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Draft:1917 Moscow District Duma elections

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Leaflet list 7 moscow district duma elections 1917

References

[edit]

October 7 [O.S. September 24] 1917

  • 24 Sep
  • "and the Moscow district (raion) vote in late September were characterized by dull campaigns, uninterested voters and a high degree of absenteeism. In neither city were democratic proced"
  • "As in Petrograd, most major poltical leaders appeared too preocupied to spend mch time campaigning. And while the city duma opened the campaign unofficially on 4 Agust few prties had even aranged their slates by the middle of Septmber. None of the principal party dailies in Moscow-Zemlya ioya, V/ast' naroda, Jpered, Trud,' Svobodnyi narod-gave the campagn more than perfunctory attention. The Kdets believed that the indfference was due primarily to the seriousness of Russia's ntional problems."
  • "Bviks scored decisive victories,"
  • "Bviks almost trbled their support and secured an almost 5-fold increase in the % of total votes cast. This, while Menshevik support cllapsed and the Kadets barely held their own."
  • SR 54,479 Bols 193,489 Minor Soc 4,449 Mensh 15,618 KD 101,100 Minor non Soc 10,504 Tot 379,639
  • Russkaya vedomosti, 27, 28, 29 September; Trud, 28 September
  • "Bolshevik agitation in Mscow was cnsequently more intense than that of any othe group. As early as 7 Sep Sotsial demokrat reported in detail on the District Duma Election Commission and urged readers to complain of any irrgularities. Thereafter, the party's leadership called almost daily for vigilance in the face of bourgeois electoral manpulation."

[1]

  • KDs saw Moscow election as a victory, having defeated moderate soc opponent[2]
  • After Feb Rev, functions previously performed by police and city admin were taken over by local citizens committees, which then functioned as local arms of Committee of Public Organizations. Once the City Duma was elected (date?) decision to regularize the local admin, now over 50 committees. Elections to 17 district dumas 24 Sep
  • Bviks ran strong campaogn on local affairs linked to working class daily issues
  • after Kornilov affair, Parallel to the election campaign, Bviks won control over the Moscow Soviet Executive Comm on Sep 19 election
  • Bvik "astounding victory" in district duma electin. relatively light voting. Bvik majority in 11 out of 17 districts. 52% of vote
  • United SD in crisis, stopped publishing Proletarii in June, leaders defecting to other factions but had their own small slate
  • second democratic election in city
  • Bviks 51%,, KD 26%, SRs 14%, Men 4%, 12 others 5%, United SD 0.5%
  • KD vote in each 17 district similar to city duma election, SR lost everywhere, biggest decline in Preobrazhensky District area of recent industrial expansion. smallest SR decline in Petrovsky district, which had significant pop of soldiers
  • Bviks mainly grew at expense of SR, not Mensheviks. Largest increase for B vote where Mensheviks had low vote in June election
  • 50 precincts to 17 districts, see soldat-grazhdanin 30 Aug 1917
  • source for september result, Vpered 5 Oct, Russkoe Slovo 28 Sep
  • Table 5-6 result p. 213
  • working class districts tended to have higher rates of participatuon, increasing Bolshevik share. Some certainity KD continued to appeal to literate and female voters, group where Bviks where weakers. However significantly lower participation in districts with many metalists and textilists. Chemical workers, 7% of work force, large turnout. Both chemical workers and metalists overwhelmingly supported Bviks.
  • ?? new voting group bigger compared to June elections, evacuees from western provinces. At most they consistuted 16% of the electorate of a district, seemingly voted for SRs and Mensheviks in higher degree than others?
  • Sep election marked class polarization Bvik vs KD, mixed parties disappeared

[3]

