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Dong Fuxiang

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In this Chinese name, the family name is Dǒng.

Dong Fuxiang
Native name
董福祥
BornJanuary 8, 1839 (1839-01-08)
Gansu, Qing Empire
DiedFebruary 2, 1908(1908-02-02) (aged 69)
AllegianceFlag of the Qing dynasty Qing dynasty
Years of service1862–1908
RankGeneral
UnitKansu braves
Battles / warsDungan revolt, Dungan Revolt (1895), Boxer Rebellion
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese董福祥
Simplified Chinese董福祥
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDǒng Fúxiáng
Wade–GilesTung Fu-hsiang

Dong Fuxiang (1839–1908), courtesy name Xingwu (星五),[1] was a Chinese general who lived in the late Qing dynasty. He was born in the Western Chinese province of Gansu. He commanded an army of Hui soldiers, which included the later Ma clique generals Ma Anliang and Ma Fuxiang.[2] According to the Western calendar, his birth date is in 1839.[3]

Religion

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Dong Fuxiang was a non-Muslim Han Chinese general who commanded Muslim Hui soldiers. Conflicting accounts were given about his religion and ethnicity. Contemporaneous Western sources claim he was Muslim, which was a mistake, but modern Western sources either say he was not Muslim, or did not mention his religion at all when talking about him, and some mistakenly still say he is Muslim. The only thing that was clear about him was that he was familiar with the Muslim militia of Gansu, and commanded Muslim troops in battle.[4][5] The British consular officer Erich Teichman traveling in Gansu was repeatedly told that Dong Fuxiang was Han Chinese and not a Muslim, but the consular officer insisted on wrongly believing he was a Muslim.[6] The confusion over his religion was cleared up by Jonathan Neamen Lipman who noted that westerners had made the mistake of assuming that Dong was a Muslim since he commanded Muslim soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion, and the mistake was repeated by later western encyclopedias and works on Islam and on the Boxer Rebellion.[7]

The Chinese Muslim armies of Dong Fuxiang were known as the Kansu Braves and they fought against the German Army and the other eight nation alliance forces, repeatedly at the First intervention, Seymour Expedition, China 1900. It was only on the second attempt in the Gasalee Expedition did the Alliance manage to get through to battle the Chinese Muslim troops at the Battle of Peking. However, Kaiser Wilhelm II was so alarmed by the Chinese Muslim troops that he requested the Caliph Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire to find a way to stop the Chinese Muslim troops from fighting.[8]

Military career

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Dong participated in the Dungan revolt, and defected to the Qing dynasty side, along with Ma Zhanao.[9] He was not a fanatic or even interested in rebellion, he merely had gathered a band of followers during the rebellion and fought, just as many others did. He joined the Qing army of Zuo Zongtang in exchange for being appointed Mandarin. He acquired large estates.[10]

In 1890 Dong Fuxiang was stationed at Aksu, Kashgaria and was a Brigadier.[11][12]

Dong Fuxiang, Ma Anliang and Ma Haiyan were originally called to Beijing during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, but the Dungan Revolt (1895) broke out and they were subsequently sent to crush the rebels.[13]

In 1895–1896, he led his Muslim troops in crushing a Muslim rebellion called the Dungan Revolt in Gansu and Qinghai. Dong Fuxiang was the Commander in Chief of Kashgaria (kashgar), and he received an order by telegram that he and General Ma Pi-sheng rush their army into rebelling districts via forced marching their troops.[14]

Rebel Muslims had revolted, and his loyalist Chinese Muslim troops led by officers like Ma Anliang, Ma Guoliang, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Fulu crushed the revolt, reportedly cutting off the heads and ears of rebels.[15] He received the rank of Generalissimo.[10]

