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Discography of Sibelius symphony cycles

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Sibelius (left) composed seven symphonies from 1899–1924. In 1953, the conductor Sixten Ehrling (right) and the Stockholm Radio Orchestra completed the first recorded cycle.

The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius (1865–1957) was one of the most important symphonists of the early twentieth century: his seven symphonies, written between 1899 and 1924, are the core of his oeuvre and stalwarts of the standard concert repertoire.[1] Many of classical music's conductor–orchestra partnerships have recorded the complete set, colloquially known as the "Sibelius cycle".[2] Specifically, the standard cycle includes:

Although early advocates such as Robert Kajanus, Sir Thomas Beecham, and Serge Koussevitzky had conducted many of Sibelius's symphonies for gramophone in the 1930s and 1940s, none of these Sibelians recorded all seven.[19] Instead, the earliest complete traversal dates to 1953, four years before the composer's death on 20 September 1957; it is by Sixten Ehrling and the Stockholm Radio Orchestra, recorded from 1952–1953 for the Swedish label Metronome Records (released by Mercury Records in the United States). Ehrling had outpaced Anthony Collins and the London Symphony Orchestra, whose cycle—recorded from 1952–1955 on Decca Records—was concurrent with Ehrling's but arrived second.[2]

Since the pioneering examples of Ehrling and Collins, the Sibelius cycle has, as of November 2024, been recorded an additional 46 times. The most recently completed (48th) cycle, finished in 2022, is by Owain Arwel Hughes and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; an additional two projected cycles are in progress, according to press releases. A number of conductors have tackled the project more than once: Paavo Berglund (1977, 1987, 1997, 1998) recorded the Sibelius cycle four times, Sir Colin Davis (1976, 1994, 2008) three times, and Akeo Watanabe (1962, 1981), Lorin Maazel (1968, 1992), Jukka-Pekka Saraste (1989, 1993), Leif Segerstam (1992, 2004), Neemi Järvi (1985, 2005), Vladimir Ashkenazy (1984, 2007), Pietari Inkinen (2009, 2013), Sir Simon Rattle (1987, 2015), and Osmo Vänskä (1997, 2015) have done so twice. Leonard Bernstein completed one cycle (1967) but died in the middle of a second. Finally, Herbert von Karajan and Eugene Ormandy left, respectively, three and two incomplete Sibelius cycles.

Additionally, the Sibelius cycle can, in its non-standard form, include its "grand precursor"[20] Kullervo (Op. 7, 1892), which some commentators view as a programmatic choral symphony.[21] This perspective conceptualizes Kullervo as Sibelius's de facto "Symphony No. 0",[22] thus expanding his completed contributions to the symphonic canon from seven to eight. Eleven of the 48 cycles include Kullervo as a supplement.

Precursors: 1930–1951

[edit]
From 1930–1932, Robert Kajanus made premiere recordings of the First, Second, Third, and Fifth symphonies, but his death in July 1933 prevented him from completing the first cycle.
Sergei Koussevitzky was the first to program the entire cycle in a concert season (1932–1933, Boston); he also made the premiere recording (1933) of the Seventh with the BBC Symphony Orchestra.
Sir Thomas Beecham's recordings of the Fourth and the Sixth replaced Schnéevoigt's in the HMV catalogue; Sibelius called the latter his "favourite recording of any of his symphonies".
In 1934, Georg Schnéevoigt and the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra made the premiere recording of the Sixth and the second of the Fourth; Sibelius expressed disappointment with the performances.

In 1930, the Finnish government, perceiving a wide audience for Sibelius's works, enlisted Britain's Columbia Graphophone Company (later merged in 1931 with HMV to form EMI) to record the First and Second symphonies.[23][24] The government's subsidization of such an artistic project (it contributed 50,000 Finnish marks)[25] was, according to Sibelius's biographer Erik Tawaststjerna, "an enlightened and at this time unprecedented gesture ... a measure of the unique importance Finland attached to Sibelius as a national figure".[26] Sibelius was permitted his choice of native-born conductors and selected his long-time interpreter, Robert Kajanus,[23][24] writing of the septuagenarian conductor, "Very many are the men who have conducted these symphonies during the last thirty years, but there are none who have gone deeper and given them more feeling and beauty than Robert Kajanus".[25]

The First and Second were recorded in the Westminster Central Hall on 21–23 and 27–28 May, respectively;[25][27] although the orchestra was credited as the "Royal Philharmonic Orchestra", the musicians were "largely drawn from the London Symphony [Orchestra], which could not be named for contractual reasons".[23][28] Two years later, in 1932, the British record producer Walter Legge founded the His Master's Voice (HMV) Sibelius Society, a subscription service that promised to record "all his [Sibelius's] major works and to culminate in the forthcoming Eighth Symphony".[26] Legge enlisted Kajanus—by then in ill health[29]—to record the Third (21–22 June) and Fifth (22–23 June) symphonies at Abbey Road Studio No. 1, again with the London Symphony Orchestra (this time properly credited).[30] Each of Kajanus's recordings was a world premiere and, because of his close association with and personal selection by Sibelius, they "can generally be regarded as authoritative ... he communicates overwhelmingly a sense of total identification with the composer's mind".[31]

Legge and HMV had planned for Kajanus to complete the cycle by recording the Fourth, Sixth, and Seventh symphonies, but the maestro's death on 6 July 1933 prevented it.[26] At Sibelius's "express wish",[26] they turned to the Finnish conductor Georg Schnéevoigt to record the Fourth and the Sixth in June 1934; Schnéevoigt was touring London with the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra (it was billed as the "Finnish National Orchestra"), the principal conductorship of which he had inherited in April 1933 due to Kajanus's ill health. They recorded the Sixth in studio on 3 June (its world premiere recording) and the Fourth at a public concert on 4 June (its second recording, the premiere having been by Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra on 23 April 1932 for Victor Records).[29][32] However, Sibelius did not approve the test pressings of Schnéevoigt's Fourth and Legge did not issue it commercially; although Sibelius permitted the release of Schnéevoigt's Sixth, his response to the performance was tepid.[33][34]

With the Schnéevoigt recordings lacking favour, the English conductor Sir Thomas Beecham stepped in to fill the void: for Legge, he and the London Philharmonic Orchestra recorded the Fourth on 10 December 1937 at Abbey Road.[35] To prepare this performance, Beecham referenced a "detailed list of [Sibelius's] comments concerning tempi, phrasing, note durations, and so on", which the composer had sent to Legge upon hearing Schnéevoigt's Fourth.[33] As such, Beecham's performance is seen as adhering more closely to Sibelius's standards. Ten years later, in 1947, Beecham and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra would displace Schnéevoigt's Sixth, recording the work for Legge from May to November 1947 at Kingsway Hall.[35] According to Robert Layton, Sibelius is said to have referred to Beecham's Sixth as "his favourite recording of any of his symphonies".[36][h]

A final important Sibelian from this period was the Russian émigré conductor Serge Koussevitzky,[37] an "energetic disciple" to whom Sibelius had promised the world premiere of the ever-elusive Eighth Symphony.[38][i] Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony Orchestra performed the entire cycle during the 1932–1933 season (a programming first),[40][j] and while in London to guest conduct the BBC Symphony Orchestra at the Queen's Hall, Koussevitzky made the world premiere recording of the Seventh Symphony at a public concert on 15 May 1933.[41][32] Koussevitzky dispatched the test pressings to Sibelius with a 6 June letter: "if they [the discs] do not please you, they will be destroyed"; the composer, however, was pleased, writing on 3 July: "I find it hard to express the joy I experienced when I listened to you dear Maestro ... Everything was so full of life and natural, and I cannot thank you sufficiently".[41] Although he never obtained the Eighth (Sibelius abandoned the project and destroyed the score),[42] Koussevitzky's advocacy remained undiminished: he commercially recorded the Second on 24 January 1935 and the Fifth on 29 December 1936,[43] as well as an additional Second on 29 November 1950, six months before his death.[44][k]

Complete Sibelius cycles: 1952–present

[edit]

Complete cycles

[edit]
The English conductor Sir Colin Davis thrice recorded the cycle, two of which are with the London Symphony Orchestra (1994; 2008).
Paavo Berglund recorded the cycle four times. His earliest (1977, the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra) was the first by a Finnish conductor.

