Dolichousnea longissima
| Methuselah's beard lichen | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Parmeliaceae |
| Genus: | Dolichousnea |
| Species: | D. longissima
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| Binomial name | |
| Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Articus (2004)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Dolichousnea longissima (syn. Usnea longissima),[2][3] commonly known by the names old man's beard or Methuselah's beard lichen, is a fruticose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.
Description
[edit]This lichen is fruticose, with very long stems and short, even side branches. It is considered the longest lichen in the world.[4] The stems are usually 15 to 30 cm in length but are sometimes much longer.[5] It is pale green to silvery-yellow. It has a distinct central cord, which is white.[6]
D. longissima may grow to be 20 feet in length. It predominantly reproduces asexually through fragmentation. Spore-producing structures are rarely observed.[7] It can double its length each year.[8]
Distribution
[edit]Dolichousnea longissima is found in boreal forests and coastal woodland in Europe, Asia, and North America.[9] In North America, it is primarily found on the Pacific Coast, and the largest populations are concentrated in the Pacific Northwest. It ranges from Upper Midwest into Canada, the Great Lakes region, and extends to the coast of the Atlantic ocean.[7] It was historically circumboreal, but has been regionally extirpated from areas of Europe and Scandinavia.[6] It has been placed on the Red List of California Lichens, and is considered Endangered in the Norwegian Red List.[6][8]
The species grows within the canopies of coniferous trees, primarily those found in old growth Douglas fir forests and near bodies of water. Air pollution heavily affects the metabolic functions of the species, and as a result, populations have declined.[7] Industrial logging has also had detrimental impacts on population numbers.[8]
Human use
[edit]The species is harvested for decoration.[6] It has also been historically used as a bedding and filtering material.[7] Medicinally, D. longissima is known as an anti-inflammatory due to the presence of the compound longissiminone.[10] It has been described in Chinese herbal medicine dating back to 500 A.D., where one of the names for the species translates to "pine gauze".[4]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Synonymy. Current Name: Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Articus, Taxon 53(4): 932 (2004)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ Articus, K. (2004) Neuropogon and the phylogeny of Usnea s.l. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes). Taxon 53(4): 925–934.
- ^ Esslinger, TL. (2018) A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-Forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada, Version 22. Opuscula Philolichenum 17: 6-268. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/op/biblio_details.php?irn=480859
- ^ a b "Usnea longissima". lichen.com. Lichens of North America. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ^ Walewski, Joe (2007). Lichens of the North Woods. Duluth, MN: Kollath-Stensaas. ISBN 0-9792006-0-1.
- ^ a b c d "Fact Sheet for Usnea longissima" (PDF). blm.gov. Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d DeLay, Chantelle. "Bearded Lichen". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Storaunet, Ken Olaf; Rolstad, Jørund; Rolstad, Erlend (2014). "Effects of logging on the threatened epiphytic lichen Usnea longissima: an experimental approach". Silva Fennica. 48 (1). doi:10.14214/sf.949. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ^ "Fact Sheet: Usnea longissima in Norway." Nov 08, 1996.http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/factshts/usnelong.htm Archived March 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (accessed Dec 19, 2008).
- ^ Choudhary, Muhammad I.; Jalil, Saima (October 2005). "Bioactive phenolic compounds from a medicinal lichen, Usnea longissima". Phytochemistry. 66 (19): 2346–2350. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.023. Retrieved 10 July 2022.