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Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin

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Not to be confused with the Brokpa (ethnic group in Ladakh ).
Population map of Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin (Schedule Tribes of India) in 2001

Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin is a category of Scheduled Tribes under the Indian constitution.

The category contains tribes who speak Dardic languages.[1] In the Indian-administered Kashmir region, these tribes are mostly found in the Kargil and Baramulla districts and few of them are found in Leh. They are predominantly Muslim and a few are Buddhists and Hindus.[2][3][4]

In the Census of India, the demographic numbers of the "Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard, and Shin" Tribes are added together. Dards is the collective name for this group.[5] Following are the Tribes under the catogory:

  1. In Baramullah
    1. Dards of Baramulla, they are known as Shina people.
  2. In Ladakh[6]
    1. The Dards of Drass valley. They are known as Shina people.
    2. Brokpa, the Dards of Dha hanu region, they are known as Minaro people.

Demographics

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In the Census of India, the demographic numbers of the "Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard, and Shin" Tribes are added together. Dards is the collective name for this group.[5]

The 2001 Census of India counted 51,957 people in these tribes. Of these, 26,066 people lived in Baramulla, 23,418 in Kargil, 1,002 in Leh and 1,199 in Srinagar. Of the 48,400 counted in 2011, 45,100 were Muslim, 3,144 were Buddhist and 133 were Hindu.[2]

Dards of Baramulla

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Main article: Shina people

The Dard-Shin tribe or Shina people is found in Gurez and Tulail in Baramullah.[7] Gurez valley is home to a distinct Shina-speaking Dard tribe who have been cut off from their mainland Astore, Gilgit, and Chilas by the Line of Control.[8] They speak the Astori dialect of Shina language.[9][10][11]

Dards of Drass valley

[edit]
Main article: Shina people

Drokpa (Shin) Tribe in Drass valley in Kargil: They are Muslim Dards known as Drokpa or Shin which is found in the Drass region of Kargil.[12][13] They are also known as the 'Shin' because of their language, 'Shinna,' which is part of the Dard group of languages in the non-Sanskritic Indo European family.[14] They are also believed to have come from the Dardistan. Despite professing the Sunni faith, they maintain certain customs brought with them from their original home.[15] They speak the Astori dialect of Shina language.[16][17]

Dards of Dha Hanu

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Main article: Brokpa

Brokpa or Minaro: Brokpa or Minaro are Buddhist Dards and they speak Brokskat language. They are found in the Aryan valley region. They call themselves "Minaro", while Ladakhis call them Brokpa or Dokhpa.[18][19] According to the 1991 census of India, there were 1,920 Brokpa. They speak the Brokskat or Minaro language[20] which comes under the Eastern Dardic language group.[20][21] Minaro practise two religions; one is their traditional "Minaro" religion (spirit worship). The other is Tibetan Buddhism.[22]

Name

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These Scheduled Tribes are called a "group of Dardic Tribes" under Scheduled Tribes of the former Jammu and Kashmir.[23] However, there are other non-tribal Dardic people in the state, such as the Kashmiri.[24] According to the most recent research, the term "Dardic" is not linguistic nor ethnic; it is only a suitable geographical expression used to officially choose the Indo-Iranian language that retains the archaic characteristics that are spoken in the north-western Himalayas and in the Hindu Kush.[25] There is no ethnic unity among the speakers of these languages. The languages also cannot be traced to a single linguistic tree model.[26][27][28][29]