Although early advocates from the 1930s and 1940s had conducted many of Sibelius's symphonies from gramophone, none of these Sibelians recorded all seven.[19] In February 1952, Metronome (the United States distributor was Mercury) and Decca each began cycles: the former enlisted the Swedish conductor Sixten Ehrling and the Stockholm Radio Orchestra (now the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra), whereas the latter employed the English conductor Anthony Collins and the London Symphony Orchestra. For his cycle, Ehrling visited Sibelius at Ainola on 10 June 1952, "loaded with practical questions concerning interpretation and the composer's intentions"; but Sibelius's demurred, refusing to "confine the interpretations of his music to any specific edicts; each artist must be allowed to work according to his capacity and imagination".[47] Ehrling outpaced Collins, completing his Sibelius cycle—history's first—in January 1953; Collins finished two years later in January 1955. These would be the only two cycles completed in Sibelius's lifetime.

Both the Ehrling and the Collins cycles were recorded in mono; the Japanese conductor Akeo Watanabe and Japan Philharmonic Orchestra were the first to stereo, completing their cycle for Nippon Columbia in 1962 (the United States distributor was Epic). A patriotic milestone arrived in June 1977 when the Finnish conductor Paavo Berglund became the first of Sibelius's countrymen to record the cycle (with the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, EMI). Ten years later in July 1987, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra became the first Finnish ensemble to complete the cycle (with Berglund, EMI).

The sortable table below contains all commercial recordings of the complete Sibelius cycle. To date, it has been recorded 48 times by 34 conductors (of which 11 are or were Finns, Sibelius's countrymen) and 34 orchestras (three Finnish). In terms of superlatives, Berglund (1977, 1987, 1997, 1998) holds the record for the most cycles by a conductor. The record for an ensemble is jointly held by the London Symphony Orchestra (1955, 1994, 2008), the Japan Philharmonic Orchestra (1962, 1981, 2013), and the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra (1989, 1993, 2014), at three apiece. Finally, among record labels, Decca has produced a record six cycles (Collins, 1955; Maazel, 1968; Davis, 1976; Ashkenazy, 1984; Blomstedt, 1995; Mäkelä, 2022).