In 1898, Dong and 10,000 of his Muslim troops were transferred to Beijing in preparation for war against foreigners, and Dong's troop was renamed: Wuwei Rear Division.[16] While they were stationed there, the Wuwei Rear Division troops repeatedly attacked foreigners in their legations, the railways, and in churches. It was reported that the Wuwei Rear Division troops were going to wipe out the foreigners to return a golden age for China. A Japanese chancellor, Sugiyama Akira, was hacked to death on 11 July by the Kansu soldiers.[17][18][19] At the section of railroad at Fengtai, two British engineers were almost beaten to death by the Muslim Kansu troops, and foreign ministers asked that they be pulled back since they were threatening the safety of foreigners.[20] Other Europeans and Westerners were killed as well.[21][22] Ma Anliang, Tongling of Ho-Chou joined him in fighting the foreigners.[10][23] Rumors were flying around that Dong Fuxiang was allegedly going to massacre the foreigners in Beijing.[24] In a letter sent on 14 May 1899, Robert Hart wrote about the rumors of an alleged impending massacre at the hands of Dong Fuxiang's troops in June.[25] In a letter on 4 June 1899, Robert Hart wrote of the influence Dong Fuxiang was exerting over the Empress Dowager Cixi's policy towards foreigners.[26]

Dong attended multiple audiences with the Empress Dowager Cixi from 27 to 29 May 1900 to affirm in her his belief that he could defeat and expel the foreigners from China. He was so anti-foreign that he used an old Chinese instrument, Sheng Jia, instead of modern brass bands,[27] and had his troops wear traditional Chinese uniforms instead of western military uniforms.

The Boxer Rebellion broke out in 1900, and Dong and his Wuwei troops joined the Boxers in declaring war on the Eight-Nation Alliance.[28] They formed the rear division, and the westerners called them the "10,000 Islamic rabble".[29] They were the most effective attackers on the foreign legions, and struck fear into the minds of the westerners. His troops were responsible for so much trouble that the United States Marine Corps had to be called in.

Dong was a sworn brother to Li Lai chung, another Boxer supporter and anti foreigner.[30][31][32]

The Wuwei Rear Division troops were organized into eight battalions of infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, two brigades of artillery, and one company of engineers.[33] The Wuwei Rear Division troops reportedly intimidated the Western forces.[34] The Wuwei Rear Division Troops were reportedly eager to join the Boxers and attack the foreigners.[35] They killed a foreigner outside Yungting gate.[36] At Zhengyang Gate, Wuwei Rear Division troops engaged in skirmishes against the forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance.[37][38][39][40]

On 18 June, Wuwei Rear Division troops stationed at Hunting park in southern Beijing, attacked at the Battle of Langfang. The troops were cavalry – about 5,000 men – armed with new, modern magazine rifles.[41] Russian marines in the legations were subjected to a massive attack on 23 June by Dong and his Kansu Muslim troops, who had merged with the Boxers. A German marine was killed and the next day on 24 June an American marine was also killed.[42]

Battle of Beicang, on the outskirts of Tianjin.

Summary of battles of General Dong Fuxiang: Ts'ai Ts'un, 24 July; Ho Hsi Wu, 25 July; An P'ing, 26 July; Ma T'ou, 27 July.[43] He defeated the Westerners during the Battle of Langfang.

The French Catholic vicar apostolic, Msgr. Alfons Bermyn, wanted foreign troops garrisoned in inner Mongolia, but the Governor refused. Bermyn resorted to lies, and falsely petitioned the Manchu Enming to send troops to Hetao where Prince Duan's Mongol troops and General Dong Fuxiang's Muslim troops allegedly threatened Catholics. It turned out that Bermyn had created the incident as a hoax.[44][45]

[46]

When the Qing court decided to run away, the Wuwei Rear Division escorted Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor to safety in Xi'an.[47][48] After Dong lost all of his official positions, he still was permitted to command his personal army of 5,000 men in Gansu.[49] [50]

Tsai-I Prince Tuan and Tsai Lan Duke Fu-kuo were sentenced to be brought before the autumnal court of assize for execution, and it was agreed that if the Emperor saw fit to grant them their lives, they should be exiled to Turkestan and there imprisoned for life, without the possibility of commutation of these punishments.1

1 Prince Tuan went no farther than Manchuria for exile, and was heard of there in 1908. Tung Fu-hsiang's sentence was made banishment (to Turkestan, presumably), but he came back to Kansu province in 1906, and lived there in harmless old age.

