Decumanus

In Roman urban planning, a decumanus was an east–west-oriented road in a Roman city or castrum (military camp).^[1] The main decumanus of a particular city was the decumanus maximus, or most often simply "the decumanus".^[2] In the rectangular street grid of the typical Roman city plan, the decumanus was crossed by the perpendicular cardo, a north–south street.

In a military camp, the decumanus connected the Porta Praetoria (closest to the enemy) to the Porta Decumana (away from the enemy).^[3]^[4]

In the center – called groma – of a city or castrum, the decumanus maximus crossed the perpendicular cardo maximus, the primary north–south road. The forum was normally located close to this intersection of the decumanus maximus and the cardo maximus.

Etymology

Decumanus or decimanus was the Latin word for 'tenth'. This name is said to come from the fact that the via decumana or decimana (the "tenth") separated the Tenth Cohort from the Ninth in the legionary encampment, in the same way as the via quintana separated the Fifth Cohort from the Sixth.

Examples

Barcino, Barcelona

In the ancient Roman city of Barcino (present day Barcelona, Spain), the decumanus maximus started at the late-Roman gate (which still stands) in front of the current Plaça Nova square.^[5]

Within the city of Split, in present-day Croatia, is the UNESCO Roman monument, Diocletian's Palace. This city, built by the Emperor Diocletian, exhibits the characteristic Roman orthogonal street system with the decumanus maximus connecting the west Iron Gate to the east Silver Gate.^[6]

Gadara, Jordan

In Roman Gadara, present-day Umm Qais, in Jordan, the decumanus runs east–west for approximately one kilometre with its ancient flagstones extant.^[7]

Damascus, Syria

Another fine example is the Straight Street or Via Recta in Damascus, which is 1,500 metres long, connecting the eastern and western gates.

Beirut, Lebanon

In Beirut's central business district, Rue Weygand, which runs east–west, still follows the ancient Roman decumanus.^[8]

In Florence, the decumanus is preserved as the streets Via Strozzi, Via Speziali, and Via del Corso in the city's old centre. Although these streets have different names, they form a continuous line with a split between the Via Strozzi and Via Speziali by the Palazzo Strozzi. In Roman times, these three streets formed the decumanus of Florentina, the name of the Roman colonia. The Via Roma and the Via Calimala are formed from the ancient cardo, and what was once the forum in ancient Florence is now the Piazza della Repubblica.

In Naples, there still exist three main decumani which are, from north to south:^[9]

Superiore: consisting of Via Sapienza, Via Pisanelli, and Via Anticaglia;
Maggiore: Via dei Tribunali;
Inferiore: Via Spaccanapoli, consisting of Via Benedetto Croce and Via San Biagio dei Librai.

Gallery

Plan of Silchester, England
Plan of Roman Cologne
Ancient Naples, decumani in red
Sign indicating the decumanus maximus in Ostia Antica
Ostia Antica, near Rome

References

^ John E. Stambaugh (1 May 1988). The Ancient Roman City. JHU Press. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-0-8018-3692-3.
^ The City Walls of Pompeii: Perceptions and Expressions of a Monumental Boundary by Ivo van der Graaff, M.A. Dissertation. Graduate School of The University of Texas, p. 90
^ Christoph F. Konrad (2004). Augusto Augurio: Rerum Humanarum Et Divinarum Commentationes in Honorem Jerzy Linderski. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-3-515-08578-6.
^ Alan Kaiser (14 October 2011). Roman Urban Street Networks: Streets and the Organization of Space in Four Cities. Taylor & Francis. pp. 160–. ISBN 978-1-136-76006-8.
^ William E. Mierse (6 November 1999). Temples and Towns in Roman Iberia: The Social and Architectural Dynamics of Sanctuary Designs, from the Third Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D. University of California Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-520-91733-0.
^ C.Michael Hogan, "Diocletian's Palace", The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham, Oct. 6, 2007
^ Ivan Mannheim, Jordan Handbook: The Travel Guide, 2000. Footprint Travel Guides, 404 pages, ISBN 1-900949-69-5
^ Mannheim, Ivan, Syria & Lebanon Handbook: the Travel Guide, page
^ Fondazione GB Vico Archived 2014-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, entry on Decumani.

External Resources

Exhaustive list of Roman decumanus maximus

[Stambaugh19883-1] John E. Stambaugh (1 May 1988). The Ancient Roman City. JHU Press. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-0-8018-3692-3.

[2] The City Walls of Pompeii: Perceptions and Expressions of a Monumental Boundary by Ivo van der Graaff, M.A. Dissertation. Graduate School of The University of Texas, p. 90

[Konrad2004-3] Christoph F. Konrad (2004). Augusto Augurio: Rerum Humanarum Et Divinarum Commentationes in Honorem Jerzy Linderski. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-3-515-08578-6.

[Kaiser2011-4] Alan Kaiser (14 October 2011). Roman Urban Street Networks: Streets and the Organization of Space in Four Cities. Taylor & Francis. pp. 160–. ISBN 978-1-136-76006-8.

[Mierse1999-5] William E. Mierse (6 November 1999). Temples and Towns in Roman Iberia: The Social and Architectural Dynamics of Sanctuary Designs, from the Third Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D. University of California Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-520-91733-0.

[6] C.Michael Hogan, "Diocletian's Palace", The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham, Oct. 6, 2007

[7] Ivan Mannheim, Jordan Handbook: The Travel Guide, 2000. Footprint Travel Guides, 404 pages, ISBN 1-900949-69-5

[8] Mannheim, Ivan, Syria & Lebanon Handbook: the Travel Guide, page

[9] Fondazione GB Vico Archived 2014-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, entry on Decumani.

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