Complete Sibelius cycles: 1952–present
No. Conductor Orchestra Years[l] Symphony runtime[m] Recording venue Label Ref.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Sixten Ehrling  Royal Stockholm Philharmonic (1) 1952–1953 37:02 42:13 29:00 34:10 27:19 26:39 19:57 Musikaliska, Nybrokajen 11 [sv] Metronome,
Mercury,
Finlandia 		[47]
2 Anthony Collins London Symphony Orchestra (1) 1952–1955 34:27 40:32 24:35 31:39 29:30 28:24 19:40 Kingsway Hall Decca [48]
3 Akeo Watanabe (1) Japan Philharmonic Orchestra (1) 1962–1962 37:44 42:14 30:53 34:55 30:08 26:55 20:48 Tokyo Bunka Kaikan (1, 3–4)
Suginami Public Hall (2, 7)
Bunkyo Public Hall (5–6) 		Nippon Columbia,
Epic,
Denon 		[49]
4 Leonard Bernstein New York Philharmonic 1960–1967 36:37 44:37 26:31 39:26 32:49 26:41 22:46 Philharmonic Hall (1–4, 6–7)
Manhattan Center (5)[n] 		Columbia,
Sony Classical[o] 		[50]
5 Lorin Maazel (1) Vienna Philharmonic 1963–1968 36:10 43:18 26:27 32:49 27:28 24:32 21:22 Sofiensaal Decca [51]
6 Sir John Barbirolli The Hallé (1) 1966–1970 41:50 45:57 32:47 36:17 33:15 29:54 21:54 Kingsway Hall EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[52]
7 Gennady Rozhdestvensky Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra 1969–1974 38:25 44:58 26:59 33:58 29:32 27:52 20:51 [Unknown][p] Melodiya [53]
8 Sir Colin Davis (1) Boston Symphony Orchestra 1975–1976 39:14 44:48 29:36 37:09 32:04 24:34 21:20 Boston Symphony Hall Decca [54]
9 Maurice Abravanel Utah Symphony Orchestra 1977–1977 36:44 43:00 29:14 34:32 29:16 28:11 21:14 Mormon Tabernacle Vanguard,
Musical Concepts 		[55]
10 Kurt Sanderling Berlin Symphony Orchestra 1970–1977 40:03 45:28 27:24 36:03 32:27 29:19 23:49 Berlin Christuskirche [de] Brilliant Classics,
Berlin Classics 		[56]
11 Paavo Berglund (1)[q] Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra 1972–1977 39:00 44:53 31:13 37:22 32:11 31:32 21:55 Southampton Guildhall (1, 3, 5, 7)
Abbey Road Studios (2, 4)
Kingsway Hall (6) 		EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[57]
12 Akeo Watanabe (2) Japan Philharmonic Orchestra (2) 1981–1981 38:47 42:29 28:38 33:54 31:06 27:06 21:18 Hitomi Memorial Hall (1–2, 4–5, 7)
Narashino Cultural Hall (3, 6) 		Denon [58]
13 Sir Alexander Gibson Royal Scottish National Orchestra 1982–1983 37:23 41:16 26:13 31:03 29:19 27:21 20:35 SNO Centre Hall Chandos [59]
14 Vladimir Ashkenazy (1) Philharmonia Orchestra 1979–1984 39:36 46:21 29:31 32:59 31:35 28:16 22:30 Kingsway Hall (2–5, 7)
Walthamstow Town Hall (1, 6) 		Decca [60]
15 Neeme Järvi (1) Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra (1) 1982–1985 38:38 41:52 29:14 37:50 33:39 27:25 20:45 Gothenburg Concert Hall BIS [61]
16 Sir Simon Rattle (1) City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (1) 1984–1987 41:35 44:53 28:34 37:37 30:27 29:41 22:30 Warwick Arts Centre EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[62]
17 Paavo Berglund (2) Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra (1)[r] 1984–1987 36:13 39:50 28:36 34:12 30:24 28:53 21:24 Kulttuuritalo (1–3, 5–6)
All Saints Church (4, 7) 		EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[63]
18 Jukka-Pekka Saraste (1) Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra (1) 1987–1989 38:19 43:38 27:35 34:30 32:26 30:13 21:00 Kulttuuritalo RCA Red Seal [64]
19 Adrian Leaper Slovak Philharmonic 1989–1990 36:05 43:16 26:33 35:00 30:39 26:43 20:25 Reduta Concert Hall Naxos [65]
20 Leif Segerstam (1) Danish National Symphony Orchestra 1990–1992 42:58 47:07 31:47 39:51 34:56 31:38 22:14 Danish Radio Concert Hall Chandos [66]
21 Lorin Maazel (2) Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra 1990–1992 40:16 46:53 27:31 39:33 31:35 27:21 25:53 Heinz Hall Sony Classical [67]
22 Jukka-Pekka Saraste (2) Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra (2) 1993–1993 36:51 42:09 27:10 32:19 31:33 28:43 19:38 Saint Petersburg Philharmonia Finlandia [68]
23 Sir Colin Davis (2) London Symphony Orchestra (2) 1992–1994 39:34 46:38 30:17 37:18 30:17 26:05 22:51 Blackheath Halls (1–2, 4, 6–7)
Watford Town Hall (3, 5) 		RCA Red Seal [69]
24 Herbert Blomstedt San Francisco Symphony 1989–1995 39:32 44:32 29:14 36:20 31:09 29:48 22:27 Davies Symphony Hall Decca [70]
25 Osmo Vänskä (1) Lahti Symphony Orchestra (1) 1996–1997 35:04 44:44 30:32 39:27 31:20 26:45 22:44 Ristinkirkko BIS[s] [71]
26 Paavo Berglund (3) Chamber Orchestra of Europe (1) 1995–1997 36:27 41:31 29:55 33:11 30:28 28:17 22:04 RFO Hall, Hilversum (1–3)
Watford Colosseum (4, 6–7)
Nijmegen Town Hall [nl] (5) 		Finlandia [72]
27 Paavo Berglund (4) Chamber Orchestra of Europe (2) 1998–1998 37:59 43:16 30:59 33:51 33:11 29:09 22:27 Finlandia Hall ICA Classics [73]
28 Petri Sakari [fi] Iceland Symphony Orchestra 1996–2000 38:07 45:02 29:06 37:47 31:17 30:22 22:45 Reykjavík University Hall (1–3)
Reykjavík Concert Hall (4–7) 		Naxos [74]
29 Sakari Oramo City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (2) 2000–2003 37:07 44:10 29:46 35:48 31:14 27:01 21:19 Birmingham Symphony Hall Erato,
Warner Classics 		[75]
30 Leif Segerstam (2) Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra (2) 2002–2004 38:14 45:45 29:57 37:50 33:49 30:12 21:04 Finlandia Hall Ondine [76]
31 Neeme Järvi (2) Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra (2) 2001–2005 38:49 46:40 30:31 38:41 32:01 31:16 24:37 Gothenburg Concert Hall Deutsche Grammophon [77]
32 Vladimir Ashkenazy (2) Royal Stockholm Philharmonic (2) 2006–2007 38:21 44:44 27:23 32:17 31:04 27:04 20:36 Stockholm Concert Hall Exton [78]
33 Sir Colin Davis (3) London Symphony Orchestra (3) 2002–2008 39:35 44:43 30:48 38:42 30:57 25:47 22:27 Barbican Centre LSO Live[t] [79]
34 Arvo Volmer Adelaide Symphony Orchestra 2007–2008 36:18 42:50 28:27 34:55 31:46 31:06 19:42 Adelaide Town Hall ABC Classics [80]
35 Pietari Inkinen (1) New Zealand Symphony Orchestra 2008–2009 40:18 44:16 29:36 36:29 33:05 29:19 21:04 Michael Fowler Centre Naxos [81]
36 Pietari Inkinen (2) Japan Philharmonic Orchestra (3) 2013–2013 40:15 46:21 30:06 38:42 33:54 30:19 21:41 Suntory Hall (1, 3–7)
Yokohama Minato mirai Hall (2) 		Naxos Japan [82]
37 John Storgårds BBC Philharmonic 2012–2013 38:35 45:46 28:58 34:49 32:35 28:12 22:12 MediaCityUK Chandos[u] [83]
38 Okko Kamu Lahti Symphony Orchestra (2) 2012–2014 38:24 44:56 29:29 38:07 34:42 29:06 22:40 Sibelius Hall BIS [84]
39 Hannu Lintu Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra (3) 2012–2014 41:16 45:49 30:12 40:15 34:20 30:58 22:32 Helsinki Music Centre Arthaus Musik[v] [85]
40 Sir Simon Rattle (2) Berlin Philharmonic 2014–2015 37:39 43:12 28:17 36:50 30:32 29:13 21:48 Berlin Philharmonie Berlin Phil[t] [86]
41 Tadaaki Otaka Sapporo Symphony Orchestra 2013–2015 37:25 44:15 28:57 35:32 30:23 28:20 22:13 Sapporo Concert Hall Fontec [87]
42 Osmo Vänskä (2) Minnesota Orchestra 2011–2015 34:43 46:14 29:50 38:28 30:50 28:58 22:01 Minneapolis Orchestra Hall BIS [88]
43 Kim Dae-jin Suwon Philharmonic Orchestra [ko] 2015–2015 37:54 42:31 29:15 33:58 30:30 28:58 23:27 Suwon SK Artrium Sony Classical [89]
44 Paavo Järvi Orchestre de Paris 2012–2016 39:49 44:37 28:55 35:59 31:38 29:16 21:32 Salle Pleyel (1, 6–7)
Philharmonie de Paris (2–5) 		RCA Red Seal [90]
45 Sachio Fujioka Kansai Philharmonic Orchestra 2012–2018 40:01 43:50 29:06 39:40 32:37 30:40 20:48 The Symphony Hall, Osaka ALM Records [91]
46 Sir Mark Elder The Hallé (2) 2006–2019 39:03 46:44 29:50 41:07 30:40 28:41 22:34 New Broadcasting House (1)
Bridgewater Hall (2–7) 		Hallé[t] [92]
47 Klaus Mäkelä Oslo Philharmonic 2021–2021 39:54 46:03 30:03 37:52 34:01 31:23 22:44 Oslo Concert Hall Decca [93]
48 Owain Arwel Hughes Royal Philharmonic Orchestra 2019–2022 41:03 47:50 31:44 39:05 31:21 30:25 21:07 St John’s Smith Square Rubicon Classics [94]

Complete cycles including Kullervo

[edit]

Additionally, the Sibelius cycle can, in its non-standard form, include Kullervo (Op. 7, 1892), a five-movement symphonic work for soprano, baritone, male choir, and orchestra. This piece, which predates the First Symphony by seven years and in 1893 launched the young Sibelius as an important composer for orchestra, features sung text from Runos XXXV–VI of the Kalevala, Finland's national epic. Kullervo eschews obvious categorization, in part due to Sibelius's own ambivalence: at the premiere, program and score each listed the piece as a "symphonic poem"; yet, Sibelius nevertheless referred to Kullervo as a symphony both while composing the piece and again in retirement when reflecting on his decades-long career.[95][96][97]

Today, many commentators prefer to view Kullervo as a programmatic choral symphony, variously due to its deployment of sonata form in the first movement, its thematic unity and recurring material, and its massive scale.[95][98][99][100] Such a perspective thus conceptualizes Kullervo as Sibelius's de facto "Symphony No. 0", thereby expanding his completed contributions to the symphonic canon from seven to eight. Eleven of the Sibelius complete cycles listed above also include Kullervo. The sortable table below lists recording information for these performances.[w]

