Jump to content

2019–20 South Pacific cyclone season

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Cyclone Vicky (2020))

2019–20 South Pacific cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
Last system dissipatedApril 10, 2020 (2020-04-10)
Strongest storm
NameHarold
 • Maximum winds230 km/h (145 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure920 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances12
Total depressions8
Tropical cyclones8
Severe tropical cyclones3
Total fatalities5 total  
Total damage> $131.63 million (2019 USD)
Related articles
South Pacific tropical cyclone seasons
2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22

The 2019–20 South Pacific cyclone season was a slightly above-average season in which tropical cyclones formed within the South Pacific Ocean to the east of 160°E. The season officially ran from November 1, 2019, to April 30, 2020, however a tropical cyclone could form at any time between July 1, 2019, and June 30, 2020, and would count towards the season total. The season began on November 22 with the formation of Tropical Cyclone Rita, which would later become a severe tropical cyclone. The season has been near-average in terms of activity, with 8 tropical cyclones and 4 severe tropical cyclones forming during the season. The season featured Cyclone Harold, the first Category 5 severe tropical cyclone in the basin since Cyclone Gita, and one of the strongest since Cyclone Winston. During the season, tropical cyclones are officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) and New Zealand's MetService. The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also monitors the basin and issue unofficial warnings for American interests. The FMS attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that form in or move into the basin while the JTWC designates significant tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. The FMS, BoM and MetService all use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate wind speeds over a period of ten minutes, while the JTWC estimated sustained winds over a 1-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS).

Seasonal forecasts

[edit]
Source/Record Tropical
Cyclone 		Severe
Tropical Cyclone 		Ref
Record high: 1997–98: 16 1982–83: 10 [1]
Record low: 1990–91:  2 2008–09:  0 [1]
Average (1969-70 - 2018–19): 7.1  — [2]
NIWA October 9-12 4 [3]
Fiji Meteorological Service 5-8 2-4 [2]
Region Chance of
above average 		Average
number 		Actual
activity
Western South Pacific
(142.5°E—165°E; includes Australian basin) 		54% 4 3
Eastern South Pacific
(165°E—120°W) 		41% 7 2
Source:BOM's South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook[4]

Ahead of the cyclone season formally starting, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), New Zealand's MetService and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2019.[3] The outlook took into account the ENSO neutral conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analog seasons, that had ENSO neutral and El Nino conditions occurring during the season.[3] The outlook called for a near-average number of tropical cyclones for the 2019–20 season, with nine to twelve named tropical cyclones, predicted to occur between 135°E and 120°W, compared to an average of just over 10.[3] At least four of the tropical cyclones were expected to intensify further and become severe tropical cyclones, while it was noted that a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone could occur during the season.[3]

In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, the FMS and the BoM issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region.[2][4] The BoM issued two seasonal forecasts for the Southern Pacific Ocean, for their self-defined eastern and western regions of the South Pacific Ocean.[4] They predicted that the Western region between 142.5°E and 165°E, had a 54% chance of seeing activity above its average of 4 tropical cyclones. The BoM also predicted that the Eastern Region between 165°E and 120°W, had a 41% chance of seeing activity above its average of 7 tropical cyclones.[4] Within their outlook the FMS predicted that between five and eight tropical cyclones, would occur within the basin compared to an average of around 7.1 cyclones.[2] At least two of the tropical cyclones were expected to intensify further and become Category 3 or higher severe tropical cyclones.[2]

Both the Island Climate Update and the FMS tropical cyclone outlooks assessed the risk of a tropical cyclone affecting a certain island or territory.[2][3] The Island Climate Update Outlook predicted that American Samoa, French Polynesia's Austral Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu as well as the Solomon Islands and Southern Cook Islands had an elevated chance, while the Wallis and Futuna had a normal to elevated chance of being impacted by a tropical cyclone.[3] They also predicted that Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Northern Cook Islands, Papua New Guinea and Tokelau, all had a near-normal risk of being impacted.[3] The outlook noted that Vanuatu and New Caledonia had a normal to reduced risk of being impacted by multiple tropical cyclones while French Polynesia's Austral Islands had a normal to reduced chance of being impacted. NIWA and partners also considered it unlikely that Pitcairn Islands, Kiribati and French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago would be impacted by a tropical cyclone.[3] The FMS's outlook predicted that the Samoan Islands, Tokelau and Tuvalu had an increased chance of being impacted by a tropical cyclone, while Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Wallis & Futuna, New Caledonia, Tonga, Niue, the southern Cook Islands and French Polynesia's Austral Islands all had a normal chance of being impacted by a tropical cyclone.[2] Their outlook also predicted that Vanuatu, the Northern Cook Islands, French Polynesia's Society Islands had a reduced chance of being affected by a tropical cyclone, while tropical cyclone activity near Kiribati and the Marquesas Islands was considered unlikely.[2] It was thought by the FMS that there was an increased risk of the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Wallis & Futuna, Tokelau, the Samoan Islands, Tonga and Niue being impacted by at least one severe tropical cyclone, while other areas such as the Cook Islands and parts of French Polynesia had a normal to reduced chance of being impacted by a severe tropical cyclone.[2]