  • Mikhail Vladimirsky led the Bolshevik electoral campaign
  • Sep 24
  • 44 raions to 17
  • 22 parties in fray
  • Bolsheviks raised slogans on housing shortage, capitalist sabotage of Moscow economy, bread queues. Bolshevik discourse argued that it was possible to resolve food, financial and other issues of Moscow locally
  • 50.2% of deputies elected Bolsheviks, 715 deputies in total
  • Bolsheviks earned 162%
  • voter turnout down by 40%
  • electorate polarized between B and KD
  • B weakest in central parts of the city, less than 20% in silk-stocking P-A district
  • KD majority 1, plurality 2
  • B plurality in 3, majority 11
  • MK Municipal Commission reviewed candidates for district duma executives, to be confirmed by both a general meeting of B deputies and MK. Moscow Duma, dominated by SRs, blocked any attempt to let district dumas formalize legislative powers or transfer funds.
  • B victory contributed to decline of power of City Duma
  • Trade union leader Mikhail Tomsky helped organize the Bolshevik electoral campaign
  • Oct 27, 1917 the SRD formed, denounced City Duma for 'taking the side of the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie', called for building a inter-district organ to challenge power of City Duma over the city

[4]

  • " The elections to the raion dumas loom large in Russian historiography because Lenin attached so much importance to them and used them as proof that the time for the seizure of power had come , or , if you like , that a Bolshevik government would be , not only possible , but also legitimate , because it would have mass support in Petrograd and Moscow . Five days after the elections he wrote in his article , " The Crisis has Matured , " Only the Bolshevik"[5]
  • "This vote in the elections to the district councils in Moscow is in general one of the most striking symptoms of the profound change which has taken place in the mood of the whole nation. [...] There can be no shadow of doubt that we, together with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, now have a majority in the Soviets, in the army, and in the country."[6]
  • "The elections to the district Dumas of Moscow , October 7 to 9 , 1917 , gave the Bolsheviks about 52 % of all the votes cast in the city . The figures "[7]
  • "In the Moscow Municipal Duma elections, they win 199,337 votes out of 387,262. Of the 710 members elected, 350 were Bolsheviks, 184 Kadets, 104 Socialist-Revolutionaries, thirty-one Mensheviks and forty-one other groups. On the eve of civil war, the moderate, middle-ground parties now fall back, and the extreme parties gain. At a time when the Mensheviks are losing all real influence, and the governing S-R party, which only a short while before appeared to carry immense weight, is reduced to the third place, the Kadets – the bourgeoisie’s own party – acquire new strength as they line up to face the revolutionaries. At the last elections in June the S-Rs and the Mensheviks had obtained seventy per cent of the vote: their share now is eighteen per cent. Of the 17,000 soldiers who vote, 14,000 are for the Bolsheviks."[8]
  • "The election campaign for the Moscow city district councils began at the end of August and lasted for about a month, until September 24. Before the start of the election campaign, Moscow Bolsheviks took an active part in the work of the so-called "commission on district councils", created on June 30. This commission included representatives of all the main political parties, including the Bolsheviks. The duties of this commission were: technical preparation for the elections to the district councils and the reorganization of district councils into larger units. Based on the decision developed by this commission, 17 district councils were established in Moscow155). On August 5, at a meeting of this commission, a decision was made, which stated: "It is considered desirable to hold elections to district councils on the basis of universal, direct, secret and equal suffrage in September"156). A few days later, the Moscow City Duma, by its decision of August 22, also set the day for elections to the district dumas — Sunday, September 24."
  • "Districts with a population of up to 75,000 elected a Duma consisting of 30 members, from 75,000 to 100,000 voters - 35 members, from 10,000 to 125,000 voters - 40 members, from 125,000 to 150,000 - 45 members, and districts with more than 150,000 voters - 50 members157)."
  • "On September 6, the commission for elections to district councils approved the lists of candidates for the public councils, and from that day on the election campaign between the main political parties began. The Moscow Bolsheviks, under the leadership of the Moscow Committee, mobilized all their agitation and propaganda forces and decided to use the election campaign to promote among the masses their next political slogans, which followed from the decisions of the Sixth Party Congress, and linking these slogans with the urgent needs of workers, soldiers, and the urban poor. "
  • "On September 6, the central city election commission approved all candidate lists submitted by various political parties and groups. A total of 18 candidate lists were submitted and registered, but to prevent voters from confusing the 6th and 9th lists, list No. 9 was removed."
  • "A characteristic distinguishing feature of the election campaign for the district council elections is the fact that numerous, so-called "non-party" groups participated in the elections. More than half of the candidate lists belonged to these "non-party" groups. Here is the official name of these groups and their list numbers: "Union of Homeowners" spoke under list No. 7, under. No. 11 — "Business Group", No. 12 — "Union of Apartment Tenants", No. 13 — "Society of Tenants of Rooms, Corners and Beds", No. 14 — "Group of Non-Party Members", No. 15 — "Union of Parents of Students", No. 16 — "Economic and Business Group", No. 17 — "Group of Public Workers", No. 18 — "Group of Residents of the Khamovnichesky District"."
  • "№ 7 выступал «Союз домовладельцев», под. № 1 1 — «Деловая группа», под № 12 — «Союз квартиронанимателей», под № 13 — «Общество нанимателей комнат, углов и коек», под № 14 — «Группа беспартийных», под № 15 — «Союз родителей учащихся», под № 16 — «Хозяйственно-экономическая группа», под № 17 — «Группа общественных работников», под № 18 — «Группа обывателей Хамовнического района».
  • "All these so-called "non-party" and "business" groups, which ran in elections with the boastful, demagogic slogan: "less talk — more action" and excessively boasted of their "high business qualities", were bourgeois groups. “There is no doubt,” wrote Comrade Stalin, “that under the flag of non-party lists are hiding pro-Cadet and pro-Cadet bourgeois who are afraid to come out openly and who are trying to sneak into district councils by contraband”161)."
  • on eve of elections Mensheviks adopted resolution, calling for an electoral bloc with Bviks. MK rejected
  • no Menshevik lists in 2 districts
  • 710 seats total
  • "Наибольшее число кандидатов в районные думы выставили эсеры — 648, большевики —> 558, кадеты — 518, меньшевики — 347."
  • "Тогда объединенцы во главе со своим лидером Рожковым предложили свои услуги меньшевикам. Меньшевики, узнав об «измене» своих старых союзников (на выборах в городскую думу они шли вместе), также отклонили их предложение."
  • "После этих неудач объединенцы решили выступать на выборах самостоятельно и выставили свой кандидатский список в гласные (№ 8) в восьми районах города. "
  • "