Complete cycles that include Kullervo
No. Conductor Orchestra Soloists Male choir(s) Year[l] Time[m] Recording venue Label Ref.
11 Paavo Berglund (1) Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra Raili Kostia [fi],
Usko Viitanen [fi] 		YL Male Voice Choir 1970 71:45 Southampton Guildhall EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[101]
15 Neeme Järvi (1) Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra Karita Mattila,
Jorma Hynninen 		Laulun Ystävät Male Choir [fi] 1985 69:45 Gothenburg Concert Hall BIS [61]
17 Paavo Berglund (2) Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra Eeva-Liisa Saarinen [fi],
Jorma Hynninen 		YL Male Voice Choir
Estonian National Male Choir 		1985 71:46 Kulttuuritalo EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[102]
20 Leif Segerstam (1) Danish National Symphony Orchestra Soile Isokoski,
Raimo Laukka [fi] 		Danish National Radio Choir [da] 1994 75:50 Danish Radio Concert Hall Chandos [103]
22 Jukka-Pekka Saraste (2) Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra Monica Groop,
Jorma Hynninen 		Polytech Choir 1996 69:46 Kulttuuritalo Finlandia [104]
23 Sir Colin Davis (2) London Symphony Orchestra Hillevi Martinpelto,
Karl-Magnus Fredriksson [fi] 		London Symphony Chorus 1996 80:59 Walthamstow Assembly Hall RCA Red Seal [69]
25 Osmo Vänskä (1) Lahti Symphony Orchestra Lilli Paasikivi,
Raimo Laukka [fi] 		YL Male Voice Choir 2000 80:34 Sibelius Hall BIS [105]
30 Leif Segerstam (2) Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra Soile Isokoski,
Tommi Hakala 		YL Male Voice Choir 2007 77:56 Finlandia Hall Ondine [106]
33 Sir Colin Davis (3) London Symphony Orchestra Monica Groop,
Peter Mattei 		London Symphony Chorus 2005 72:12 Barbican Centre LSO Live[t] [79]
39 Hannu Lintu Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra Johanna Rusanen [fi],
Ville Rusanen [fi] 		Polytech Choir
Estonian National Male Choir 		2018 72:28 Helsinki Music Centre Ondine [107]
42 Osmo Vänskä (2) Minnesota Orchestra Lilli Paasikivi,
Tommi Hakala 		YL Male Voice Choir 2016 79:29 Minneapolis Orchestra Hall BIS [108]

Incomplete Sibelius cycles: 1952–present

[edit]

Projected cycles in progress

[edit]

The sortable table below includes two projected, in-progress Sibelius cycles, which—if completed—would constitute the 49th to 50th entries in the commercial catalogue.

Projected cycles in progress
Conductor Orchestra Years[l] Symphony runtime[m] Recording venue Label Ref.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Santtu-Matias Rouvali Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra 2018– 39:42 45:29 31:28 36:56 31:11 — — Gothenburg Concert Hall (1–5) Alpha Classics [109]
Yannick Nézet-Séguin Orchestre Métropolitain 2018– 41:05 44:54 30:29 38:08 31:26 — — Montreal Symphony House (1–5) ATMA Classique [110]

Additionally, beginning in November 2024, the Finnish conductor Jukka-Pekka Saraste and the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra will commence a cycle, "during which all of Jean Sibelius's symphonies will be recorded as high-quality multi-camera productions"; the videos will be available on Deutsche Grammophon's Stage+ streaming service.[111] Once completed, this would be the third Sibelius cycle for both Saraste (previously 1989 and 1993, both with the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra) and the Helsinki Philharmonic (previously 1987 with Paavo Berglund and 2004 with Leif Segerstam).

Between his recordings with the Philharmonia Orchestra and the Berlin Philharmonic, Herbert von Karajan recorded each symphony except the Third.
Leonard Bernstein was the first American to complete the cycle (1967, the New York Philharmonic). He died before completing a second.

Incomplete cycles no longer in progress

[edit]

In addition to the 48 completed Sibelius cycles, there are a number of incomplete traversals available to the public. Of particular note is the collaboration between the Austrian conductor Herbert von Karajan and the Philharmonia for EMI, because it occurred during Sibelius's lifetime. In 1954, Walter Legge—who, in 1932, had been instrumental in the projected Kajanus–LSO cycle—sought to woo the octogenarian composer to London, either to personally conduct the cycle or, barring that, to supervise the production of one under Karajan (then under contract with Legge's EMI):[112]

As I believe I have already told you, Herbert von Karajan is, in my view, of all the leading conductors, the one with the greatest insight into your music. If you are completely happy with his performances of these three great works [Symphonies Nos. 4 and 5, recorded in 1952; and Tapiola, 1953], I would be deeply grateful if you would write and tell me so, because if Herbert von Karajan's performances satisfy you, it is my intention to record all of your symphonies to be published in time for the celebration of your ninetieth birthday ...

— Walter Legge, in a September 1954 letter to Jean Sibelius[112]

Subsequently, Sibelius voiced his approval to Legge in person, remarking: "Karajan is the only one who really understands my music". In the end, Karajan recorded Symphonies Nos. 4–7 with the Philharmonia before Sibelius's death, all in mono;[x] and, in 1960, he added to this set stereo recordings of Nos. 2 and 5.[114][115]

The sortable table below includes these and other incomplete Sibelius cycles for which a conductor recorded with the same orchestra at least three of the seven symphonies, including: Karajan's second and third, each with the Berlin Philharmonic, the orchestra he conducted for over three decades; Bernstein's second; and, Berglund's record fifth.

Incomplete cycles no longer in progress
Conductor Orchestra Years[l] Symphony runtime[m] Recording venue Label Ref.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Paul Kletzki[x] Philharmonia Orchestra 1955–1955 35:20 40:28 27:24 — — — — Kingsway Hall (1–3) EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[116]
Herbert von Karajan Philharmonia Orchestra 1952–1960 — 45:47 — 35:59 32:28
30:46 		28:00 25:01 Kingsway Hall (2, 4–7) EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[117]
Eugene Ormandy Philadelphia Orchestra 1957–1962 39:41 43:48 — — — — 22:34 Broadwood Hotel (2, 7) Columbia,
Sony Classical 		[118]
Herbert von Karajan Berlin Philharmonic 1965–1967 — — — 36:08 31:34 28:49 23:18 Jesus-Christus-Kirche [de] (4–7) Deutsche Grammophon[y] [119]
Eugene Ormandy Philadelphia Orchestra 1972–1978 41:49 44:39 — 32:13 33:38 — 23:42 Scottish Rite Cathedral (4–5, 7) RCA Red Seal [118]
Herbert von Karajan Berlin Philharmonic 1976–1981 38:48 47:48 — 39:01 32:33 27:23 — Berliner Philharmonie (1–2, 4–6) EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[120]
Leonard Bernstein Vienna Philharmonic 1986–1990 41:18 51:30 — — 35:34 — 24:54 Wiener Musikverein (1–2, 7)
Wiener Konzerthaus (5) 		Deutsche Grammophon [121]
Mariss Jansons Oslo Philharmonic 1990–1994 38:01 42:13 28:08 — 29:46 — — Oslo Konserthus (1–3, 5) EMI Classics,
Warner Classics 		[122]
James Levine Berlin Philharmonic 1991–1994 — 40:15 — 37:20 29:21 — — Konzerthaus Berlin (2)
Jesus-Christus-Kirche [de] (4)
Berliner Philharmonie (5) 		Deutsche Grammophon [123]
Adrian Leaper Orquesta Filarmónica de Gran Canaria 1996–1997 37:47 45:10 — — 32:16 29:26 21:26 Nave Industrial, El Cebadal, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (1–2, 5–7) Arte Nova Classics [124]
Paavo Berglund London Philharmonic Orchestra 2003–2005 — 43:43 — — 31:40 28:35 22:37 Royal Festival Hall (2, 5–7) LPO Live[t] [125]
Thomas Søndergård BBC National Orchestra of Wales 2014–2014 38:10 41:53 — — — 28:30 20:33 BBC Hoddinott Hall (1–2, 6–7) Linn Records [126]

