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De Quervain's thyroiditis

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Not to be confused with De Quervain tenosynovitis.
De Quervain's thyroiditis
Other namesGiant cell thyroiditis, subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
Micrograph showing a granuloma in subacute thyroiditis. H&E stain.
SpecialtyEndocrinology Edit this on Wikidata

De Quervain's thyroiditis, also known as subacute granulomatous thyroiditis or giant cell thyroiditis, is a self-limiting inflammatory illness of the thyroid gland.[1] De Quervain thyroiditis is characterized by fever, flu-like symptoms, a painful goiter, and neck pain. The disease has a natural history of four phases: thyroid pain, thyrotoxicosis, euthyroid phase, hypothyroid phase, and recovery euthyroid phase.

De Quervain's thyroiditis has been linked to various diseases, including mumps, adenovirus, and enterovirus. It may have a hereditary component, with two-thirds of patients having positive histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35 results. Atypical cases have HLA B15/62 positivity, and it is more common in summer or fall months in people who test positive for HLA B67.

De Quervain thyroiditis is diagnosed through clinical and test results, with laboratory features including elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Thyroid function testing often shows decreased thyroid stimulating hormone and increased serum levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine during the acute phase. Thyroid scans show minimal uptake during the acute phase due to disrupted thyroid follicles, but increase during recovery due to the thyroid gland's enhanced iodine trapping capacity. Thyroid ultrasonography typically shows thyroid gland enlargement and hypoechogenicity, while color Doppler ultrasonography may show low or normal vascular flow. Tissue diagnosis is rare, but fine needle aspiration may be helpful in questionable cases to differentiate unilateral involvement from bleeding into a cyst or tumor.

Treatment involves symptomatic medication, glucocorticoid medication for severe cases, and beta-adrenergic blockers for thyrotoxic symptoms. The condition typically resolves within three to six months. However, 20-56% of adult patients experience transient hypothyroidism, which can persist for years. Recurrent hypothyroidism is rare, occurring in about 2% of cases, and usually manifests within a year after diagnosis. Late recurrences have been reported.

Signs and symptoms

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Patients typically present with low-grade fever and flu-like symptoms such as sore throat, myalgia, arthralgia, and malaise, which are followed by high-grade fever, a painful, widespread goiter, and neck pain.[2] The neck pain is usually unilateral at first, then spreads to the other side and can radiate to the ipsilateral jaw, ear, occiput, or chest.[3][4] Other symptoms, such as dysphagia and breathing difficulties caused by airway blockage, are uncommon.[2]

The thyroid gland is extremely painful, rigid, and swollen, which can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.[2] Approximately half of affected adolescents and two-thirds of adults have widespread thyroid gland involvement.[3][5] Thyroid nodules are seen in one-fourth of adult patients.[6] The surrounding skin is occasionally warm and erythematous. Cervical lymphadenopathy is rare.[2] During the early stages of the condition, almost half of patients experience thyrotoxic symptoms such as anxiety, tachycardia, palpitation, and weight loss.[7][8]

The typical natural history of de Quervain thyroiditis has four phases, beginning with thyroid discomfort and thyrotoxicosis, followed by a brief euthyroid phase, temporary hypothyroid phase, and recovery euthyroid phase.[7]

Causes

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De Quervain's thyroiditis has been linked to a variety of viral illnesses, including mumps,[9] adenovirus,[10] Epstein-Barr virus,[11] cytomegalovirus,[12] coxsackievirus,[13] influenza,[10] echovirus,[14] and enterovirus.[15]

Furthermore, the development of de Quervain thyroiditis may have a hereditary component.[2] About two thirds of patients with de Quervain thyroiditis were found to have positive histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35 results.[16][17] Furthermore, it was found that identical twins who were heterozygous for the HLA B35 haplotype also developed de Quervain thyroiditis at the same time.[18] Atypical cases of de Quervain thyroiditis have also been documented to have HLA B15/62 positivity,[19] and summer or fall months are when de Quervain thyroiditis is more common in people who test positive for HLA B67.[20]

Mechanism

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It's still unclear exactly what causes de Quervain thyroiditis. According to available data, it is not an autoimmune illness. Still, the most likely cause is a viral infection.[2] One theory for the pathophysiology of virus-associated thyroiditis is that thyroid follicular cell destruction results from cytotoxic T cell identification of viral and cell antigens presented as a complex.[15][21]