Со своими кандидатскими списками выступали на выборах также группа «Единство» (список № 6), «Народные социалисты» (список № 2) и трудовики (список № 10), выставившие своих кандидатов в 12 районах именовавшие себя в эту кампанию «Советом депутатов трудовой интеллигенции». «Народные социалисты» самостоятельно выступали в трех районах, группа «Единство» — в двух районах. В десяти районах эти группировки блокировались между собой и выставили общий список."

  • Fearing failure and remembering the experience of the elections to the central city duma, the Octobrists refused even to try to put forward their own candidate lists in the elections to the district dumas. In the elections to the district dumas, they completely and entirely joined the list of the Cadets and provided them with serious financial support in the election campaign.
  • vpered mensheviks called for list 4 vote
  • "Of the 710 seats in the district dumas, the following entered: from the Bolsheviks - 350 members, from the Cadets - 184, from the Socialist-Revolutionaries - 104, from the Mensheviks - 31, the rest - 41 seats were distributed among other groups, each collecting less than 10 votes."
  • ""The victory of the Bolsheviks," the Cadet newspaper "Russkie Vedomosti" wrote irritably, "was significantly facilitated by military units"197)."
  • elected Bolsheviks included Р. С. Землячка, Ем. Ярославский, И. Й. Скворцов-Степанов, М. Ф. Владимирский, М. В. ЛнхачеВ (Влас), М. С. Ольминский, Г. А. Усиевич,

В. Н. Подбельский, И. В. Русаков и др.