The Boxer Rebellion: A Political and Diplomatic Review, Paul Henry Clements, p. 201.[51]

During his exile in Gansu, he held a great deal of local political power while protected by his bodyguards, local decisions had to be made with his consent. Two fortresses and many estates were at his disposal. Upon his death in 1908, all the ranks and honors which were stripped from him due to the foreign demands were restored and he was given a full military burial.[10][52]

Dong Fuxiang's family, his wife Tung Chao-shih (Dong Zhaoshi), nephew Tung Wen (Dong Wen), and grandson Tung Kung (Dong Gong) fought for the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 in Gansu.[53][2]

See also

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References

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  •  This article incorporates text from The contemporary review, Volume 78, a publication from 1900, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from The history of China, Volume 2, by Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger, a publication from 1898, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from The Chinese recorder, Volume 26, a publication from 1895, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8, by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray, a publication from 1916, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from The great empress dowager of China, by Philip Walsingham Sergeant, a publication from 1910, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from China in convulsion, Volume 2, by Arthur Henderson Smith, a publication from 1901, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from Our paper, Volume 16, by Massachusetts Reformatory (Concord, Mass.), a publication from 1900, now in the public domain in the United States.
  1. ^ Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1980). The border world of Gansu, 1895–1935. Stanford University. p. 82.
  2. ^ a b Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter, Volumes 1–7. Contributors: University of Connecticut. Dept. of History, Denison University. Dept. of History, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. p. 171.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ Wood, Frances. "The Boxer Rebellion, 1900: A Selection of Books, Prints and Photographs". The British Library. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  4. ^ Garnaut, Anthony. "From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals" (PDF). Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  5. ^ Stephen G. Haw (2007). Beijing: a concise history. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-415-39906-7.
  6. ^ Travels of a Consular Officer in North-West China. CUP Archive. 1921. p. 109. Retrieved 24 April 2014. Chinese general commanding moslem.
  7. ^ Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 156. ISBN 0295800550.
  8. ^ Abdulhamid II
  9. ^ Mary Clabaugh Wright (1957). Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism the T'Ung-Chih. Stanford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-8047-0475-9.
  10. ^ a b c d M. Th. Houtsma; A. J. Wensinck (1993). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936. Stanford BRILL. p. 850. ISBN 90-04-09796-1.
  11. ^ The contemporary review, Volume 78. Columbus House 43 and 43a Fetter Lane London E.C.: A. Strahan. 1900. p. 260. Retrieved 28 June 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)(Original from the University of California)
  12. ^ Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger (1898). The history of China, Volume 2. LONDON STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.: W. Thacker & co. p. 443. Retrieved 28 June 2010. like ma julung panthay.(Original from Harvard University)
  13. ^ "董福祥与西北马家军阀的的故事 – 360Doc个人图书馆". Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  14. ^ The Chinese recorder, Volume 26. SHANGHAI: American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1895. p. 452. (Original from the University of California)
  15. ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (1 July 1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  16. ^ Joseph Esherick (1988). The origins of the Boxer Uprising. Berkeley California: University of California Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-520-06459-3.
  17. ^ Joseph Esherick (1988). The origins of the Boxer Uprising. Berkeley California: University of California Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-520-06459-3.
  18. ^ Boyd, Julia (2012). A Dance with the Dragon: The Vanished World of Peking's Foreign Colony (illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. p. 4. ISBN 978-1780760520.
  19. ^ The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China (2, reprint ed.). Shanghai Mercury. 1901. p. 59.
  20. ^ "THE DEFENCE OF 'PEKING. PREPARING TO RESIST EXPEDITION". THE WEST AUSTRALIAN. London. 16 June 1900. p. 5.
