Declaration of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic

The Decree of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic^[1] (Russian: УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА ЧЕЧЕНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ О ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ СУВЕРЕНИТЕТЕ ЧЕЧЕНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ, lit. 'Decree of the President of the Chechen Republic on the state sovereignty of the Chechen Republic') was a formal declaration of independence for the autonomous Soviet Republic of Checheno-Ingush ASSR.^[2] Between 1991 and 2000 Chechnya was de facto an independent state. The declaration was issued on 1 November 1991, by the head of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People, Dzokhar Dudayev.

Background

Revolt

On 7 September 1991, the NCChP National Guard seized government buildings and the radio and television center of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR. The storming caused the death of the Grozny Soviet Communist Party chief Vitali Kutsenko, who was either thrown out of a window or fell trying to escape during a supreme soviet session that effectively dissolved the government of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR.^[3]^[4]

Referendum

Prior to the decree an independence referendum was held on October 27, 1991, which drew 72% of the populace to vote and over 90% of voters approving, meaning at least 64% of the populace approved independence.^[5]^[6] Despite claims that the election was unfair or flawed, anthropologist Arutyunov stated that it could nonetheless "be regarded as an expression of Chechen popular will". John B. Dunlop stated that some flaws had been observed, he cites Arutyunov who also stated that roughly 60-70% of the population of Chechnya supported independence at the time.^[7] Ruslan Khasbulatov claimed that the elections were un-democratic.^[8]

Decree

President Dudayev issued a decree that expressed the sovereignty of the Chechen Republic. The decree reads:^[2]

DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC

г. Grozny
November 1, 1991.
№ 1

"ON THE STATE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC"

Guided by the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic and by the will of the citizens of the Chechen Republic as expressed by direct and universal elections, the national State sovereignty of the Chechen Republic effective from November 1, 1991 has been declared.

President

Chechen Republic D. DUDAYEV

References

^ Galina M. Yemelianova (December 16, 2009). Radical Islam in the Former Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. ISBN 9781135182861. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b Chechni︠a︡ (Russia); Stanford Libraries (1993). Сборник указов Президента Чеченской Республики с 1 ноября 1991 г. по 30 июня 1992 г (in Russian). Kniga. p. 3. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
^ Matthew Evangelista (May 13, 2004). The Chechen Wars Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?. Brookings Institution Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780815724971. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
^ Tracey C. German (February 6, 2003). Russia's Chechen War. Taylor & Francis. p. 176. ISBN 9781134432493. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
^ Diane Curran; Fiona Hill; Elena Kostritsyna (1997). The Search for Peace in Chechnya A Sourcebook, 1994-1996. Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project. p. Chronology section. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^ John B. Dunlop (September 28, 1998). Russia Confronts Chechnya Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780521636193. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^ John B. Dunlop (September 28, 1998). Russia Confronts Chechnya Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 9780521636193. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^ Tony Wood (March 17, 2007). Chechnya The Case for Independence. Verso Books. p. 51. ISBN 9781844671144. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

[Galina_M.-1] Galina M. Yemelianova (December 16, 2009). Radical Islam in the Former Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. ISBN 9781135182861. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

[Stanford_Libraries-2] Chechni︠a︡ (Russia); Stanford Libraries (1993). Сборник указов Президента Чеченской Республики с 1 ноября 1991 г. по 30 июня 1992 г (in Russian). Kniga. p. 3. Retrieved 21 September 2022.

[Evangelista-3] Matthew Evangelista (May 13, 2004). The Chechen Wars Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?. Brookings Institution Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780815724971. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

[German-4] Tracey C. German (February 6, 2003). Russia's Chechen War. Taylor & Francis. p. 176. ISBN 9781134432493. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

[5] Diane Curran; Fiona Hill; Elena Kostritsyna (1997). The Search for Peace in Chechnya A Sourcebook, 1994-1996. Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project. p. Chronology section. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

[6] John B. Dunlop (September 28, 1998). Russia Confronts Chechnya Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780521636193. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

[7] John B. Dunlop (September 28, 1998). Russia Confronts Chechnya Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 9780521636193. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

[8] Tony Wood (March 17, 2007). Chechnya The Case for Independence. Verso Books. p. 51. ISBN 9781844671144. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

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v t e Independence declarations from the Soviet Union
Declarations of independence	Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan
Declarations of sovereignty	Armenia Azerbaijan Bashkorostan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan
Note: Autonomies of other union republics are written in cursive