Notes, references, and sources

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The First Symphony premiered on 26 April 1899 in Helsinki, with Sibelius conducting the Helsinki Philharmonic Society. It shared the program with the tone poem The Wood Nymph, Op. 15 (1894–1895) and the Song of the Athenians, Op. 31/3 (1899), for boy's choir, male choir, and small orchestra.[3][4]
  2. ^ The Second Symphony premiered on 8 March 1902 in Helsinki, with Sibelius conducting the Philharmonic Society. It shared the program with the Overture in A minor, JS 144 (1902) and Impromptu, Op. 19 (1902; revised 1910), for female choir and orchestra.[5][6]
  3. ^ The Third Symphony premiered on 25 September 1907 in Helsinki, with Sibelius conducting the Philharmonic Society. It shared the program with the tone poem Pohjola's Daughter, Op. 49 (1906) and Belshazzar's Feast, Op. 51 (1907), a concert suite Sibelius had excerpted from his theatre music, JS 48 (1906), to Hjalmar Procopé's [sv] play.[7][8]
  4. ^ The Fourth Symphony premiered on 3 April 1911 in Helsinki, with Sibelius conducting the Philharmonic Society. It shared the program with the tone poems Nightride and Sunrise, Op. 55 (1908) and The Dryad, Op. 45/1 (1910), as well as two additional orchestral works: In memoriam, Op. 59 (1909; revised 1910), and Canzonetta, Op. 62a (1911).[9][10]
  5. ^ The initial version of the Fifth Symphony (then in four movements) premiered on 8 December 1915 in Helsinki, with Sibelius conducting the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra. It shared the program with the tone poem The Oceanides, Op.  78 (1913–1914; revised 1914) and the Two Serenades, Op. 69 (1912–1913) for violin and orchestra, with Richard Burgin as soloist.[11][12] Four years later, on 24 November 1919 in Helsinki, Sibelius premiered the definitive version of the Fifth, again with the Philharmonic Orchestra. Programmed alongside it was Song of the Earth, Op. 93 (1919), a cantata for mixed choir; and, the Six Humoresques, Op. 87/89 (1917–1918; No. 1 revised 1940), for violin and orchestra, with Paul Cherkassky as soloist.[13][14]
  6. ^ The Sixth Symphony premiered on 19 February 1923 in Helsinki with Sibelius conducting the Philharmonic Orchestra. It shared the program with: Autrefois, Op. 96b (1920); Valse chevaleresque, Op. 96c (1922); the Suite champêtre for strings, Op. 98b (1922); the Suite caractéristique, Op. 100 (1922) for strings and harp; and, La Chasse from the Scènes historiques II, Op. 66 (1912).[15][16]
  7. ^ The Seventh Symphony—then titled Fantasia sinfonica and not counted among the numbered symphonies–premiered on 24 March 1924 in Stockholm, with Sibelius conducting the Concert Society Orchestra. It shared the program with the First Symphony and the Violin Concerto in D minor, Op. 47 (1904; revised 1905), with Julius Ruthström [sv] as soloist.[17][18]
  8. ^ Beecham left behind an extensive recorded legacy as a Sibelian. In addition to the performances of the Fourth and Sixth mentioned above, he also recorded the Second twice and the Seventh three.
  9. ^ According to the music critic and Sibelius "evangelist" Olin Downes, Koussevitzky was a late convert to the cause, having initially in 1924 dismissed Sibelius's oeuvre as "so dark". By the 1930s, however, Koussevitzky had become a "zealot" in service to Sibelius's music.[39]
  10. ^ The archives of the Boston Symphony Orchestra contain the concert programs that correspond to this landmark cycle: Having inaugurated the cycle with the Boston premiere of Tapiola (4–5 November 1932), Koussevitzky had hoped—in vain, as it turned out—to conclude the cycle with the world premiere of the Symphony No. 8.
  11. ^ In the 1960s, Rococo Records issued LPs of "off-air" recordings from the 1940s of Koussevitzky conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra in performances of the First, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh symphonies.[28][45][46]
  12. ^ a b c d Refers to the timespan over which the conductor-orchestra pairing recorded the work(s); this may not be the same as the year(s) in which the recordings were first released to the general public.
  13. ^ a b c d All runtimes are official, as printed on CD or LP liner notes. For some recordings, the notes only provide runtimes for a symphony's constituent movements; in these cases, the movement runtimes were added to obtain a total duration.
  14. ^ In 2015, Sony Classical released a remastered edition of the Bernstein–NYPO cycle (88875026142), which superseded an earlier 2003 release (SM4K 87329). These releases, however, contain conflicting recording information; these discrepancies are as follows:
    • 2003 release: (No. 1) 03/03/1967 in Philharmonia Hall; (No. 2) 05/15/1966 in Philharmonia Hall; (No. 5) 03/27/1961 in Philharmonia Hall; (No. 7) 03/28/1960 & 10/26/1965 in Philharmonia Hall
    • 2015 release: (No. 1) 03/14/1967 in Philharmonia Hall; (No. 2) 05/16/1966 in Philharmonia Hall; (No. 5) 03/27/1961 in Manhattan Hall; (No. 7) 03/28/1960 in Philharmonia Hall
    The table above utilizes the 2015 liner notes.
  15. ^ In the liner notes to the 2015 remaster, Sony Classical incorrectly promotes the Bernstein–NYPO cycle as "the first complete Sibelius symphony cycle in stereo ... there had only been two previous traversals of all seven symphonies on disc, both in mono, both dating from the previous decade".[50] In point of fact, Nippon Columbia's 1962 Watanabe–Japan PO cycle (which the Sony liner notes do not reference) was the first to stereo.
  16. ^ The liner notes to this release do not contain information on the venue(s) at which the symphonies were recorded.
  17. ^ First complete Sibelius cycle by a Finnish conductor
  18. ^ First complete Sibelius cycle by a Finnish orchestra
  19. ^ The Vänskä–Lahti SO cycle also includes the world premiere recording of the original 1915 version of the Fifth Symphony. BIS subsequently made the Vänskä–Lahti SO cycle part of its 13-volume The Sibelius Edition series (Vol. 12, 'Symphonies', BIS-CD-1933/35; released in 2011).
  20. ^ a b c d e This orchestra records under its in-house label.
  21. ^ The Storgårds–BBC Phil cycle also includes the world premiere recording of three fragments purported to belong to Sibelius's Eighth Symphony, a piece that the composer destroyed in the late-1930s to early-1940s.
  22. ^ The Lintu–Finnish RSO cycle, a collaboration between Arthaus Musik and the Finnish Broadcasting Company (YLE) released in 2015 in honor of the 150th anniversary of Sibelius's birth, comprises audiovisual recordings of live performances from 2012–14. The cycle is available either on Blu-ray or DVD (but not CD). A documentary film—with commentary from the conductor—proceeds each symphony.
  23. ^ Recordings of Kullervo by Paavo Järvi and Sakari Oramo, respectively, are not included in the table above, because each is with an orchestra different from the one with which they recorded the Sibelius cycle.
  24. ^ a b In 1955, Legge and the Philharmonia recorded Symphonies Nos. 1–3 at Kingsway Hall with the Polish conductor Paul Kletzki. When combined with the Karajan recordings, this gives Legge and the Philharmonia an unofficial 'complete cycle'.[113]
