[edit]| Pinyin | Character[12] | Relative value | Metric value | Imperial value | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lí | 市厘 | 1⁄10000 | 50 mg | 0.001764 oz | cash |
| fēn | 市分 | 1⁄1000 | 500 mg | 0.01764 oz | candareen |
| qián | 市錢 | 1⁄100 | 5 g | 0.1764 oz | mace or Chinese dram |
| liǎng | 市兩 | 1⁄10 | 50 g | 1.764 oz | tael or Chinese ounce |
| jīn | 市斤 | 1 | 500 g | 1.102 lb | catty or Chinese pound formerly 16 liang = 1 jin |
| dàn | 市擔 | 100 | 50 kg | 110.2 lb | picul or Chinese hundredweight |
1930-1959
Legally, 1 jin is equal to 500 grams, and 16 liangs (taels) is equal to 1 jin (that is, 1 liangl is equal to 31.25 grams).
Article 5 of the Weights and Measures Law of the Republic of China, enacted in February 1929 and implemented on January 1, 1930, stipulates:
"The weight is one-half of the kilogram as the market jin (abbreviated as the jin), and one jin is divided into Sixteen liang" Article 6 of the law stipulates:
"Liang: equal to one-sixteenth of a jin or ten qian (0.0625 jins)." After this metric measurement reform, most documents from this historical period adopted the metric system in parallel with the municipal system, with the corresponding metric weight enclosed in parentheses after the market system.
1959 to present Legally, 1 jin equals 500 grams, and 10 liangs equals 1 jin (that is, 1 liang equals 50 grams). The traditional Chinese medicine measurement system remains unchanged (that is, 1 jin is 605 grams, and 16 liang is 1 jin).[6]
On June 25, 1959, the State Council of the People's Republic of China issued the "Order on the Unified Measurement System", retaining the market system. "The market system originally stated that sixteen liangs are equal to one jin. Due to the trouble of conversion, it should be changed to ten liangs per jin. "[13]
Taiwan and Kinmen and Matsu regions
[edit]the jin in Taiwan the Republic of China is called Taijin. The so-called Taijin is actually the "jin" used throughout the country during the Qing Dynasty. In 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan. The Japanese implemented the metric system, but the Taiwanese still followed their own habits and continued to use the old weights and measures. When mainland China no longer used the old system of the Qing Dynasty, the old system of weights and measures used in Taiwan naturally became the so-called "Taiwan system." 1 Taiwan Jin is 600 grams, which is equal to 16 Taiwan Liang, and 1 Taiwan Liang is equal to 37.5 grams.
The Kinmen and Matsu areas of the Republic of China still implement the above-mentioned "Law of Weights and Measures": 1 market jin is 500 grams, which is equal to 16 market liang, and 1 market liang is 31.25 grams. [14]
Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore
[edit]According to the original Hong Kong law, Article 22 of 1884, one jin is 1 and 1⁄3 pounds (that is, 3 jins is equal to 4 pounds). Currently, Hong Kong law stipulates that one jin is equal to one hundredth of a dan or sixteen liangs, which is 0.60478982 kilograms.[3]
Hong Kong and Macau mass units
[edit]| Jyutping | Character | English | Portuguese | Relative value | Relation to the Traditional Chinese Units (Macau) | Metric value | Imperial value | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lei4 | 厘 | cash | liz | 1⁄16000 | 1⁄10 condorim | 37.79931 mg | 0.02133 dr | Not defined in Hong Kong. Macanese definition may not be correct when dividing catty. |
| fan1 | 分 | candareen (fan) | condorim | 1⁄1600 | 1⁄10 maz | 377.9936375 mg | 0.2133 dr | Macanese definition of 377.9931 mg may not be correct when dividing catty. |
| cin4 | 錢 | mace (tsin) | maz | 1⁄160 | 1⁄10 tael | 3.779936375 g | 2.1333 dr | Macanese definition of 3.779931 g may not be correct when dividing catty. |
| loeng2 | 兩 | tael (leung) | tael | 1⁄16 | 1⁄16 cate | 37.79936375 g | 1.3333 oz | Macanese definition of 37.79931 g may not be correct when dividing catty. |
| gan1 | 斤 | catty (kan) | cate | 1 | 1⁄100 pico | 604.78982 g | 1.3333 lb | Hong Kong and Macau share the definition. |
| daam3 | 擔 | picul (tam) | pico | 100 | None | 60.478982 kg | 133.3333 lb | Hong Kong and Macau share the definition. |
| Ding | 1000 kg |
Similarly, Singapore law stipulates that one jin is 1 1⁄3 pounds, which is equal to sixteen taels, or 0.6048 kilograms.[5] Malaysia has the same regulations as it is a former British colony. The word catty comes from Malay kati, meaning 'the weight'. It has also been borrowed into English as caddy, meaning a container for storing tea.
