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Draft:Battle of Kalabakan

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The Battle of Kalabakan was a significant military confrontation during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation[1]. It took place on December 29, 1963, in the Kalabakan region of Sabah, located on the island of Borneo, which was part of Malaysia[2].

Battle of Kalabakan
Part of the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
DateDecember 29, 1963 - January 27, 1964
Location
Kalabakan, Indonesia–Malaysia border
4°17′42″N 117°35′49″E / 4.295°N 117.597°E / 4.295; 117.597
Result Malaysian victory[3][4]
Belligerents
Malaysia Malaysia Indonesia Indonesia
Commanders and leaders
Malaysia General Tunku Osman
Malaysia Zainol Abidin Yaakob		 Indonesia General L. B. Moerdani
Indonesia Serda Rebani †
Strength
3rd Battalion ~128 KKO
Casualties and losses
8 killed
19 wounded		 31 killed
55 captured

Background

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The Battle of Kalabakan occurred on December 29, 1963, during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. After Malaysia gained independence on September 16, 1963, Indonesia, led by President Sukarno, opposed the formation of Malaysia, especially the inclusion of Sabah and Sarawak. This led to military conflicts along the Malaysia-Indonesia border. Indonesia's hostility towards Malaysia was not only political but also militaristic, with Indonesia launching a series of attacks, including in the border areas of Sabah. The Kalabakan region, near Tawau, was one of the main targets of these Indonesian military actions[5] .

Raid

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On December 29, 1963, 128 Indonesian soldiers from the KKO launched a surprise attack on Malaysian forces in Kalabakan, located near Tawau, Sabah. The Indonesian forces were divided into several groups, with the aim of capturing Kalabakan before advancing to other key towns like Tawau and Sandakan[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15].

The attack targeted two main Malaysian positions: a police station and a military post held by the 3rd Battalion. The assault began late in the afternoon[16] , with one group attacking from a hill above the RAMD 3 position[17] , while another group targeted the police station. The battle resulted in eight Malaysian soldiers being killed, including one officer, and eighteen others being wounded[18] . The Indonesian forces suffered casualties as well, with several soldiers killed or wounded, and the poorly coordinated attack forced them to retreat after about four hours of combat[19] .

Malaysian counter-attack

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In response to the attack, Malaysia took swift action to secure the region. On January 2, 1964[20][21] , a Gurkha unit was deployed to Kalabakan to support 3rd Battalion and assist in securing the area[22] .Malaysian forces also began a search for remaining Indonesian guerrillas in the region. Over the following weeks, Malaysian troops killed 31 Indonesian soldiers, captured 33, and saw 22 surrender.

Local civilians in Kalabakan were required to carry safety passes to protect themselves from potential attacks by Indonesian forces. Despite the ongoing threat, the Malaysian military, supported by Home Guard units, worked to ensure the security of the area. The battle and the subsequent response demonstrated Malaysia's determination to defend its sovereignty and highlighted the ongoing tensions between the two nations during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation.

  1. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349338820_Pertempuran_Kalabakan_Mempertahankan_Malaysia
  2. ^ "Peristiwa Berdarah Kalabakan, 29 Disember 1963 - the Patriots". 5 September 2017.
  3. ^ Temubual Veteran Home Guard semasa Peristiwa Kalabakan pada 29 Disember 1963, Antalai a/k Bangai.
  4. ^ Temubual Veteran Home Guard semasa Peristiwa Kalabakan pada 29 Disember 1963, Antalai a/k Bangai.
  5. ^ Syed Othman Syed Omar, Tentera Malaysia Dalam Era Konfrontasi, Bangi: Penerbitan: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1999.
  6. ^ P/PEN 3, Dato’ Mohd Ghazalie Shafie, Indonesian Involvement In Eastern Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1965, hlm. 29.
  7. ^ James Harold James & Denis Sheil-Small, op.cit, hlm. 97.
  8. ^ Syed Othman, (a), op.cit, hlm. 94.
  9. ^ Ramlah Adam, op.cit, hlm. 382.
  10. ^ Matthew John, op.cit, hlm. 244.
  11. ^ Abdul Rahman Mad Ali @ Abang, Pertempuran Kalabakan 29, hlm. 33.
  12. ^ Abdul Rahman Mad Ali @ Abang, et al, hlm. 232-238.
  13. ^ Nick van der Bijl, Confrontation The War With Indonesia 1962-1966, Great Britain: Pen & Sword Military, 2007, hlm. 94-96.
  14. ^ Will Fowler, Britain’s Secret War The Indonesian Confrontation 1962-66, Great Britain: Osprey Publishing, 2008, hlm. 12-13.
  15. ^ Tempoh, 13 November 2006.
  16. ^ P/PEN 3, Dato’ Mohd Ghazalie Shafie, Indonesian Involvement In Eastern Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1965 hlm. 29; James Harold James & Denis Sheil-Small, op.cit, hlm. 97; Syed Othman, (a), op.cit, hlm. 94; Ramlah Adam, op.cit, hlm. 382; Matthew John, op.cit, hlm. 244; Abdul Rahman Mad Ali @ Abang, Pertempuran Kalabakan 29, hlm. 33; Abdul Rahman Mad Ali @ Abang, et al, hlm. 232-238; Nick van der Bijl, Confrontation The War With Indonesia 1962-1966, Great Britain: Pen & Sword Military, 2007, hlm. 94-96; Will Fowler, Britain’s Secret War The Indonesian Confrontation 1962-66, Great Britain: Osprey Publishing, 2008, hlm. 12-13; Tempoh, 13 November 2006.
  17. ^ P/PEN 3, Dato’ Mohd Ghazalie Shafie, Indonesian Involvement In Eastern Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1965, p. 29; James Harold James & Denis Sheil-Small, op.cit., p. 97; Syed Othman, (a), op.cit., p. 94; Ramlah Adam, op.cit., p. 382; Matthew John, op.cit., p. 244; Abdul Rahman Mad Ali @ Abang, Pertempuran Kalabakan 29, p. 33; Abdul Rahman Mad Ali @ Abang, et al, p. 232-238; Nick van der Bijl, Confrontation The War With Indonesia 1962-1966, Great Britain: Pen & Sword Military, 2007, p. 94-96; Will Fowler, Britain’s Secret War The Indonesian Confrontation 1962-66, Great Britain: Osprey Publishing, 2008, p. 12-13; Tempoh, 13 November 2006.
  18. ^ Daily Express, 31 Disember 1963, p. 1.
  19. ^ Temubual Veteran Home Guard Peristiwa Kalabakan 29 Disember 1963, Dewan Bin Hussein.
  20. ^ Tempoh, 13 November 2006, Terganyang Di Malaysia.
  21. ^ "Pertempuran Kalabakan terpahat dalam ingatan". 16 September 2016.
  22. ^ Syed Othman Bin Syed Omar, (a), op.cit, hlm. 99-100; James Harold & Denis Shell Small, op.cit, hlm. 97; Nick Van Der Bijl, op.cit, hlm. 96; Will Fowler, op.cit, hlm. 12; Abdul Rahman Mad Ali @ Abang, (a), op.cit, hlm. 50.
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