  25. ^ Since the 1970s, Deutsche Grammophon has packaged the Karajan–Berlin PO recordings of Symphonies Nos. 4–7 with recordings of Nos. 1–3 by the Finnish conductor Okko Kamu, who 1969 won the first Herbert von Karajan Conducting Competition; Kamu's First and Third are with the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, while his Second is with the Berlin Phil. From 2012–14, Kamu recorded a complete cycle with the Lahti Symphony Orchestra for BIS.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Abraham 1947, p. 14; Downes 1956, p. 5; Ewen 1967, p. 573; Rickards 1997, pp. 197–201; Smith 2002, p. 68; Barnett 2007, p. 353.
  2. ^ a b Layton 2001, p. 22.
  3. ^ Tawaststjerna 1976, p. 208.
  4. ^ Barnett 2007, p. 124.
  5. ^ Tawaststjerna 1976, p. 243.
  6. ^ Barnett 2007, pp. 146–147.
  7. ^ Tawaststjerna 1986, p. 66.
  8. ^ Barnett 2007, p. 182.
  9. ^ Tawaststjerna 1986, p. 169.
  10. ^ Barnett 2007, p. 210.
  11. ^ Tawaststjerna 1997, pp. 69–70.
  12. ^ Barnett 2007, p. 255.
  13. ^ Tawaststjerna 1997, p. 162.
  14. ^ Barnett 2007, p. 284.
  15. ^ Tawaststjerna 1997, pp. 226–227.
  16. ^ Barnett 2007, p. 299.
  17. ^ Tawaststjerna 1997, p. 245.
  18. ^ Barnett 2007, pp. 307–308.
  19. ^ a b Layton 2001, pp. 14–22.
  20. ^ Steinberg 1995, p. 607.
  21. ^ Tawaststjerna 1976, pp. 107–108; de Gorog 1989, p. 45; Steinberg 1995, pp. 574–575; Rickards 1997, p. 48; Smith 2002, pp. 62, 83; Hurwitz 2007, pp. 51, 57.
  22. ^ Breitkopf & Härtel 2005, PB 5304 study score.
  23. ^ a b c Tawaststjerna 1997, pp. 320–321.
  24. ^ a b Layton 2001, pp. 14–15.
  25. ^ a b c R. Kajanus–Naxos Historical (8.111393) 2012.
  26. ^ a b c d Tawaststjerna 1997, p. 321.
  27. ^ R. Kajanus–Naxos Historical (8.111394) 2013.
  28. ^ a b Layton 2001, p. 21.
  29. ^ a b Barnett 2007, p. 336.
  30. ^ R. Kajanus–Naxos Historical (8.111395) 2013.
  31. ^ Layton 2001, pp. 15–16.
  32. ^ a b L. Stokowski/G. Schnéevoigt/S. Koussevitzky–
    Naxos Historical (8.111399) 2013    .
  33. ^ a b Layton 2001, p. 19.
  34. ^ Barnett 2007, p. 338.
  35. ^ a b T. Beecham–EMI (CDM 7 640 27 2) 1991.
  36. ^ Layton 2001, pp. 19–20.
  37. ^ Layton 2001, pp. 20–21.
  38. ^ Goss 1995, pp. 86–88.
  39. ^ Goss 1995, p. 82.
  40. ^ Goss 1995, p. 81.
  41. ^ a b Tawaststjerna 1997, p. 314.
  42. ^ Tawaststjerna 1997, pp. 316–317.
  43. ^ S. Koussevitzky–Naxos Historical (8.110170) 2001.
  44. ^ S. Koussevitzky–Naxos Historical (8.111290) 2008.
  45. ^ S. Koussevitzky–Rococo (2-RR-2103-1) 1960s.
  46. ^ S. Koussevitzky–Rococo (2-RR-2103-2) 1960s.
  47. ^ a b S. Ehrling–Finlandia (3984-22713-2) 1999.
  48. ^ A. Collins–Decca (0289 478 8589 4) 2015.
  49. ^ A. Watanabe–Denon (COCO-80406-409) 1996.
  50. ^ a b L. Bernstein–Sony (88875026142) 2015.
  51. ^ L. Maazel–Decca (478 8541) 2015.
  52. ^ J. Barbirolli–EMI (5 67299 2) 2000.
  53. ^ G. Rozhdestvensky–Melodiya (MEL CD 10 01669) 2010.
  54. ^ C. Davis–Decca (478 3696) 2012.
  55. ^ M. Abravanel–Vanguard (SVC 3133) 1995.
  56. ^ K. Sanderling–Brilliant (6328) 2003.
  57. ^ P. Berglund–EMI (50999 9 73600 2 5) 2013.
  58. ^ A. Watanabe–Denon (COCO-80410-413) 1996.
  59. ^ A. Gibson–Chandos (CHAN 6559) 2004.
  60. ^ V. Ashkenazy–Decca (473 590-2) 2003.
  61. ^ a b N. Järvi–BIS (CD-622/24) 1993.
  62. ^ S. Rattle–EMI (50999 5 00753 2 4) 2007.
  63. ^ P. Berglund–EMI (5 74485 2) 2001.
  64. ^ J. Saraste–RCA (19439704812) 2020.
  65. ^ A. Leaper–Naxos (8.550197) 1990; A. Leaper–Naxos (8.550198) 1991; A. Leaper–Naxos (8.550199) 1990; A. Leaper–Naxos (8.550200) 1991.
  66. ^ L. Segerstam–Chandos (CHAN 7054) 1996.
  67. ^ L. Maazel–Sony (SB5K 87882) 2002.
  68. ^ J. Saraste–Finlandia (4509-99963-2) 1995.
  69. ^ a b C. Davis–RCA (82876-55706-2) 2003.
  70. ^ H. Blomstedt–Decca (475 7677) 2006.
  71. ^ O. Vänskä–BIS (CD-1286/1288) 2001.
  72. ^ P. Berglund–Finlandia (3984-23389-2) 1998.
  73. ^ P. Berglund–ICA Classics (ICABD 5163) 2022.
  74. ^ P. Sakari–Naxos (8.554102) 1998; P. Sakari–Naxos (8.554266) 1999; P. Sakari–Naxos (8.554377) 2000; P. Sakari–Naxos (8.554387) 2000.
  75. ^ S. Oramo–Erato (2564 60294-2) 2003.
  76. ^ L. Segerstam–Ondine (ODE 1075-2Q) 2005.
  77. ^ N. Järvi–DG (4776654) 2007.
  78. ^ V. Ashkenazy–Exton (OVCL-00279) 2007; V. Ashkenazy–Exton (OVCL-00282) 2007; V. Ashkenazy–Exton (OVCL-00292) 2007; V. Ashkenazy–Exton (OVCL-00293) 2007.
  79. ^ a b C. Davis–LSO Live (LSO0191) 2009.
  80. ^ A. Volmer–ABC Classics (ABC 476 3943) 2010.
  81. ^ P. Inkinen–Naxos (8.572305) 2010; P. Inkinen–Naxos (8.572227) 2011; P. Inkinen–Naxos (8.572704) 2011; P. Inkinen–Naxos (8.572705) 2011.
  82. ^ P. Inkinen–Naxos (NYCC-27286-9) 2015.
  83. ^ J. Storgårds–Chandos (CHAN 10809) 2014.
  84. ^ O. Kamu–BIS (BIS-2076) 2015.
  85. ^ H. Lintu–Arthaus (ARTHAUS 101797) 2015.
  86. ^ S. Rattle–Berlin Phil (BPHR 150073) 2015.
  87. ^ T. Otaka–Fontec (FOCD9856/8) 2021.
  88. ^ O. Vänskä–BIS (BIS-1986) 2012; O. Vänskä–BIS (BIS-1996) 2013; O. Vänskä–BIS (BIS-2006) 2016.
  89. ^ D. Kim–Sony (S80210C) 2016.
  90. ^ P. Järvi–RCA (190759245125) 2019.
  91. ^ S. Fujioka–ALM Records (ALCD-8036-8039) 2021.
  92. ^ M. Elder–Hallé (CDHLL7514) 2009; M. Elder–Hallé (CDHLL7516) 2013; M. Elder–Hallé (CDHLL7543) 2016; M. Elder–Hallé (CDHLL7553) 2020.
  93. ^ K. Mäkelä–Decca (00028948522569) 2022.
  94. ^ O. Hughes–Rubicon (RCD1055) 2020; O. Hughes–Rubicon (RCD1072) 2022; O. Hughes–Rubicon (RCD1073) 2022.
  95. ^ a b Breitkopf & Härtel 2005, p. xi.
  96. ^ Tawaststjerna 1976, pp. 104, 107.
  97. ^ Barnett 2000, p. 7.
  98. ^ Tawaststjerna 1976, pp. 107–108.
  99. ^ Hurwitz 2007, pp. 51, 57.
  100. ^ Rickards 1997, p. 48.
  101. ^ P. Berglund–EMI (5 74200 2) 2000.
  102. ^ P. Berglund–EMI (5 65080 2) 1994.
  103. ^ L. Segerstam–Chandos (CHAN 9393) 1995.
  104. ^ J. Saraste–Finlandia (0630-14906-2) 1996.
  105. ^ O. Vänskä–BIS (CD-1215) 2001.
  106. ^ L. Segerstam–Ondine (ODE 1122-5) 2008.
  107. ^ H. Lintu–Ondine (ODE 1338-5) 2019.
  108. ^ O. Vänskä–BIS (BIS-2506) 2020.
  109. ^ S. Rouvali–Alpha (ALPHA 440) 2019; S. Rouvali–Alpha (ALPHA 574) 2020; S. Rouvali–Alpha (ALPHA 645) 2022; S. Rouvali–Alpha (ALPHA 1008) 2023.
  110. ^ Y. Nézet-Séguin–ATMA (ACD2 2452) 2019; Y. Nézet-Séguin–ATMA (ACD2 2454) 2022; Y. Nézet-Séguin–ATMA (ACD2 2453) 2024.
  111. ^ Sibelius One 2024.
  112. ^ a b Tawaststjerna 1997, p. 329.
  113. ^ Layton 2001, p. 26.
  114. ^ Tawaststjerna 1997, p. 330.
  115. ^ Layton 2001, pp. 26–27.
  116. ^ P. Kletzki–Angel (35313) 1956; P. Kletzki–Angel (35314) 1956; P. Kletzki–Angel (35315) 1956.
  117. ^ H. Karajan–Warner (0825646336210) 2014.
  118. ^ a b E. Ormandy–Sony (88875108582) 2015.
  119. ^ H. Karajan–DG (457 748-2) 1999.
  120. ^ H. Karajan–Warner (0825646336197) 2014.
  121. ^ L. Bernstein–DG (474 936-2) 2004.
  122. ^ M. Jansons–EMI (0777 7 54273 2 5) 1991; M. Jansons–EMI (0777 7 54804 2 9) 1993; M. Jansons–EMI (7243 5 55533 2 4) 1996.
  123. ^ J. Levine–DG (437 828-2) 1993; J. Levine–DG (445 865-2) 1995.
  124. ^ A. Leaper–Arte Nova (74321 51629 2) 1997; A. Leaper–Arte Nova (74321 49705 2) 1997; A. Leaper–Arte Nova (74321 59231 2) 1998.
  125. ^ P. Berglund–LPO Live (LPO 0005) 2005; P. Berglund–LPO Live (LPO 0065) 2012.
  126. ^ T. Søndergård–Linn (CKD 462) 2015; T. Søndergård–Linn (CKD 502) 2017.