Diagnosis

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The most common methods for diagnosing de Quervain thyroiditis are clinical and test results.[2] Elevations of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are laboratory features of the condition.[3] While typically normal, the blood leukocyte count may be slightly increased. There may be anemia that is normochromic and normocytic. Thyroid function testing frequently reveals decreased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) during the acute phase of the disease.[2] The intrathyroidal T3 and T4 levels are often reflected by the T3 to T4 ratio, which is typically less than 20 (ng/dL divided by μg/dL).[22] Nearly all patients have increased serum thyroglobulin, which is consistent with follicular destruction.[23]

Thyroid scans using technetium (99mTc) pertechnetate or RAIU usually show minimal uptake during the acute phase. This happens when thyroid follicles are disrupted, which impairs iodine trapping.[2] Thyroid scan uptake increases throughout the recovery phase due to the thyroid gland's enhanced capacity to trap iodine, which eventually returns to normal after full recovery.[7]

Thyroid gland enlargement and a region of hypoechogenicity that correlates to the inflammatory area are typically seen on thyroid ultrasonography.[24] Low or normal vascular flow may be shown by color Doppler ultrasonography.[25]

Rarely is tissue diagnosis required. Fine needle aspiration may be helpful in questionable cases, such as the area of pain restricted to a single nodule or confined area, to differentiate unilateral involvement from bleeding into a cyst or tumor.[26]

Treatment

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The goals of treatment are to lessen hyperthyroid symptoms and relieve discomfort. Pain control only necessitates symptomatic treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications or aspirin.[2] Severely sick individuals may benefit from glucocorticoid medication, which often produces a substantial response in 24 to 48 hours.[4] Thyrotoxic symptoms are managed with beta-adrenergic blockers such atenolol and propranolol.[2]

Outlook

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De Quervain thyroiditis is a self-limiting condition that often goes away without any problems in three to six months.[3][5] Regardless of the severity of the disease or the type of treatment used, 20–56% of adult patients experienced transient hypothyroidism a few weeks after the hyperthyroid period.[27] Though it only happens in 5–15% of cases, persistent hypothyroidism can develop years after the diagnosis.[6][28] Recurrent de Quervain thyroiditis is rare, occurring in about 2% of cases, and usually manifests again within a year after diagnosis. But there have also been reports of late recurrences after several years.[6][29][30]

Epidemiology

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Subacute or De Quervain thyroiditis is an unusual diagnosis, occurring in 12.1 out of 100,000 people annually.[31] Children are rarely affected by the De Quervain thyroiditis. With a female-to-male ratio of 4–7:1, females are more likely to be impacted than males.[2]

History

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De Quervain thyroiditis was originally reported in 1895 by Mygind.[32] Fritz de Quervain distinguished this illness from other types of thyroiditis in 1904 based on a histological discovery,[33] and de Quervain and Giordanengo confirmed the diagnosis in 1936.[34]

