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Draft:Effects of the July 2023 Northeastern United States floods in Vermont

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Draft:Effects of the July 2023 Northeastern United States floods in Vermont
An aerial view of flooding in Montpelier on July 11
CauseHeavy rains
Meteorological history
DurationJuly 9, 2023 – July 10, 2023
Flood
Maximum rainfall9.20 in (234 mm) in Calais
Overall effects
Fatalities3
Damage>$140 million
Areas affectedVermont
Power outagesUnknown
Houses destroyedUnknown
Part of the July 2023 Northeastern United States floods

The July 2023 Northeastern United States floods caused historic, devastating floods across the U.S. state of Vermont, mainly on July 9 and 10. In preparation for the floods, the Weather Prediction Center had issued its first-ever high risk for excessive rainfall for areas in the National Weather Service in Burlington, Vermont's coverage zone, while state governor Phil Scott declared a state of emergency. The flooding and damage stemming from it was described by Scott as "historic and catastrophic", as much of the state received more than 4 inches (100 mm) of rainfall. State officials stated that the flooding and its damages was "bigger than Hurricane Irene", a Category 3 hurricane which also caused damaging floods across Vermont and the Northeastern United States in 2011. Severely impacted areas of the state as a result of the flooding included the capital city of Montpelier, the city of Barre, and the towns of Londonderry, Ludlow, and Weston. The highest rainfall total was recorded in Calais, Washington County; 9.20 inches (234 mm) of rain fell there. The floods also caused three fatalities and widespread damage to infrastructure and communities across the state.

Meteorological synopsis

[edit]
A map of rainfall totals across NWS Burlington, Vermont's area of responsibility, including Vermont and northeastern New York

On July 9, sufficient moisture was in place across much of the Northeastern United States as high dewpoints and precipitable water values (PWATs) ranged around 1.6–1.8 inches (41–46 mm), which resulted in heavier rainfall amounts and rates as convection moved in from the southwest.[1] This atmospheric setup was primarily caused by a jet stream located directly over New England that pulled in moisture from the south, which was wedged in between a low-pressure area over Canada near the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and a high-pressure area located in the northern Atlantic Ocean, the latter of which was a large, expanded area off the coast of Nova Scotia towards Greenland.[2][3] The moisture was also likely contributed from the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean as well, evaporating and producing heavy rainfall across the Northeast.[1][3] Additionally, a trough had progressed from the Great Lakes and the Ohio River regions to portions of Vermont and New York, where it slowed down in movement after reaching the latter areas; this caused extended, prolonged heavy rainfall to northeastern New York and Vermont.[1][2] An area of convergence also influenced additional development of showers and thunderstorms across much of the state.[4] Some areas impacted were already saturated by previous rainfall that occurred two days prior, where localized areas had already received 2–4 inches (51–102 mm) with isolated higher amounts.[1][2] The aforementioned atmospheric trend continued into July 10, which extended the period of heavy rainfall across the same areas that were impacted the day before.[1][3] The floods was described by atmospheric and environmental research scientists as "extremely unusual" and linked to effects stemming from climate change.[5][6] There were also instances of wind damage as the convection also downed several trees and branches amid a level 1/marginal risk being issued for severe weather by the Storm Prediction Center for much of New England.[7][8] Most parts of the state received 3–9 inches (76–229 mm) of rainfall, with 4–8 inches (100–200 mm) occurring across the Green Mountains and nearby areas, with localized higher amounts.[1][2]

Preparations and impact

[edit]

On July 9, the Weather Prediction Center issued their first-ever high risk for flash flooding in the NWS Burlington coverage zone.[2][9] Because of this, state governor Phil Scott declared a state of emergency, which allowed the use of out-of-state resources for emergency responders in the state.[2][10][11]

Governor Scott described the widespread flooding in the state "historic and catastrophic" and "Irene 4.0", while state officials stated that the damages stemming from the floods and the flooding itself were more significant than Hurricane Irene, a Category 3 hurricane which caused widespread flooding impacts to the state in 2011.[12][13][14] Scott's home itself was impacted by the floods as nearby roads near there were completely impassable as a result, which forced him to hike through snowmobile trails.[15] The flooding prompted emergency management to rescue more than 100 people across Vermont.[16] Initially, 4,087 homes and 839 businesses were reportedly damaged, with 754 of the damaged homes being uninhabitable and 314 people displaced as a result of the floods, however more than 3,160 homes were eligible for damage repair assistance by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the number of damaged businesses across the state was below 800 in a WCAX-TV total.[17][18][19] Peter Banacos, a meteorologist associated with the National Weather Service in Burlington, Vermont, compared the floods with the effects of Hurricane Irene in 2011 and noted that damage from the floods "exceeded" the latter event, with the Great Vermont Flood of 1927 only causing further damage than the two events.[1][20][21] The severe weather and floods caused property damages in the state totaling in excess of $140 million (2023 USD).[22]