Sources

[edit]

Books

[edit]
  • Abraham, Gerald (1947). The Music of Sibelius. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-306-70716-2.
  • de Gorog, Lisa (1989). From Sibelius to Sallinen: Finnish Nationalism and the Music of Finland. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26740-6.
  • Ewen, David (1967). Ewen's Musical Masterworks: The Encyclopedia of Musical Masterpieces (2nd ed.). New York: Bonanza Books. OCLC 2953062.
  • Layton, Robert (2001). "Chapter 2: From Kajanus to Karajan: Sibelius on record". In Jackson, Timothy; Veijo, Murtomäki (eds.). Sibelius Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–34. ISBN 978-0-521-62416-9.
  • Smith, Frederick Key (2002). Nordic Art Music : From the Middle Ages to the Third Millennium. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-97399-5.
  • Tawaststjerna, Erik (1986). Sibelius: Volume 2, 1904–1914. (Robert Layton, English translation). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24773-8.
  • Tawaststjerna, Erik (1997). Sibelius: Volume 3, 1914–1957. (Robert Layton, English translation). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24774-5.

Liner notes

[edit]
  • Kajanus conducts Sibelius, Vol. 1 (CD booklet). Robert Kajanus & London Symphony Orchestra [& "Royal Philharmonic Orchestra"]. Naxos Historical. 2012. 8.111393.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 867581760
  • Kajanus conducts Sibelius, Vol. 2 (CD booklet). Robert Kajanus & London Symphony Orchestra [& "Royal Philharmonic Orchestra"]. Naxos Historical. 2013. 8.111394.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 858154504
  • Jean Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 4, 6 and 7 (CD booklet). Leopold Stokowski & Philadelphia Orchestra / Goerg Schnéevoigt & Finnish National Orchestra / Serge Koussevitzky & BBC Symphony Orchestra. Naxos Historical. 2013. 8.111399.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 1131520158
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 / Symphony No. 5 (CD booklet). S. Koussevitzky & Boston Symphony Orchestra. Naxos Historical. 2001. 8.110170.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 191900882
  • Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf / Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 (CD booklet). Serge Koussevitzky & Boston Symphony Orchestra. Naxos Historical. 2008. 8.111290.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 416976080
  • Koussevitzky Conducts Sibelius, Vol. 1: Symphony No. 1 / Symphony No. 7 (CD booklet). Serge Koussevitzky & Boston Symphony Orchestra. Rococo Records. 1960s. 2-RR-2103-1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 50879968
  • Koussevitzky Conducts Sibelius, Vol. 2: Symphony No. 5 / Symphony No. 6 / The Swan of Tuonela (CD booklet). Serge Koussevitzky & Boston Symphony Orchestra. Rococo Records. 1960s. 2-RR-2103-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 3824659
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 4 / Symphony No. 5 / Others (CD booklet). Sir Thomas Beecham, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, & London Philharmonic Orchestra. EMI Classics. 1991. CDM 7 640 27 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 28124429
  • Sibelius: The complete Symphonies (CD booklet). Akeo Watanabe & Japan Philharmonic Orchestra. Denon. 1996. [4-CD-Box: COCO-80406-409 or COCO-80406; Barcode: 4988001446989 (Not listed on websites like discogs but can be found via Google image search, on auction-websites like ebay/yahoo or shopping sites like tower.jp)].{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • The Sibelius Edition: Symphonies 1–7 / Orchestral Works (CD booklet). Sir John Barbirolli & Hallé Orchestra. EMI Classics [Warner]. 2000. 5 67299 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 45170478
  • Sibelius: Symphonies (CD booklet). Kurt Sanderling & Berlin Symphony Orchestra. Brilliant Classics. 2003. 6328.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 52076322
  • Sibelius: The Complete Symphonies (CD booklet). Akeo Watanabe & Japan Philharmonic Orchestra. Denon. 1996. COCO-80410-413.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: The Symphonies / Tone Poems / Violin Concerto (CD booklet). Vladimir Ashkenazy & Philharmonia Orchestra. Decca. 2003. 473 590-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 54781243
  • Jean Sibelius: The Seven Symphonies / Kullervo (CD booklet). Neeme Järvi & Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra. BIS. 1993. CD-622/24.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 29242082
  • Sibelius: The Complete Symphonies / Tone Poems (CD booklet). Paavo Berglund & Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra. EMI Classics [Warner]. 2001. 5 74485 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 51667439
  • Sibelius: Symphonies 1–7 / Karelia Suite / Valse triste (CD booklet). Jukka-Pekka Saraste & Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra. RCA Red Seal. 2020. 19439704812.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 1240345371
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 5 / En saga / Belshazzar's Feast (CD booklet). Adrian Leaper & Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra. Naxos. 1991. 8.550200.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 30051915
  • Sibelius: Symphonies 1–7 / Violin Concerto / Orchestral Works (CD booklet). Lorin Maazel & Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. Sony Classical. 2002. SB5K 87882.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 52201392
  • Sibelius: The 7 Symphonies / Finlandia / Kullervo / Valse triste / More (CD booklet). Sir Colin Davis & London Symphony Orchestra. RCA Red Seal. 2003. 82876-55706-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 55118128
  • Sibelius: The complete Symphonies (DVD/Blu-ray booklet). Paavo Berglund & Chamber Orchestra of Europe. ica Classics. 2022. [1].{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 1299307765
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 / The Tempest, Suite No. 1 (CD booklet). Petri Sakari & Iceland Symphony Orchestra. Naxos. 1999. 8.554266.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 42252832
  • Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 6 and 7 / The Tempest, Suite No. 2 (CD booklet). Petri Sakari & Iceland Symphony Orchestra. Naxos. 2000. 8.554387.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 47111710
  • Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 1–7 / Finlandia / Karelia Suite / Tone Poems (CD booklet). Sakari Oramo & City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. Erato [Warner]. 2003. 2564 60294-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 783181636
  • Sibelius: Complete Symphonies / Violin Concerto / Finlandia (CD booklet). Leif Segerstam & Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra. Ondine. 2005. ODE 1075-2Q.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 68623498
  • Sibelius: The Symphonies & Tone Poems (CD booklet). Neeme Järvi & Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra. Deutsche Grammophon. 2007. 4776654.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 302357737
  • Jean Sibelius: Symphony No. 1 / Symphony No. 3 / Rakastava (CD booklet). Vladimir Ashkenazy & Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. Exton. 2007. OVCL-00279.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 713662002