Seasonal summary

[edit]
Cyclone HaroldCyclone Tino (2020)Cyclone SaraiTropical cyclone scales#Comparisons across basins

The season began with the arrival of Tropical Depression 01F on November 22, near the Solomon Islands, which would later become Tropical Cyclone Rita. Rita would then peak as a Category 3 on the Australian scale. Tropical Disturbance 02F was designated sometime later, but didn't last long after that. Sarai formed on December 23, lasting into the new year before finally ceasing to exist on January 2. Not too long after that, Tino formed and affected eastern Fiji and the surrounding area before dissipating. On January 24, a depression formed and dissipated the next day without been named. In early February, another low originally in the Australian region crossed the 160th meridian east and emerged in the South Pacific. It strengthened into severe tropical cyclone Uesi and affected New Caledonia and New Zealand. In mid-February four disturbances formed, 07F, 08F, 09F and 10F. 07F & 08F dissipated before becoming tropical depressions but the other 2 strengthened into tropical cyclones Vicky and Wasi. In mid March, Gretel entered the basin. It dissipated shortly afterwards. In early April, Harold also entered the basin from the Australian region. It rapidly intensified into a Category 5 Severe tropical cyclone as it impacted Vanuatu.

Systems

[edit]

Tropical Cyclone Rita

[edit]
Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 22 – November 26
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
977 hPa (mbar)

Beginning November 21, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) began highlighting the likelihood of a tropical cyclone forming between Vanuatu and Fiji.[5] Showers and thunderstorms began to aggregate in the region atop sea surface temperatures above 29 °C (84 °F) in low-wind shear conditions.[6] Imagery from microwave satellite data showed emergent rainbands wrapping towards an organising center of low pressure.[7] Late on November 22, the FMS designated the system, now east of the Solomon Islands, as Tropical Disturbance 01F.[8] The slow-moving disturbance tracked towards the south and southeast,[9] steered by a broad area of high pressure. On November 23, 01F attained tropical depression status.[10] Supported by the stout outflow of air at the upper-levels of the troposphere, shower activity became more concentrated around the center of circulation. The depression reached tropical cyclone intensity by 06:00 UTC on November 24 near the Santa Cruz Islands, earning the name Rita.[11][12][13] A well-defined and formative eye soon developed beneath the central cloud cover.[14] Continuing to intensify in favorable atmospheric conditions, Rita reached Category 2 cyclone strength by November 25, and later will peak with 70 mph per FMS.[15][16][17] The developing eye briefly emerged on infrared and visible satellite imagery as a ragged feature at the cyclone's center, surrounded by well-defined rainbands.[15][18]

Over the course of November 25, convective activity and organization slightly diminished due to an increase in wind shear,[19] and Rita ultimately peaked as a Category 3 tropical cyclone with 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) as well as 1-minute sustained winds up to the same intensity. Additionally, Rita reached a minimum barometric pressure of 977 mbar (hPa; 28.85 inHg).[20][21] This made Rita one of the strongest first storms to form in the South Pacific since the formation of Mick in 2009, as many others were merely depressions or disturbances. It then began to track into an area unfavorable for intensification due to the presence of wind shear and cool dry air,[22] resulting in a rapid decay of the storm's convection and a decrease of the storm's maximum winds.[23][24] The FMS issued their last advisory on Rita on November 26 after the storm was downgraded to a remnant area of low pressure; at the time these remnants were slowly moving west-southwest towards northern Vanuatu.[25]

In anticipation of heavy rainfall and strong winds from Rita, the National Disaster Management Office in Port Vila, Vanuatu, issued a Red Alert for Torba Province and a Yellow Alert for Penama Province and Sanma Province.[26][27] Warnings for strong winds were also issued for Shefa and Tafea provinces.[28]

Tropical Disturbance 02F

[edit]
Tropical disturbance (Australian scale)
 
DurationDecember 19 – December 23
Peak intensityWinds not specified;
999 hPa (mbar)

