DMTMM

DMTMM
	; DMTMM Chemical Structure
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholin-4-ium chloride
	Other names DMTMM, MMTM
Identifiers
CAS Number	3945-69-5;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	2015817;
EC Number	447-230-1;
PubChem CID	2734059;
UNII	BLD6N6AV8L ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID50370104 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C10H17N4O3.ClH/c1-14(4-6-17-7-5-14)8-11-9(15-2)13-10(12-8)16-3;/h4-7H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1 Key: BMTZEAOGFDXDAD-UHFFFAOYSA-M;
	SMILES C[N+]1(CCOCC1)C2=NC(=NC(=N2)OC)OC.[Cl-];
Properties
Chemical formula	C10H17ClN4O3
Molar mass	276.72 g·mol−1
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H302, H314
Precautionary statements	P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

DMTMM (4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride) is an organic triazine derivative commonly used for activation of carboxylic acids, particularly for amide synthesis. Amide coupling is one of the most common reactions in organic chemistry and DMTMM is one reagent used for that reaction. The mechanism of DMTMM coupling is similar to other common amide coupling reactions involving activated carboxylic acids.^[1] Its precursor, 2-chloro-4,6,-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT), has also been used for amide coupling. DMTMM has also been used to synthesize other carboxylic functional groups such as esters and anhydrides. DMTMM is usually used in the chloride form but the tetrafluoroborate salt is also commercially available.^[2]

Synthesis

DMTMM is prepared by reaction of 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT) with N-methylmorpholine (NMM). It was first reported in 1999.^[3] CDMT spontaneously reacts with NMM to form the quaternary ammonium chloride salt of DMTMM.

Reactions

Amides

Amides can be readily prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acid and amine using DMTMM coupling. DMTMM has been shown to be preferable to other coupling agents in several cases, such as for sterically hindered amines^[4] and for ligation of polysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid.^[5]^[6]

Other carboxylic derivatives

Despite primarily being used for amide synthesis, DMTMM can also be used to make esters from the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid.^[3]^[7] DMTMM has also been applied to anhydride synthesis.^[7] The synthesis of each carboxylic derivative is similar, relying on the activation of the starting carboxylic acid followed by nucleophilic attack by another molecule.

Coupling mechanism

DMTMM uses a typical mechanism to form carboxylic acid derivatives.^[1] First, the carboxylic acid reacts with DMTMM to form the active ester, releasing a molecule of N-methylmorpholinium (NMM). The resulting ester is highly reactive and can undergo a nucleophilic attack by an amine, an alcohol, or another nucleophile.^[3] A molecule of 4,6,-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-ol is released and the corresponding carboxylic derivative is formed.

Safety

DMTMM can cause damage to the skin and eyes and may be toxic if ingested.^[8] Protective gloves, lab coats, and eye protection should be employed to reduce exposure while using DMTMM. DMTMM should be stored at -20 °C and kept dry.

References

^ ^a ^b Valeur, Eric; Bradley, Mark (2009-01-26). "Amide bond formation: beyond the myth of coupling reagents". Chemical Society Reviews. 38 (2): 606–631. doi:10.1039/B701677H. ISSN 1460-4744. PMID 19169468.
^ "4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride 74104". Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kunishima, Munetaka; Kawachi, Chiho; Monta, Jun; Terao, Keiji; Iwasaki, Fumiaki; Tani, Shohei (1999). "4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride: an efficient condensing agent leading to the formation of amides and esters". Tetrahedron. 55 (46): 13159–13170. doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00809-1.
^ Shieh, Wen-Chung; Chen, Zhuoliang; Xue, Song; McKenna, Joe; Wang, Run-Ming; Prasad, Kapa; Repič, Oljan (2008). "Synthesis of sterically-hindered peptidomimetics using 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride". Tetrahedron Letters. 49 (37): 5359–5362. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.119.
^ D’Este, Matteo; Eglin, David; Alini, Mauro (2014). "A systematic analysis of DMTMM vs EDC/NHS for ligation of amines to Hyaluronan in water". Carbohydrate Polymers. 108: 239–246. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.070. PMID 24751270.
^ FARKAS, P; BYSTRICKY, S (2007). "Efficient activation of carboxyl polysaccharides for the preparation of conjugates". Carbohydrate Polymers. 68 (1): 187–190. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.07.013.
^ ^a ^b Armitt, David J. (2001). "Focus: 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium Chloride (DMTMM)". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 54 (7): 469. doi:10.1071/ch01157. ISSN 1445-0038.
^ "MSDS - 74104". www.sigmaaldrich.com. Retrieved 2017-08-02.

[:2-1] Valeur, Eric; Bradley, Mark (2009-01-26). "Amide bond formation: beyond the myth of coupling reagents". Chemical Society Reviews. 38 (2): 606–631. doi:10.1039/B701677H. ISSN 1460-4744. PMID 19169468.

[2] "4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride 74104". Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 2017-08-02.

[:0-3] Kunishima, Munetaka; Kawachi, Chiho; Monta, Jun; Terao, Keiji; Iwasaki, Fumiaki; Tani, Shohei (1999). "4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride: an efficient condensing agent leading to the formation of amides and esters". Tetrahedron. 55 (46): 13159–13170. doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00809-1.

[4] Shieh, Wen-Chung; Chen, Zhuoliang; Xue, Song; McKenna, Joe; Wang, Run-Ming; Prasad, Kapa; Repič, Oljan (2008). "Synthesis of sterically-hindered peptidomimetics using 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride". Tetrahedron Letters. 49 (37): 5359–5362. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.119.

[5] D’Este, Matteo; Eglin, David; Alini, Mauro (2014). "A systematic analysis of DMTMM vs EDC/NHS for ligation of amines to Hyaluronan in water". Carbohydrate Polymers. 108: 239–246. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.070. PMID 24751270.

[6] FARKAS, P; BYSTRICKY, S (2007). "Efficient activation of carboxyl polysaccharides for the preparation of conjugates". Carbohydrate Polymers. 68 (1): 187–190. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.07.013.

[:1-7] Armitt, David J. (2001). "Focus: 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium Chloride (DMTMM)". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 54 (7): 469. doi:10.1071/ch01157. ISSN 1445-0038.

[8] "MSDS - 74104". www.sigmaaldrich.com. Retrieved 2017-08-02.

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