  • Jean Sibelius: Symphony No. 4 / Symphony No. 5 / Finlandia (CD booklet). Vladimir Ashkenazy & Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. Exton. 2007. OVCL-00282.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 635955299
  • Jean Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 / Tapiola / The Swan of Tuonela (CD booklet). Vladimir Ashkenazy & Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. Exton. 2007. OVCL-00292.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 642909278
  • Jean Sibelius: Symphony No. 6 / Symphony No. 7 / Karelia Suite (CD booklet). Vladimir Ashkenazy & Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. Exton. 2007. OVCL-00293.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 656016325
  • Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 1–7 / Kullervo (CD booklet). Sir Colin Davis & London Symphony Orchestra. LSO Live. 2009. LSO0191.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 762569923
  • Sibelius: Complete Symphonies / Violin Concerto / Finlandia / Valse triste (CD booklet). Arvo Volmer & Adelaide Symphony Orchestra. ABC Classics. 2010. ABC 476 3943.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 729684400
  • Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 6 & 7 / Finlandia (CD booklet). Pietari Inkinen & New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. Naxos. 2011. 8.572705.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 752482990
  • Sibelius: Complete Symphonies (CD booklet). Pietari Inkinen & Japan Philharmonic Orchestra. Naxos Japan. 2015. NYCC-27286-9.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 1–7 & Kullervo (CD booklet). Osmo Vänskä & Minnesota Orchestra. BIS. 2020. BIS-2506.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Symphonies (CD booklet). Tadaaki Otaka & Sapporo Symphony Orchestra. Fontec. 2021. FOCD9856/8.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Complete Symphonies (CD booklet). Kim Dae-jin & Suwon Philharmonic Orchestra. Sony Classical. 2016. S80210C.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Complete Symphonies & Violin Concerto (CD booklet). Sachio Fujioka & Kansai Philharmonic Orchestra. ALM Records. 2021. [2].{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 1 in E minor / Symphony No. 3 in C major (CD booklet). Sir Mark Elder & Hallé Orchestra. Hallé. 2009. CDHLL7514.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 471522235
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 5 in E-flat / Symphony No. 7 in C / En saga (CD booklet). Sir Mark Elder & Hallé Orchestra. Hallé. 2016. CDHLL7543.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 949907753
  • Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 3 (CD booklet). Owain Arwel Hughes & Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Rubicon Classics. 2020. RCD1055.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 1201358812
  • Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 4 (CD booklet). Owain Arwel Hughes & Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Rubicon Classics. 2022. RCD1072.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 3, 5, & 7 (CD booklet). Owain Arwel Hughes & Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Rubicon Classics. 2022. RCD1073.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Kullervo Symphony / The Oceanides / Tapiola (CD booklet). Paavo Berglund & Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. EMI Classics [Warner]. 2000. 5 74200 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 47956466
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 1 (LP booklet). Paul Kletzki & Philharmonia Orchestra. Angel Records. 1956. 35313.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 3537432
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 (LP booklet). Paul Kletzki & Philharmonia Orchestra. Angel Records. 1956. 35314.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 5810168
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 3 (LP booklet). Paul Kletzki & Philharmonia Orchestra. Angel Records. 1956. 35315.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 3537435
  • Orchestral Spectaculars From Handel To Bartók: Karajan, 1949–1960 (CD booklet). Herbert von Karajan & Philharmonia Orchestra. Warner [EMI Classics]. 2014. 0825646336210.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 908656037
  • Symphonien Nos. 4–7 / Der Schwan von Tuonela / Tapiola (CD booklet). Herbert von Karajan & Berlin Philharmonic. Deutsche Grammophon. 1999. 457 748-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 42387951
  • Leonard Bernstein–Sibelius: Complete Recordings on Deutsche Grammophon (CD booklet). Leonard Bernstein & Vienna Philharmonic. Deutsche Grammophon. 2004. 474 936-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 56079220
  • Sibelius: Symphonie No. 2 / Finlandia / Valse triste (CD booklet). James Levine & Berlin Philharmonic. Deutsche Grammophon. 1993. 437 828-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 30808446
  • Jean Sibelius: Violin Concerto / Symphony No. 5 (CD booklet). Adrian Leaper & Orquesta Filarmónica de Gran Canaria. Arte Nova. 1997. 74321 51629 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Jean Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 6 (CD booklet). Adrian Leaper & Orquesta Filarmónica de Gran Canaria. Arte Nova. 1997. 74321 49705 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Jean Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 7 (CD booklet). Adrian Leaper & Orquesta Filarmónica de Gran Canaria. Arte Nova. 1998. 74321 59231 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 / Symphony No. 7 (CD booklet). Paavo Berglund & London Philharmonic Orchestra. LPO Live. 2005. LPO 0005.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 150252455
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 5 / Symphony No. 6 / The Swan of Tuonela (CD booklet). Paavo Berglund & London Philharmonic Orchestra. LPO Live. 2012. LPO 0065.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 809034008
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 / King Christian II (CD booklet). Santtu-Matias Rouvali & Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra. Alpha Classics. 2020. ALPHA 574.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) OCLC 1147955021
  • Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 3 & 5 / Pohjola's Daughter (CD booklet). Santtu-Matias Rouvali & Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra. Alpha Classics. 2022. ALPHA 645.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Symphony No. 4 / The Wood Nymph / Valse triste (CD booklet). Santtu-Matias Rouvali & Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra. Alpha Classics. 2023. ALPHA 1008.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Symphony Nos. 3 & 4 (CD booklet). Yannick Nézet-Séguin & Orchestre Métropolitain. ATMA Classique. 2021. ACD2 2454.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Sibelius: Symphony Nos. 2 & 5 (CD booklet). Yannick Nézet-Séguin & Orchestre Métropolitain. ATMA Classique. 2024. ACD2 2453.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  • Barnett, Andrew (2000). Kullervo (booklet). Osmo Vänskä & Lahti Symphony Orchestra. BIS. p. 3–7. BIS CD-1215.

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