  • "Из 17 819 солдат, принимавших участие е выборах (по 15 избирательным участкам из 24), 14 467 человек голосовало за большевиков).
  • Почти во всех частях Московского военного гарнизона подавляющая масса солдат голосовала за большевиков.
  • Во многих воинских частях за большевистский список голосовало более 90%.
  • Так, например, в мастерских тяжелой осадной артиллерии из 2 347 человек, принимавших участие в голосовании, за большевиков голосовало 2 286 человек, т. е. 97,4%.
  • В Покровских казармах за большевиков было подано 95% всех голосов, в тяжелой запасной артиллерийской бригаде 93,1%, в Фанагорийских казармах — 92,5% и т. д .»).
  • Только в отдельных боиннских учреждениях, вроде интендантского вещевого склада, где в основном преобладали мелкобуржуазные, кулацкие элементы,—эсеры получили большинство голосов. Меньшевики, вбъединенцы и плехановцы вместе взятые получили всего 375 солдат

ских голосов, что составляло только 2% от общего количества поданных голосов)." [9]

  • 715 total - 359 Bolsheviks, 184 Kadets, 103 SRs, Mensheviks 32, others 37 "районную думу было избрано не 45 гласных , как сообщалось в газетах , а 50 . Ошибка обнаруживается в результате простого подсчета числа гласных , прошедших по отдельным спискам ( 26 + 5 + 2 + 9 + 8 = 50 )"
  • "В июне не было участка , где бы эсеры не одержали абсолютной или хотя бы относительной победы ."
  • 3 dumas in centre Bviki inferior to KD. Пречистенско - Арбатской KD majority, "26 мест из 50". KD plurality Городская , Мясницко - Яузская
  • outskirts overwhelming Bviki majority.
  • "By the time the sessions of these dumas opened, the Bolsheviks appeared here as a united, apparently well-disciplined mass."
  • "В литературе общепринятой является цифра 710 ( см .: « Великая Октябрь- ская социалистическая революция . Хроника событий » , т . IV , стр . 117 ; А. Я. Грунт . Победа Октябрьской революции в Москве , стр . 118 ; « Октябрь в Москве » , стр . 256 ; Л. И. Арапова . Указ . статья , стр . 150 и др . ) . Это ре- зультат фактической ошибки , допущенной газетами ( см допущенной газетами ( см .: « Известия Мос- ковского Совета рабочих депутатов » , 30 сентября 1917 г .; « Утро России » , 30 сентября 1917 г. ) при публикации итогов выборов . В Пречистенско- Арбатскую районную думу было избрано не 45 гласных , как сообщалось в газетах , а 50. Ошибка обнаруживается в результате простого подсчета числа гласных , прошедших по отдельным спискам ( 26 + 5 + 2 + 9 + 8 = 50 ) .— см .: « Известия Московского Совета рабочих депутатов » , 30 сентября 1917 г. Подобного же рода ошибками объсняются и разночтения при под- счете гласных по отдельным фракциям . Так , большевиков было избрано не 350 ( как принято считать ) , а 359 , меньшевиков не 31 , а 32 и т . д . 43 Подсчет произведен по данным « Известий Московского Совета рабочих депутатов » , 30 сентября 1917 г. 44 « Раннее утро » , 14 октября 1917 г. "

[10]

  • "Состоялись выборы в районные думы. По 17 районам избрано 710 гласных. Большевики получили 350 мест (51% всех голосов), кадеты —-184 места, эсеры— 104, меньшевики — 31 место. Из 17 районных дум большевики получили абсолютное большинство в 11 думах. По 15 воинским частям и казармам Московского гарнизона большевики получили 14467 голосов из 17 819 голосовавших. <гРабочий путь» №№ 25 и 30 за 1 и 7 октября 1917 г.; <гСоциал-демократ» (Москва)