Washington County

[edit]
An image shows street flooding in downtown Montpelier, which is the county seat of Washington County and the capital city of Vermont. Taken from a ground view.
Street flooding in downtown Montpelier on July 11

The county seat, Montpelier, was severely impacted by the floods. A travel ban was initiated after floodwaters inundated roads across the downtown area; the floodwaters itself also prompted a boil water notice issued for the entire city amid warnings that the city's drinking water system could potentially be contaminated as a result.[23] Several of the city's government buildings, including Montpelier City Hall, were flooded and some were forced to relocate.[23][24] Additionally, numerous businesses and homes were destroyed after flooding left them uninhabitable and unable to operate; this included a United States Postal Service building in the city's downtown area which did not open until 15 months later.[25][26] Residents in the city were also forced to evacuate low-lying areas and locations near the Winooski River, after it crested to record flood levels not seen since Hurricane Irene in 2011; this included portions of downtown Montpelier.[27][28][29] This also led to rising water levels at the Wrightsville Dam, which threatened to burst or overflow on July 11; it then receded by the evening hours of the day.[30][31] At the Edward F. Knapp State Airport near Montpelier, 5.28 inches (134 mm) of rain fell, setting a record for the heaviest rainfall in a single day in the city and breaking the previous record of 5.27 inches (134 mm) set in 2011 by Hurricane Irene's remnants.[1] Overall, nearly 140 businesses across the city were damaged, which resulted in damages in excess of $20 million;[32] almost a dozen homes also sustained "severe" damage.[18]

Nearby, the city of Barre also experienced similar impacts; there and Ludlow, a town in Essex County, were considered to be the most affected in terms of flash flooding.[33] Rainfall totals in excess of 7 inches (180 mm) there caused the Winooski River to overflow its banks and produced widespread flooding across the city, including the downtown area, where officials closed off until the floods receded.[34][35] The combination of debris and several feet-deep mud caused by the floods induced odors across northern and downtown portions of the city.[36] Additionally, several roads there, including Vermont Route 62, were flooded, damaged, or washed out completely; this forced officials to close them off.[36][37] A 63-year-old man drowned in the flood-inundated basement of his home.[38][39] The Thunder Road International SpeedBowl was scheduled to host the second event of the 2023 Superstar Racing Experience auto racing season on July 20, but the event was cancelled as result of the floods in the city.[40] There were nearly 350 structures or properties damaged significantly; an additional 600 claims of damage were reported in Barre.[18][41] The city also had 10 percent of its homes either destroyed or left uninhabitable.[42]

Several other towns and communities in the county also sustained considerable or severe damage. In Berlin, heavy rainfall caused four mobile home parks to flood completely, including a 32-unit one. At least 61 manufactured homes were uninhabitable as a result, including 34 of which were destroyed.[43][44][45] Seventeen roads across the city were damaged, including one of which had a major culvert washed out.[45] The Stevens Branch, a tributary of the Winooski River, overflowed; this flooded a shopping plaza, including a Big Lots and several nearby businesses.[45][46] The town of Middlesex in close proximity sustained severe damage as well, with damages totaling at $4.7 million.[47][48] Plainfield also saw similar effects.[49] Additionally, both directions of Interstate 89 was closed in the county, northbound between Berlin and Middlesex and southbound near Montpelier, after debris was strewn across the roadway by the floodwaters.[50][51] Flooding also closed numerous roads countywide, including Vermont Route 16.[52][53] The highest rainfall total in the county and across the state was in Calais, where 9.20 in (234 mm) fell.[1][33]

Windsor County

[edit]
A hot tub and a sedan sit on rocks damaged as a result of the floods in Vermont in July 2023.
A flood-damaged residence along Vermont Route 100 in Plymouth

Weston was significantly impacted by the floods, especially as a result of the crested West River nearby. Consequently, multiple evacuations were ordered for residential areas along the river.[54][55][56] Several businesses were significantly damaged by flooding, including a historic 300-seat playhouse theater, which had its basement at a total loss after it was completely flooded.[55][57][58] Many other structures were damaged or flooded, including the town's fire station, which was inundated with 5 feet (150 cm) of floodwaters; roads were also damaged or washed out, including a portion of Vermont Route 100 being flooded because of the West River overflow; the crested river itself also destroyed a bridge that was located over the river.[55][59]

The town of Ludlow was also affected by heavy rainfall and flooding, with damage described there as "catastrophic".[60][61] The Black River, a tributary of the Connecticut River, crested; this inundated multiple vehicles in floodwaters and damaged several businesses and shopping stores.[14][62][63] A steakhouse and marketplace were among the several businesses damaged; they were inundated with 7 feet (210 cm) and 4 feet (120 cm) of floodwaters, respectively.[64][65] Among the several roads closed in the town were Vermont Routes 100 and 103 after they were flooded; some local streets were covered with 3 feet (91 cm) of water as well.[62][66][67] A portion of the Green Mountain Railroad was washed out in the town, which resulted in only the railroad tracks being suspended above the surface.[68][69] A 100 yards (91 m) portion of railroad tracks also fell into floodwaters, which in turn caused damage to several homes.[66] Some sewage from the town's main treatment plant were washed into a nearby river while also damaging nearby structures and roads.[70] Additionally, a sewage pipe was significantly damaged and had began to spill sewage into the Black River before a bypassing sewage line was implemented to stop the discharge.[71]