References

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  1. ^ Engkakul, Pontipa; Mahachoklertwattana, Pat; Poomthavorn, Preamrudee (2011). "de Quervain thyroiditis in a young boy following hand–foot–mouth disease". European Journal of Pediatrics. 170 (4): 527–529. doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1305-5. ISSN 0340-6199. PMID 20886354.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Engkakul, Pontipa; Mahachoklertwattana, Pat; Poomthavorn, Preamrudee (2011). "Eponym: de Quervain thyroiditis". European Journal of Pediatrics. 170 (4): 427–431. doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1306-4. ISSN 0340-6199. PMID 20886353.
  3. ^ a b c d Greene, James N. (1971). "Subacute thyroiditis". The American Journal of Medicine. 51 (1). Elsevier BV: 97–108. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(71)90327-5. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 4936649.
  4. ^ a b Volpé, Robert (1993). "The Management of Subacute (DeQuervain's) Thyroiditis". Thyroid. 3 (3): 253–255. doi:10.1089/thy.1993.3.253. ISSN 1050-7256. PMID 8257868.
  5. ^ a b Ogawa, E.; Katsushima, Y.; Fujiwara, I.; Iinuma, K. (2003). "Subacute Thyroiditis in Children: Patient Report and Review of the Literature". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 16 (6). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 897–900. doi:10.1515/jpem.2003.16.6.897. ISSN 2191-0251. PMID 12948304.
  6. ^ a b c Fatourechi, Vahab; Aniszewski, Jaroslaw P.; Fatourechi, Guiti Z. Eghbali; Atkinson, Elizabeth J.; Jacobsen, Steven J. (2003-05-01). "Clinical Features and Outcome of Subacute Thyroiditis in an Incidence Cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, Study". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 88 (5): 2100–2105. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021799. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 12727961.
  7. ^ a b c Bindra, Archana; Braunstein, Glenn D. (2006-05-15). "Thyroiditis". American Family Physician. 73 (10): 1769–1776. ISSN 0002-838X. PMID 16734054.
  8. ^ Pearce, Elizabeth N.; Farwell, Alan P.; Braverman, Lewis E. (2003-06-26). "Thyroiditis". New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (26). Massachusetts Medical Society: 2646–2655. doi:10.1056/nejmra021194. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 12826640.
  9. ^ Eylan, E.; Zmucky, R.; Sheba, Ch. (1957). "Mumps Virus and Subacute Thyroiditis". The Lancet. 269 (6978): 1062–1063. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(57)91438-1. PMID 13429875.
  10. ^ a b BUCHTA, RICHARD M. (1980-11-01). "Subacute Thyroiditis in a 4½-Year-Old Girl". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 134 (11). American Medical Association (AMA): 1090–1091. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130230068019. ISSN 1072-4710. PMID 7435469.
  11. ^ Volta, Cecilia; Carano, Nicola; Street, Maria Elisabeth; Bernasconi, Sergio (2005). "Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Three-Year-Old Girl". Thyroid. 15 (10): 1189–1191. doi:10.1089/thy.2005.15.1189. hdl:11381/1444490. ISSN 1050-7256.
  12. ^ Al Maawali, A.; Al Yaarubi, S.; Al Futaisi, A. (2008). "An Infant with Cytomegalovirus-induced Subacute Thyroiditis". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 21 (2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. doi:10.1515/jpem.2008.21.2.191. ISSN 2191-0251.
  13. ^ Brouqui, P.; Raoult, D.; Conte-Devolx, B. (1991-06-15). "Coxsackie Thyroiditis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 114 (12). American College of Physicians: 1063–1064. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1063_2. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 1851403.
  14. ^ Volpé, Robert; Row, Vas V.; Ezrin, Calvin (1967). "Circulating Viral and Thyroid Antibodies in Subacute Thyroiditis 1". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 27 (9): 1275–1284. doi:10.1210/jcem-27-9-1275. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 4292248.
  15. ^ a b Desailloud, Rachel; Hober, Didier (2009). "Viruses and thyroiditis: an update". Virology Journal. 6 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-5. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 2654877. PMID 19138419.
  16. ^ Bech, Karine; Lumholtz, Bo; Nerup, Jørn; Thomsen, Mogens; Platz, Per; Ryder, Lars P.; Svejgaard, Arne; Siersbæk-Nielsen, Kaj; Hansen, Jens Mølholm; Larsen, Jørgen Hannover (1977). "HLA Antigens in Graves' Disease". Acta Endocrinologica. 86 (3): 510–516. doi:10.1530/acta.0.0860510. ISSN 0804-4643. PMID 72471.
  17. ^ NYULASSY, ŠTEFAN; HNILICA, PETER; BUC, MILAN; GUMAN, MILAN; HIRSCHOVÁ, VIERA; JÁN, ŠTEFANOVIC (1977). "Subacute (de Quervain's) Thyroiditis: Association with HLA-Bw35 Antigen and Abnormalities of the Complement System, Immunoglobulins and Other Serum Proteins". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 45 (2). The Endocrine Society: 270–274. doi:10.1210/jcem-45-2-270. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 885992.
  18. ^ RUBIN, ROBERT A.; GUAY, ANDRÉ T. (1991). "Susceptibility to Subacute Thyroiditis Is Genetically Influenced: Familial Occurrence in Identical Twins". Thyroid. 1 (2). Mary Ann Liebert Inc: 157–161. doi:10.1089/thy.1991.1.157. ISSN 1050-7256. PMID 1822362.
