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Dermatophagia

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Dermatophagia
Extreme nail biting / biting of skin to point of an obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)[1] or other condition leading to self mutilating behavior such as autistic spectrum disorders[citation needed] (as is the case in this example) or Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome[2]
SpecialtyPsychiatry
TypesOCD

Dermatophagia (from Ancient Greek δέρμα (derma) 'skin' and φαγεία (phageia) 'eating') or dermatodaxia (from δήξις (dexis) 'biting')[3] is a compulsion disorder of gnawing or biting one's own skin, most commonly at the fingers. This action can either be conscious or unconscious[4] and it is considered to be a type of pica. Those affected with dermatophagia typically bite the skin around the nails, leading to bleeding and discoloration over time. Some people also bite on their skin on their finger knuckles which can lead to pain and bleeding just by moving their fingers.

In herpetology, dermatophagia is used to correctly describe the act in which amphibians and reptiles eat the skin they shed,[5] but this is not what occurs in humans. Those diagnosed with this disorder do not develop wounds on the bitten areas of their hands or lose any skin. Instead, they experience a thickening of the skin being repeatedly bitten.[3] Contemporary research suggests a link between impulse-control disorders and obsessive–compulsive disorders,[6] and this was addressed in the DSM-5 when dermatophagia and other related disorders were classified as 'other specified obsessive-compulsive related disorders' and are given the specification of body focused repetitive behavior.[7]

Behavior

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A person with dermatophagia's extremely bitten finger
The fingers of a person with dermatophagia. After some time, the repeated biting leaves the skin discolored and bloody.

People with dermatophagia chew their skin out of compulsion, and can do so on a variety of places on their body.[8] Those with dermatophagia typically chew the skin surrounding their fingernails and joints. They also chew on the bottom of their feet/toes, inside of their mouth, cheeks, and/or lips, causing blisters in and outside of the mouth. If the behavior is left unchecked for an extended period, calluses may start to develop where most of the biting is done.[citation needed]

Skin chewing can be bolstered by times of apprehension and other unpleasant events.[8] Blisters in particular can cause a feeling of desire to pull or bite off the affected skin and nails (since the skin is dead, thus easily pulled off), which could be detrimental, causing infection. Another disorder, known as excoriation disorder, the repetitive action of uncontrollably picking at one's skin, can sometimes accompany dermatophagia. Dermatophagia differs from excoriation disorder in that the repetitive motion affected persons partake in is the biting of the skin.[9] People who have dermatophagia can also be prone to infection as when they bite their fingers so frequently, they make themselves vulnerable to bacteria seeping in and causing infection. Dermatophagia can be considered a "sister" disorder to trichophagia, which involves compulsively biting and eating one's hair.[10]

Management

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Habit reversal training and variants thereof, like decoupling, are recommended for body-focused repetitive behaviors, including dermatophagia.[11] Other techniques derived from cognitive-behavioral therapy recommend replacing things that do not actually dissolve with edibles that would. Moreover, it has been suggested to delay the urge by chewing gum, or on a soft drink straw. [citation needed]

Management in children with disabilities

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There is no therapy known to effectively treat dermatophagia,[citation needed] but there have been attempts at stopping those affected from being able to chew on their skin. One notable method that is currently in development is focused on in curbing dermatophagia in children with cerebral palsy. This method is known as the PLAY (Protecting Little and Adolescent hands) hands protective glove. This method of intervention involves small, non-invasive plastic brackets being placed around the affected fingers. These brackets do not hinder movement or tactile feedback, and they are constructed from non-toxic durable plastic that can withstand the force of chewing.[12] Presently PLAY hands protective gloves exist in concept and prototype only, but this intervention method could improve the quality of life of those with CP-induced dermatophagia.[12]

Eating others' skin

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While the term typically refers to eating one's own skin, there is also a documented case of a Thai religious cult whose members regularly consumed the flaking skin of their elderly leader, whom they considered to be a holy man with healing powers.[13]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Grzesiak, Magdelena; Pacan, Przemysław; Reich, Adam; Szepietowski, Jacek C. (2009). "Onychophagia as a Spectrum of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder". Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 89 (3): 278–280. doi:10.2340/00015555-0646. PMID 19479125. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  2. ^ Nanagiri, Apoorva; Shabbir, Nadeem (2022). Lesch Nyhan Syndrome. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls [Internet]. PMID 32310539.
  3. ^ a b Mitropoulos, Panagiotis; Norton, Scott (August 2005). "Dermatophagia or dermatodaxia?". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 53 (2): 365. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.021. PMID 16021151 – via JAAD.
  4. ^ Scott, MJ (January 1997). "Dermatophagia: "wolf-biter"". Cutis. 59 (1): 19–20. ISSN 0011-4162. PMID 9013066.
  5. ^ Weldon, Paul (June 1993). "A Survey of Shed Skin-Eating in Amphibians and Reptiles". Journal of Herpetology. 27: 219–228 – via JSTOR.
  6. ^ Grant; et al. (January 2010). "Impulse-control disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Psychiatry Res. 175 (1–2): 109–13. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.006. PMC 2815218. PMID 20004481.
  7. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2016). Supplement to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. pp. 12–14.
  8. ^ a b Al Hawsawi, K.; Al Aboud, K.; Ramesh, V. (2003). "Dermatophagia Simulating Callosities". Dermatology and Psychosomatics. 4: 42–43. doi:10.1159/000070535.
  9. ^ Hawsawi, Khalid Al; Pope, Elena (August 2011). "Pediatric Psychocutaneous Disorders". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 12 (4): 247–257. doi:10.2165/11589040-000000000-00000. ISSN 1175-0561. PMID 21548659. S2CID 2037287.
  10. ^ "Dermatophagia". fingerfreak. FingerFreak.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
  11. ^ Skurya, Jonathon; Jafferany, Mohammad; Everett, Gregory J. (2020). "Habit reversal therapy in the management of body focused repetitive behavior disorders". Dermatologic Therapy. 33 (6): e13811. doi:10.1111/dth.13811. ISSN 1529-8019. PMID 32542916. S2CID 219701895.
  12. ^ a b Houston-Hicks, Michele; Lura, Derek J.; Highsmith, M. Jason (September 18, 2016). "Play Hands Protective Gloves: Technical Note on Design and Concept". Technology & Innovation. 18 (2–3): 207–210. doi:10.21300/18.2-3.2016.207. ISSN 1949-8241. PMC 5218531. PMID 28066530.
  13. ^ "Thai cult leader whose followers ate his excreta arrested in Chaiyaphum". The Straits Times. 10 May 2022.
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