№ 168, 27 сентября 1917 г.; «•Известия Московского Совета рабочих депутатов» Л# 175, 30 сентября 1917 г. [11]

  • soldiers votes. 15 chastyam. "In other parts, the data will be published tomorrow"[12] next day affirms number is 15 out of 24
  • soldiers vote from 19 sections[13]

Results

[edit]

V.V.D

[edit]
List № Party Votes % Seats
1 Kadet Party 101,836 26.29% 184
2 Popular Socialist Party 3,801 0.98%
3 Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries 54,410 14.05% 104
4 Mensheviks 15,794 4.08% 31
5 Bolsheviks 199,337 51.47% 350
6 Unity 413 0.16%
7 Home Owners Union 883 0.22%
8 United Social Democrats 2,314 0.59%
10 Council of Working Intelligentsia Deputies 4,007 1.03%
11 Business Group 62 0.01%
12 Tenants Union 1,519 0.39%
13 Association of Tenants of Rooms, Corners and Beds 489 0.12%
14 Non-Party Group 1,482 0.38%
15 Union of Parents of Students 0 0%
16 Economic and Business Group 485 0.12%
17 Group of Public Workers 433 0.12%
18 Group of Residents of the Khamovnichesky District 12 0.00%

[9]

DK

[edit]
Bolshevik Kadets Soc-Rev. Menshevik Others Total
№ District Votes +/– % +/– Votes +/– % +/– Votes +/– % +/– Votes +/– % +/– Votes +/– % +/– Votes +/–
1 Miasnits.-Iauza 8,109 +5,669 31.30 +25.77 11,547 -638 44.58 +16.94 4,435 -20,579 17.12 -39.62 910 -2,080 3.51 -3.27 903 -554 3.49 +0.18 25,904 -18,182
2 Gorodskoi [ru] 7,306 +5,579 34.12 +29.29 9,814 -398 45.83 +17.30 3,057 -17,111 14.28 -42.08 676 -2,011 3.16 -4.35 560 -433 2.62 -0.16 21,413 -14,374
3 Prechist.-Arbat 4,407 +3,172 19.42 +16.31 13,238 -1,852 58.33 +20.29 2,315 -15,251 10.20 -34.09 836 -3,399 3.68 -6.99 1,898 +362 8.36 +4.49 22,694 -16,968
4 Kaluzhskii 13,554 +6,732 55.07 +37.77 7,182 +1,369 29.18 +14.44 2,386 -18,901 9.69 -44.30 1,007 -3,907 4.09 -8.37 483 -105 1.96 +0.47 24,612 -14,812
5 Piatnitskii 24,334 +15,967 63.20 +46.73 6,782 -473 17.61 +3.33 4,231 -24,829 10.99 -46.22 1,482 -3,888 3.85 -6.72 1,674 +930 4.35 +2.88 38,503 -12,293
6 Simonovskii 9,979 +7,481 63.37 +54.73 2,254 -406 14.31 +5.12 2,287 -17,144 14.52 -52.66 -2,664 -9.21 1,228 -440 7.80 +2.03 15,748 -13,173
7 Rogozhskii 15,831 +13,082 61.71 +53.78 4,259 +372 16.60 +5.38 3,864 -17,220 15.06 -45.78 -5,870 -16.94 1,700 +639 6.63 +3.56 25,654 -8,997
8 Preobrazhenskii 14,055 +6,379 66.13 +46.94 2,774 -846 13.05 +4.00 2,130 -20,613 10.02 -46.82 995 -4,761 4.68 -9.71 1,301 +1,086 6.12 +5.58 21,255 -18,755
9 Sokol'niki 12,171 +8,668 53.66 +43.03 3,603 -811 15.88 +2.49 3,909 -13,697 17.23 -36.21 2,071 -4,374 9.13 -10.43 928 -46 4.09 +1.13 22,682 -10,260
10 Lefortovskii 20,759 +11,543 61.06 +43.90 6,772 -950 19.92 +5.54 4,639 -21,461 13.65 -34.98 972 -4,822 2.86 -7.93 853 -3,995 2.51 -6.52 33,995 -19,685
11 Alekseevskii 1,870 +952 46.71 +35.12 -704 -8.89 949 -4,362 23.71 -43.37 317 -617 7.92 -3.88 867 +816 21.66 +21.01 4,003 -3,915
12 Meshchanskii 10,803 +7,779 41.87 +33.65 9,183 +2,433 35.59 +17.25 3,886 -18,035 15.06 -44.49 1,252 -3,252 4.85 -7.38 680 +69 2.64 +0.98 25,804 -11,006
13 Sushchev.-Mar'in [ru] 16,406 +9,645 50.83 +40.22 8,954 -742 27.74 +12.53 4,045 -32,975 12.53 -45.55 1,443 -7,766 4.47 -9.98 1,428 +382 4.42 +2.78 32,276 -31,456
14 Butyrskii 5,256 +3,306 60.41 +48.30 1,671 -395 19.21 +6.37 +1,308 -8,722 15.03 -47.29 288 -1,518 3.31 -7.91 177 -65 2.03 +0.53 8,700 -7,394
15 Petrovskii 8,632 +7,524 66.39 +58.65 1,493 -2,886 11.48 -19.11 1,926 -5,679 14.81 -38.32 420 -653 3.23 -4.27 531 +382 4.08 +3.04 13,002 -1,312
16 Presnenskii 10,499 +7,621 41.87 +35.27 6,230 -106 24.85 +10.32 5,842 -23,988 23.30 -45.11 1,835 -2,099 7.32 -1.70 667 +39 2.66 +1.22 25,073 -18,533
17 Khamovniki 15,366 +11,749 56.99 +48.03 6,090 +195 22.59 +7.98 3,201 -21,971 11.87 -50.49 1,283 -3,787 4.76 -7.80 1,022 +409 3.79 +2.27 26,962 -13,405
Total 199,337 +132,848 51.34 +40.66 101,846 -6,838 26.23 +8.78 54,410 -302,538 14.01 -43.30 15,787 -57,468 4.07 -7.70 16,900 -524 4.35 +1.55 388,280 -234,520