During December 19, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 02F had developed about 55 km (35 mi) to the northeast of Tau in American Samoa's Manu‘a Group.[29] At this time, the system was poorly organised with atmospheric convection located to the east of the storms low level circulation center.[29][30] Over the next few days, the system moved south-westwards within an area that was marginally favourable for further development, with good poleward outflow and warm sea surface temperatures offset by low to moderate vertical wind shear.[30][31] However, it failed to develop any further and was last noted by the FMS during December 23, after it had lost its tropical characteristics and became extratropical.[32][33]

Tropical Cyclone Sarai

[edit]
Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationDecember 23 – January 2
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
972 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Sarai

During December 23, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 03F had developed about 630 km (390 mi) to the west of Tuvalu.[32] At this time the system was poorly organised with deep atmospheric convection, displaced to the north and east of its broad and elongated low-level circulation.[32][34] The disturbance was also located underneath an upper ridge of high pressure within a favourable environment for further development, with low to moderate vertical windshear and warm sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F).[32][34] Over the next couple of days, the system moved southwards and gradually developed further with its overall organisation improving, before it was classified as a tropical depression by the FMS during December 25.[35][36] After being classified as a tropical depression, the system continued to develop, with its outflow improving and deep convection wrapping on to the systems low level circulation center.[37] During December 26, the JTWC initiated advisories on the depression and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 04P, before the FMS reported that the system had become a Category 1 tropical cyclone and named it Sarai.[38][39][40] At this time, Sarai was being steered southwards to the west of Fiji, along the edge of a near-equatorial ridge of high pressure and the jetstream.[38][40] Over the next couple of days, the system gradually intensified further and was classified as a Category 2 tropical cyclone during December 27, while it was located around 220 km (135 mi) to the west of Nadi, Fiji.[41][42] During December 28, as Sarai passed about 100 km (60 mi) to the south of Fiji's Kadavu Island, the FMS estimated that the system had peaked as a Category 2 tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained winds of 110 km/h (68 mph).[42][43]

Due to an area of high pressure to its east, Sarai took a southerly course during its early stages as a named system.[44] The high pressure region would later shift its orientation, causing Sarai to gradually curve towards the east.[45] On December 27, the cyclone's winds increased further past Category 2 cyclone thresholds, with one-minute sustained winds to hurricane-force.[46] The following day, the FMS assessed a peak intensity with ten-minute sustained winds of 110 km/h (68 mph).[47] At the time, a large eye was evident on microwave satellite data while the storm tracked towards the southeast along the periphery of the jet stream, and remained present throughout the day.[48][49][50] Sarai reached its lowest barometric pressure on December 29 before weakening due to increasing wind shear of 55–65 km/h (34–40 mph), resulting in a loss of organisation.[51][52][53] Sarai's center of circulation became displaced from the storm's convection on December 30, and the storm weakened to Category 1 strength.[54] Its center tracked near Nukuʻalofa on December 31 while the storm's structure rapidly deteriorated, with the JTWC issuing their final advisory that day.[55] The FMS continued monitoring the system as an ex-cyclone as the storm accelerated eastward, highlighting a low possibility for regeneration;[56] the agency ultimately issued their final bulletin on the system on January 2.[57]

As the cyclone passed very close to the main Fijian island of Viti Levu on December 27 and brought very heavy rainfall, the FMS warned of the probability of damaging gale-force and storm-force winds and very heavy rainfall at times, with over 2,000 people being evacuated to higher grounds in case of flooding, while commercial flights and cruises in and out of the country were delayed or cancelled as a result of these conditions. Additionally, as of December 29, 2019, 2 deaths have been confirmed related to the cyclone due to drowning in floodwaters.[58][59] Damage to road infrastructure reached FJ$5 million (US$2.3 million).[60]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Tino

[edit]
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationJanuary 11 – January 19
Peak intensity120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min);
970 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Tino

On January 10, an area of low pressure formed just east of the Solomon Islands and was forecast by the FMS to track towards the southeast, exhibiting some potential to develop further into a tropical cyclone.[61][62] The FMS designated the slow-moving complex of deep convection as Tropical Disturbance 04F on January 11; at the time, the disturbance was located within a moderate wind shear environment near Makira atop 31 °C (88 °F) ocean waters.[63] Deep convection continued to accompany the developing wind circulation over the following days as conditions grew more favourable, though the wind field remained broad and disorganised.[64][65] The FMS began issuing advisories on 04F on January 14 following improvements in the disturbance's organisation.[66] A subtropical ridge to the northeast caused 04F to track towards the east and southeast.[67] Throughout the early part of the storm's development, a strong band of convection persisted north of the centre of circulation. Following a decrease in wind shear, the FMS upgraded 04F to a tropical depression on January 15 as it began to organize.[68] Further intensification occurred as additional convection wrapped around the storm's centre on January 16, prompting the FMS to upgrade the system to a Category 1 tropical cyclone, giving the storm the name Tino.[69][70] The next day, the storm passed near Vanua Levu and strengthened further into a Category 2 cyclone as an emerged;[71][72] Category 3 intensity was reached later that day with 10-minute sustained winds estimated at 120 km/h (75 mph).[73] However, Tino soon began to entrain dry air, resulting in a gradual decay of its convection and subsequent weakening on January 18 as the center tracked across Ha'apai.[74][75] Interaction with a baroclinic zone the next day signaled the onset of extratropical transition;[76] Tino fully completed this processes later on January 19.[77]

