Diphasic sex expression

Diphasic sex expression (also known as labile sex expression or sex change), is defined as the alteration of the primary sex during the lifetime of an individual found within dioecious and subdioecious species. This change in sex expression is a response to environmental cues such as sun exposure and rainfall or drought levels. Labile sex expression is a type of diphasic sex expression that is found among many perennial plant species, and is defined as the switch from male to female once the plant has reached a certain size.^[1] In species with labile sex expression this change occurs only once, where as a plant expressing diphasic sex tendencies can switch from season to season.

Diphasic sex expression in plants

One well studied plant species with diphasic sex expression is Arisaema Triphyllum, commonly known as Jack-in-the-pulpit. It is hypothesized that diphasic plant species have higher fitness when expressing only one sex at a time when there are trade-offs between size and reproductive success through male and female function.^[2] Due to conflict between male and female function when pollen and ovules are produced in the same flower, one sex is ultimately favored over the other dependent on plant size. This sex trade-off is responsible for determining the population sex ratio, meaning the relative amount of male versus female individuals. If there are more males (typically smaller in size) than females (larger) for one season, then the males will have a lower reproductive contribution than females. However, considering their diphasic tendencies, male and female contribution should eventually reach equilibrium over time.^[3]

Diphasic sex expression in animals

Diphasic sex expression is not limited just to plants, as many species of fish also alter their sex. About two percent of known fish species display sequential hermaphroditic changes.^[4] For example, juvenile Caribbean parrot fish are female when young and may transition to male as they age. Many of these terminal phase males then go on to fulfill varying roles such as female and territorial protection.^[5]

List of known diphasic species

Arisaema drancontium
Arisaema japonica
Arisaema triphyllum
Ilex sp.
Ilec opaca
Humulus japonicus
Silene alba
Silene dioica
Silene otites

^[6]

References

Cormier, Zoe. “Fish Are the Sex-Switching Masters of the Animal Kingdom.” Our Blue Planet, Our Blue Planet, 29 Nov. 2017, ourblueplanet.bbcearth.com/blog/?article=incredible-sex-changing-fish-from-blue-planet.

Cruzan, Mitchell B. Evolutionary Biology: A Plant Perspective. Oxford University Press., 2018.

Freeman, D. C., et al. “Sex Change in Plants: Old and New Observations and New Hypotheses.” Oecologia, vol. 47, no. 2, 1980, pp. 222–232., doi:10.1007/bf00346825.

Pavlowich, Tyler, et al. “Leveraging Sex Change in Parrotfish to Manage Fished Populations.” Elem Sci Anth, vol. 6, no. 1, 2018, p. 63., doi:10.1525/elementa.318.

Policansky, D. “Sex Choice and the Size Advantage Model in Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema Triphyllum).” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 78, no. 2, 1981, pp. 1306–1308., doi:10.1073/pnas.78.2.1306.

“Research_Sex Ratio Evolution.” The Kalisz Lab, kaliszlab.weebly.com/sex-ratio-evolution.html.

^ Cruzan, Mitchell B. Evolutionary biology : a plant perspective. ISBN 978-0-19-088267-9. OCLC 1019837248.
^ Policansky, D. (1981-02-01). "Sex choice and the size advantage model in jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 78 (2): 1306–1308. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.1306P. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.2.1306. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 319998. PMID 16592965.
^ Policansky, D. (1981-02-01). "Sex choice and the size advantage model in jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 78 (2): 1306–1308. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.1306P. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.2.1306. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 319998. PMID 16592965.
^ Mitra, Abhijit; Zaman, Sufia (2014-11-21), "The Blue Zone of the Planet Earth", Blue Carbon Reservoir of the Blue Planet, Springer India, pp. 1–36, doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2107-4_1, ISBN 978-81-322-2106-7
^ Pavlowich, Tyler; Webster, D. G.; Kapuscinski, Anne R. (2018-10-08). "Leveraging sex change in parrotfish to manage fished populations". Elem Sci Anth. 6 (1): 63. doi:10.1525/elementa.318. ISSN 2325-1026.
^ Freeman, D. C.; Harper, K. T.; Charnov, E. L. (1980). "Sex change in plants: Old and new observations and new hypotheses". Oecologia. 47 (2): 222–232. Bibcode:1980Oecol..47..222F. doi:10.1007/BF00346825. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28309476. S2CID 40625124.

[1] Cruzan, Mitchell B. Evolutionary biology : a plant perspective. ISBN 978-0-19-088267-9. OCLC 1019837248.

[2] Policansky, D. (1981-02-01). "Sex choice and the size advantage model in jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 78 (2): 1306–1308. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.1306P. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.2.1306. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 319998. PMID 16592965.

[3] Policansky, D. (1981-02-01). "Sex choice and the size advantage model in jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 78 (2): 1306–1308. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.1306P. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.2.1306. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 319998. PMID 16592965.

[4] Mitra, Abhijit; Zaman, Sufia (2014-11-21), "The Blue Zone of the Planet Earth", Blue Carbon Reservoir of the Blue Planet, Springer India, pp. 1–36, doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2107-4_1, ISBN 978-81-322-2106-7

[5] Pavlowich, Tyler; Webster, D. G.; Kapuscinski, Anne R. (2018-10-08). "Leveraging sex change in parrotfish to manage fished populations". Elem Sci Anth. 6 (1): 63. doi:10.1525/elementa.318. ISSN 2325-1026.

[6] Freeman, D. C.; Harper, K. T.; Charnov, E. L. (1980). "Sex change in plants: Old and new observations and new hypotheses". Oecologia. 47 (2): 222–232. Bibcode:1980Oecol..47..222F. doi:10.1007/BF00346825. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28309476. S2CID 40625124.

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