References

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  1. ^ "Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST". Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin is a group of tribes that speak the Dardic languages
  2. ^ a b "Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST". Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  3. ^ Tajuddin, Muhammad (2021). "Scheduled Tribes in Jammu and Kashmir: Recognition to Rights". Political Discourse. 7 (2): 113–130. doi:10.5958/2582-2691.2021.00009.2. ISSN 2395-2229. S2CID 246744276.
  4. ^ Hansen, Thomas Blom; Stepputat, Finn (2001-12-12). States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8127-3.
  5. ^ a b https://thematicsjournals.org/index.php/hrj/article/download/9247/5076. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ Bhasin, Veena (2005-07-01). "Ecology and Health: A Study Among Tribals of Ladakh". Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 3 (1): 5. doi:10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514. ISSN 0972-639X. S2CID 74145441.
  7. ^ Benanav, Michael (2018-09-17). "A Journey to Kashmir's Gurez Valley". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  8. ^ Skinder, Safiya; Shah, Shamim Ahmad; Dar, Sajad Nabi (2022-08-01). "Analysis of educational disparities in border areas of India: a study of Gurez Valley". GeoJournal. 87 (4): 2739–2752. doi:10.1007/s10708-021-10398-2. ISSN 1572-9893. S2CID 233828077. The valley houses a unique Shina-speaking tribe of Dards who have been cut off from their mainland Astore, Gilgit, and Chilas across the Line of Control ( from their mainland Astore, Gilgit, and Chilas across the Line of Control .
  9. ^ "Glottolog 4.6 - Gurezi". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  10. ^ Chowdhary, Rekha (2019-01-25). Jammu and Kashmir: 1990 and Beyond: Competitive Politics in the Shadow of Separatism. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5328-232-5.
  11. ^ Bhat, Rooh (2022-03-24). "Dard-Shins of Gurez". Kashmir RootStock. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  12. ^ Kalla, Aloke Kumar; Joshi, P. C. (2004). Tribal Health and Medicines. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-139-3.
  13. ^ Bhasin, Veena (2005-07-01). "Ecology and Health: A Study Among Tribals of Ladakh". Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 3 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514. ISSN 0972-639X. S2CID 74145441. Drokpa (Scheduled Tribe): Drokpas are Dard Muslims who inhabit the cold, bleak Dras valley. They are also called 'Shin' on the basis of their language 'Shinna' which belongs to the Dard group of languages in the non-Sanskritic IndoEuropean family.
  14. ^ Bhasin, Veena (2005-07-01). "Ecology and Health: A Study Among Tribals of Ladakh". Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 3 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514. ISSN 0972-639X. S2CID 74145441. Drokpas are Dard Muslims who inhabit the cold, bleak Dras valley. They are also called 'Shin' on the basis of their language 'Shinna' which belongs to the Dard group of languages in the non-Sanskritic Indo European family.
  15. ^ Bhasin, Veena (2005-07-01). "Ecology and Health: A Study Among Tribals of Ladakh". Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 3 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514. ISSN 0972-639X. S2CID 74145441. Although professing the Sunni faith they are still clinging on to certain customs which they brought with them from their original home.
  16. ^ "Glottolog 4.6 - Dras". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  17. ^ Chowdhary, Rekha (2019-01-25). Jammu and Kashmir: 1990 and Beyond: Competitive Politics in the Shadow of Separatism. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5328-232-5.
  18. ^ Indian Antiquary. Popular Prakashan. 1905. pp. 93–101.
  19. ^ Indian Antiquary. Popular Prakashan. 1905. pp. 93–100.
  20. ^ a b Kalla, Aloke Kumar; Joshi, P. C. (2004). Tribal Health and Medicines. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-139-3.
  21. ^ "Brokskat". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  22. ^ Bhasin, Veena (2008-07-01). "Social Change, Religion and Medicine among Brokpas of Ladakh". Studies on Ethno-Medicine. 2 (2): 77–102. doi:10.1080/09735070.2008.11886318. ISSN 0973-5070. S2CID 45537714.
  23. ^ "Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST". Retrieved 2022-12-13.
  24. ^ "Kashmiri Language: Indo-Aryan vis-a-vis Dardic Perspective". Edu-Ling: Journal of English Education and Linguistics. 4 (2): 81. 2021-08-02. doi:10.32663/edu-ling.v4i2. ISSN 2621-5128.
  25. ^ Clark, Graham E. "Who were the Dards? A review of the ethnographic literature of the north western Himalayan". himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk.
  26. ^ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 822. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. The designation "Dardic" implies neither ethnic unity among the speakers of these languages nor that they can all be traced to a single stammbaum-model node.
  27. ^ Verbeke, Saartje (20 November 2017). Argument structure in Kashmiri: Form and function of pronominal suffixation. BRILL. p. 2. ISBN 978-90-04-34678-9. Nowadays, the term "Dardic" is used as an areal term that refers to a number of Indo-Aryan languages, without claiming anything specific about their mutual relatedness.
  28. ^ "Dards, Dardistan, and Dardic: an Ethnographic, Geographic, and Linguistic Conundrum". www.mockandoneil.com. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  29. ^ Strand, Richard F. (13 December 2013). "Dardic and Nūristānī languages". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John Abdallah; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam - Three 2013-4. Brill. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-90-04-25269-1. The seventeen Dardic languages constitute a geographic group of the northwestern-most Indo-Aryan languages. They fall into several small phylogenetic groups of Indo-Aryan, but together they show no common phonological innovations that demonstrate that they share any phylogenetic unity as a "Dardic branch" of the Indo-Aryan languages.
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