[3]

  1. ^ Rosenberg, William G. The Russian Municipal Duma Elections of 1917: A Preliminary Computation of Returns. Soviet Studies, vol. 21, no. 2, 1969, pp. 131–63. JSTOR
  2. ^ William G. Rosenberg. Liberals in the Russian Revolution. Princeton University Press, 2019. p. 248
  3. ^ a b Diane P. Koenker. Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution. Princeton University Press, 2014. pp. 136-137, 210, 212-214
  4. ^ Timothy J. Colton. Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Harvard University Press, 1995. pp. 84-85, 92, 819
  5. ^ Ralph Carter Elwood. Reconsiderations on the Russian Revolution. Slavica Publishers, 1976. p. 53
  6. ^ V. I. Lenin. The Crisis Has Matured
  7. ^ Vladimir Il'ich Lenin. Collected Works of V.I. Lenin, Vol. 21, Book 1. International publishers, 1927. p. 304
  8. ^ Victor Serge. Year One of the Russian Revolution - The Insurrection of 25 October 1917
  9. ^ a b В. В. ДЕМИДОВ. Борьба московских большевиков за массы в период. pp. 74-75, 77, 79, 83, 91-92
  10. ^ Александр Янович Грунт. Москва 1917-й: революция и контрреволюция. Nauka, 1976. p. 234
  11. ^ https://leninism.su/images/PDF/kutuzov4.pdf
  12. ^ Солдаты за большевиков. Социал-демократ, 27 September 1917. p. 3
  13. ^ http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/40870-locale-nil-167-27-sen#mode/grid/page/1/zoom/8
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