  21. ^ Clark, Kenneth G. "THE BOXER UPRISING 1899 – 1900". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  22. ^ "Kansu Soldiers (Tung Fu Hsiang's)". Australian National University. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  23. ^ James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray (1916). Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8. EDINBURGH: T. & T. Clark. p. 893. ISBN 9780567065094. (Original from Harvard University)
  24. ^ Dix, Charles Cabry (1905). The World's Navies in the Boxer Rebellion (China 1900). Digby, Long & Company. p. 17.
  25. ^ Hart, Robert; Campbell, James Duncan (1975). Fairbank, John King; Bruner, Katherine Frost; Matheson, Elizabeth MacLeod (eds.). The I. G. in Peking: Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868–1907. Harvard University Press. p. 1196. ISBN 0674443209.
  26. ^ Hart, Robert; Campbell, James Duncan (1975). Fairbank, John King; Bruner, Katherine Frost; Matheson, Elizabeth MacLeod (eds.). The I. G. in Peking: Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868–1907. Harvard University Press. p. 1199. ISBN 0674443209.
  27. ^ Xiang, Lanxin (2003). The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 207. ISBN 0700715630.
  28. ^ Lynn E. Bodin (1970). The Boxer Rebellion. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 0-85045-335-6.
  29. ^ Peter Harrington; Michael Perry (2001). Peking 1900: the Boxer Rebellion. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 1-84176-181-8.[permanent dead link]
  30. ^ Victor Purcell (2010). The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-521-14812-2.
  31. ^ Chung-hua min kuo kuo chi kuan hsi yen chiu so, 中華民國國際關係硏究所 (1967). Issues & studies, Volume 4, Issues 1–12. Institute of International Relations, Republic of China. p. 8.
  32. ^ Fitzpatrick, Caitlin (2006). "Imperial Intrigue: a background guide for the Boxer Rebellion Chinese Imperial Court" (PDF). COLUMBIA MODEL UNITED NATIONS IN NEW YORK Columbia University. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  33. ^ Peter Harrington; Michael Perry (2001). Peking 1900: the Boxer Rebellion. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 1-84176-181-8.[permanent dead link]
  34. ^ Sterling Seagrave; Peggy Seagrave (1993). Dragon lady: the life and legend of the last empress of China. Vintage Books. p. 318. ISBN 0-679-73369-8.
  35. ^ Philip Walsingham Sergeant (1910). The great empress dowager of China. LONDON Paternoster Row: Hutchinson & co. p. 231. Retrieved 28 June 2010. marines kansu braves.(Original from the University of California)
  36. ^ Ching-shan, Jan Julius Lodewijk Duyvendak (1976). The diary of His Excellency Ching-shan: being a Chinese account of the Boxer troubles. University Publications of America. p. 14. ISBN 0-89093-074-0.
  37. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.
  38. ^ Lynn E. Bodin (1970). The Boxer Rebellion. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 0-85045-335-6.
  39. ^ "Picture of Muslim soldier". Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  40. ^ picture of general dong fuxiang
  41. ^ Arthur Henderson Smith (1901). China in convulsion, Volume 2. Albany, N. Y.: F. H. Revell Co. p. 441.(Original from Harvard University)
  42. ^ Daugherty III, Leo J. (2009). The Marine Corps and the State Department: Enduring Partners in United States Foreign Policy, 1798–2007. McFarland. p. 44. ISBN 978-0786453016.
  43. ^ Arthur Henderson Smith (1901). China in convulsion, Volume 2. F. H. Revell Co. p. 393.
  44. ^ Ann Heylen (2004). Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915–1921). Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 203. ISBN 90-5867-418-5.
  45. ^ Patrick Taveirne (2004). Han-Mongol encounters and missionary endeavors: a history of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 539. ISBN 90-5867-365-0.
  46. ^ Hart, Robert; Campbell, James Duncan (1975). Fairbank, John King; Bruner, Katherine Frost; Matheson, Elizabeth MacLeod (eds.). The I. G. in Peking: Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868–1907. Harvard University Press. p. 1271. ISBN 0674443209.
  47. ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-295-97644-6.
  48. ^ Patrick Taveirne (2004). Han-Mongol encounters and missionary endeavors: a history of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 515. ISBN 90-5867-365-0.
  49. ^ Massachusetts Reformatory (Concord, Mass.) (1900). Our paper, Volume 16. Massachusetts Reformatory. p. 795. (Original from the New York Public Library)
  50. ^ Jane E. Elliott (2002). Some did it for civilisation, some did it for their country: a revised view of the boxer war. Chinese University Press. p. 204. ISBN 962-996-066-4.
  51. ^ Clements, Paul Henry (1915). The Boxer Rebellion: A Political and Diplomatic Review. Columbia University. p. 201.
  52. ^ James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie; Louis Herbert Gray (1916). Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8. T. & T. Clark. p. 894. ISBN 9780567065094.
  53. ^ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies (1979). Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5–7. p. 35.
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