A promotional sign at a Hong Kong wet market shows the conversion ratios between metric units, traditional Chinese quality measures and imperial units, including: 1 simajin = 605 grams
Japan
[edit]In Japan, 1 jin is equal to 600 grams, but it is rarely used. The exception is the jin that is currently measured by the large piece of bread (food bread) before slicing the toast. According to the fair competition regulations of the Japan Bread Fair Trade Council (Japanese Bread Fair Trade Council), a jin only needs to be more than 340 grams. Therefore, 510 grams can be called 1.5 jins. [16]
Vietnam
[edit]Vietnam currently uses the jin called "cân ta": 1 sima jin (cân ta) = 0.6046 kilograms = 604.6 grams.
Different jins
[edit]Nowadays, jins are divided into "common jin" (kilogram) according to the international system of units (1 kilogram is equal to 1,000 grams) and "market jins" (traditional Chinese jin) or "<region>+jin" according to the region, such as "Taijin" used in Taiwan ", "Japanese Jin" used in Japan in the past), often abbreviated as "jin", and the weight of market Jin varies according to different regions and eras.
See also
[edit]- Chinese units of measurement
- Japanese units of measurement
- Korean units of measurement
- Taiwanese units of measurement
- Vietnamese units of measurement
Notes
[edit]- ^ Catty is an English translation of jin according to its sounds in Malay.
References
[edit]- ^ Weights and Measures in Use in Taiwan Archived 2010-12-29 at the Wayback Machine from the Republic of China Yearbook – Taiwan 2001.
- ^ "Regulation on Approval and Notification of Herbal (crude) Medicinal Preparations, Etc". Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.
- ^ a b c "Weights and Measures Ordinance". Laws of Hong Kong.
- ^ "Weights and Measures Act 1972". Laws of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01.
- ^ a b "Weights and Measures Act". Statutes of the Republic of Singapore.
- ^ a b c (in Chinese) 1959 Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, No. 180, pages 311 to 312
- ^ "司马)(Sima" (in Chinese). 在线新华字典.
- ^ 莫文暢. 唐字音英語. Event occurs at 20世紀初.
- ^ a b c "權度法 [Quándù Fǎ]", 政府公報 [Zhèngfǔ Gōngbào, Government Gazette], vol. 957, Beijing: Office of the President, 7 January 1915, pp. 85–94[permanent dead link]. (in Chinese)
- ^ "The Weights and Measures Act: Legislative History". Ministry of Justice (Republic of China).
- ^ a b "The Weights and Measures Act (1929)". Legislative Yuan. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25.
- ^ (in Chinese) 1959 Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, No. 180, page 316
- ^ "国务院关于统一我国计量制度的命令 (Order of the State Council on unifying my country's measurement system)". Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
- ^ 金門媳婦 (Kinmen Wife) (2004-09-03). "一斤16兩、半斤8兩 (16 taels per catty, 8 taels for half a catty)". 金門縣金門日報社 (Kinmen County Kinmen Daily) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2022-07-12.
- ^ Law No. 14/92/M ((in Chinese) 第14/92/M號法律; (in Portuguese) Lei n.o 14/92/M)
- ^ 日本パン公正取引協議会：包装食パンの斤表示の義務化. www.pan-koutorikyo.jp. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2018-08-17.