  19. ^ DE BRUIN, TJERK W. A.; RIEKHOFF, FRANS P. M.; DE BOER, JOHANNES J. (1990). "An Outbreak of Thyrotoxicosis due to Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis*". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 70 (2). The Endocrine Society: 396–402. doi:10.1210/jcem-70-2-396. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 2298855.
  20. ^ Ohsako, N; Tamai, H; Sudo, T; Mukuta, T; Tanaka, H; Kuma, K; Kimura, A; Sasazuki, T (1995). "Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 80 (12). The Endocrine Society: 3653–3656. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 8530615.
  21. ^ Kojima, Masaru; Nakamura, Shigeo; Oyama, Tetsunari; Sugihara, Shiro; Sakata, Noriyuki; Masawa, Nobuhide (2002). "Cellular Composition of Subacute Thyroiditis. An Immunohistochemical Study of Six Cases". Pathology — Research and Practice. 198 (12). Elsevier BV: 833–837. doi:10.1078/0344-0338-00344. ISSN 0344-0338. PMID 12608662.
  22. ^ AMINO, NOBUYUKI; YABU, YUKIKO; MIKI, TETSURO; MORIMOTO, SHIGETO; KUMAHARA, YUICHI; MORI, HIDEMITSU; IWATANI, YOSHINORI; NISHI, KEIKO; NAKATANI, KIYOMI; MIYAI, KIYOSHI (1981). "Serum Ratio of Triiodothyronine to Thyroxine, and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin and Calcitonin Concentrations in Graves' Disease and Destruction- Induced Thyrotoxicosis*". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 53 (1). The Endocrine Society: 113–116. doi:10.1210/jcem-53-1-113. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 6165731.
  23. ^ Madeddu, G.; Casu, A. R.; Costanza, C.; Marras, G.; Arras, M. L.; Marrosu, A.; Langer, M. (1985). "Serum thyroglobulin levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute 'painful' thyroiditis. A sequential study". Archives of Internal Medicine. 145 (2): 243–247. doi:10.1001/archinte.1985.00360020063012. ISSN 0003-9926. PMID 3977482.
  24. ^ OMORI, Nariko; OMORI, Kazue; TAKANO, Kazue (2008). "Association of the Ultrasonographic Findings of Subacute Thyroiditis with Thyroid Pain and Laboratory Findings". Endocrine Journal. 55 (3). Japan Endocrine Society: 583–588. doi:10.1507/endocrj.k07e-163. ISSN 0918-8959. PMID 18490832.
  25. ^ HIROMATSU, YUJI; ISHIBASHI, MASATOSHI; MIYAKE, IKUYO; SOYEJIMA, ERI; YAMASHITA, KIMIKO; KOIKE, NORIMASA; NONAKA, KYOHEI (1999). "Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis". Thyroid. 9 (12). Mary Ann Liebert Inc: 1189–1193. doi:10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189. ISSN 1050-7256. PMID 10646657.
  26. ^ Walfish, P. G. (1997). "Thyroiditis". Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 6: 117–122. ISSN 0831-652X. PMID 9174718.
  27. ^ Benbassat, C. A.; Olchovsky, D.; Tsvetov, G.; Shimon, I. (2007). "Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in fifty-six consecutive patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2005". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 30 (8). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 631–635. doi:10.1007/bf03347442. ISSN 0391-4097. PMID 17923793.
  28. ^ Lio, Serafino; Pontecorvi, Alfredo; Caruso, Michela; Monaco, Fabrizio; D'Armiento, Massimo (1984). "Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain)". Acta Endocrinologica. 106 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 67–70. doi:10.1530/acta.0.1060067. ISSN 0804-4643. PMID 6428116.
  29. ^ Nishihara, Eijun; Ohye, Hidemi; Amino, Nobuyuki; Takata, Kazuna; Arishima, Takeshi; Kudo, Takumi; Ito, Mitsuru; Kubota, Sumihisa; Fukata, Shuji; Miyauchi, Akira (2008). "Clinical Characteristics of 852 Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis before Treatment". Internal Medicine. 47 (8). Japanese Society of Internal Medicine: 725–729. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0740. ISSN 0918-2918. PMID 18421188.
  30. ^ Iitaka, M; Momotani, N; Ishii, J; Ito, K (1996). "Incidence of subacute thyroiditis recurrences after a prolonged latency: 24-year survey". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 81 (2). The Endocrine Society: 466–469. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636251. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 8636251.
  31. ^ Frates, Mary C.; Marqusee, Ellen; Benson, Carol B.; Alexander, Erik K. (2013). "Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis: Grayscale and Color Doppler Sonographic Characteristics". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 32 (3): 505–511. doi:10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.505. PMID 23443191.
  32. ^ Mygind, Holger (1895). "Thyroiditis Acuta Simplex". The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology. 9 (3). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 181–193. doi:10.1017/s1755146300152771. ISSN 1755-1463.
  33. ^ Quervain, F. de (2024-07-02). "Die akute, nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis : und die Beteiligung der Schilddrüse an akuten Intoxikationen und Infektionen überhaupt". (No Title) (in Latin). Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  34. ^ Quervain, F; Giordanengo, G (1936). "Die akute und subakute nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis". Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir. 44: 538–590.

Further reading

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