In Chester, some flood damage occurred, but was noted as less than Hurricane Irene in 2011 after protection measures were implemented as a result of the latter event.[72] However, damage included several roads being flooded and closed as a result; among them was a route connecting the town and Ludlow, which cut off direct access between the two communities.[72][62] The combination of heavy rainfall and the overflow of a Williams River branch caused flooding across southern parts of the downtown area and nearby residential areas.[62][73][74] A dam in the town overflowed, which prompted fears of it collapsing and sending the spilled water towards the Williams River.[75] The town's fire department made at least 35 water rescues there.[76]

Several other towns nearby sustained significant damage. Flooding damaged several homes and businesses in Cabot, including a village store that sustained $100,000 in damages.[77][78] The main route through Marshfield, U.S. Route 2, was closed in two areas; the town itself was without drinking water for at least nine days after its supply system was washed out by a landslide.[77][79][80] A town bridge connecting either Marshfield or Plainfield and a campground was washed out by the Winooski River, isolating it and deserting people there.[note 1][81][82] A farmers' market in Woodstock suspended operations after it was inundated by floodwaters; it did not reopen until September 8.[83][84][85] The town also lost its drinking water supply for 10 days, which forced daycare centers, hotels, and restaurants there to close.[86]

Elsewhere in the county, nearly a dozen campers in Andover were rescued by swift boat after the bridge entering and exiting out of Andover was washed out.[87] High water levels along the Ompompanoosuc and White rivers prompted evacuations for areas and residents in the towns of Thetford and Hartford, respectively.[88][89] The White River also washed out a bridge that was to be fully constructed as a connecting route between Vermont Route 14 and a separate road in the village of Hartford.[90] Additionally, a branch of the river washed out portions of roads and flooded sports fields in Bethel; sixteen people were rescued from floodwaters in the town as well.[91] A water gauge south of Bethel recorded 40,000 cubic feet (1,100 m3) of water moving through the White River per second, which was half the amount of the water measured in the same area of the river during Hurricane Irene, where every second, 90,000 cubic feet (2,500 m3) of water flowed through.[91] The Ottauquechee River also overflowed, flooding parts of Bridgewater and damaging several businesses there,[92][93] while in Cavendish, several roads were flooded or washed out, with some of them attributed to the overflowing Black River nearby.[94][95] A branch of the Black River also overflowed in Reading, flooding several homes and destroying a Vermont Route 106 bridge.[96][97] At Camp Plymouth State Park, twelve people were stranded after the campsite was completely flooded; damage there was also worse than any other state park and forced the state park to close for the rest of 2023.[98][99][100] Twenty-one people at a residential care center in Chelsea were evacuated as the town itself also sustained flood damage.[101] Numerous roads were flooded across the county as well, including U.S. Route 4 and Vermont Routes 106, 107, and 132.[89][101][102] The highest rainfall total countywide was in Plymouth, where 9.05 inches (230 mm) fell; the town sustained significant flooding as a result and damage resulting from it totaled $3.36 million.[2][99] A 67-year-old man was killed after he was swept away by the floods while hiking the Appalachian Trail in Stockbridge.[103][104]

Windham County

[edit]

The town of Londonderry was ... [105][57][106]

Rutland County

[edit]

Bennington County

[edit]

Lamoille County

[edit]

Johnson ...[107][108]

Orleans County

[edit]

Barton sustained ... [109]

Chittenden County

[edit]
A picture from a National Guard helicopter shows an aerial view of flooding over the village of Richmond, Vermont on July 11.
Flooding in Richmond on July 11

A 25-year-old woman drowned after falling into the Huntington River in Richmond.[110][111][112]

Essex County

[edit]

Caledonia County

[edit]

Elsewhere

[edit]

[113][114][115]

Addison County: [116][117]

Aftermath

[edit]

The Barre Auditorium was set up as an emergency shelter for flood-impacted victims in the city by the American Red Cross.[53][118]

[119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154]

[155][156]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Sources conflict on the location where the bridge connects to from the campground; the magazine Seven Days states that the bridge connected to Marshfield, while WCAX-TV lists the bridge reached to Plainfield. However, no other source picks up on the specific location of the bridge besides these two; therefore, the two towns are mentioned as to which town the bridge from the campground connects to.

References

[edit]
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  7. ^ "20230709's Storm Reports". Storm Prediction Center. July 9, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
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