Warnings for heavy rain were issued for all of the Solomon Islands and four Vanuatuan provinces by their respective National Meteorological and Hydrological Services.[78] Similarly, a Heavy Rain Alert was issued by the FMS on January 14 for western parts of Fiji.[79] A Tropical Cyclone Warning was subsequently issued for Rotuma on January 15, and a Tropical Cyclone Alert for the rest of the Fijian islands.[80] Fijians were advised by the Water Authority of Fiji to boil and store drinking water in anticipation of the approaching tropical cyclone.[81] Cruises in the area began to be cancelled on January 14.[82] Evacuation centres were opened on January 16 in Fiji's Northern Division, as well as the division's Emergency Operations Centre.[83][84] Villagers in the Udu Point region of Vanua Levu were urged to move inland due to rough forecast seas.[85] The Labasa campus of the Fiji National University closed on January 17.[86]

As Tino passed close to Vanua Levu, the second cyclone to pass near the nation within three weeks following Sarai, Fijian government officials called for urgent action on the 'climate crisis' in the South Pacific region.[87] Additionally, a father and daughter were left missing after being swept away from floodwaters due to heavy rainfall generated by the system in Eastern Fiji.[88]

Tropical Disturbance 05F

[edit]
Tropical disturbance (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJanuary 24 – January 26
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
1003 hPa (mbar)

During January 24, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 05F had developed about 75 km (45 mi) to the northwest of Pago-Pago in American Samoa.[89][90] At this time, the disturbance was poorly organised with atmospheric convection located to the north of its low-level circulation center.[89] During that day, the disturbance moved south-eastwards within an environment favourable for further development, with low vertical windshear, warm sea surface temperatures, while its outflow was enhanced by strong westerlies.[89][91] As a result, atmospheric convection started to wrap into the system's consolidating low-level circulation center, which prompted the JTWC to issue a tropical cyclone formation alert on the disturbance.[91] During the next day, the JTWC initiated advisories on the disturbance and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 12P, as the system peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph).[92][93] The system subsequently moved south-eastwards into an area of moderate vertical wind shear, while atmospheric convection became sheared and located to the northeast of the disturbance's exposed low-level circulation centre.[94][95] As a result, the FMS issued their final warning on the disturbance, as it was expected to move further south into an area of high vertical wind shear.[94] During January 26, the JTWC subsequently issued their final warning on the system after it had dissipated.[96]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Uesi

[edit]
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 5 – February 13 (Exited basin)
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

During February 5, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 06F had developed, about 775 km (480 mi) to the northwest of Port Villa in Vanuatu.[97] At this time the system was poorly organised with deep atmospheric convection displaced to the northeast of the system's weak and ill-defined low level circulation center.[97][98] The disturbance was also located to the north of a subtropical ridge of high pressure, within a favourable environment for further development, with a low to moderate amount of vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F).[97][98] A tropical cyclone formation alert was subsequently issued by the JTWC early on February 8, as convection improved near the centre of the storm; at the time, 06F was centered 653 km (406 mi) northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu.[99] Routine advisories were initiated by the FMS the same day while 06F drifted towards the south-southwest. Convection continued to evolve at the disturbance's centre into organised banding.[100] During February 9, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm, designating it Tropical Cyclone 15P.[101] Later that day, the FMS named the storm Uesi, and upgraded it to a category 2 tropical cyclone.[102]

Based on significant improvements to the storm's structure, the JTWC determined Uesi was undergoing rapid intensification.[103] Associated showers and thunderstorms continued to coalesce within favourable atmospheric and oceanic conditions.[104] However, the presence of dry air slowed Uesi's intensification.[105] Uesi strengthened further into a Category 3 tropical cyclone at 18:00 UTC that day but continued to be affected by the entrainment of dry air.[106][107] The cyclone developed a ragged eye 19 km (12 mi) early on February 11.[108] Guided southward by the nearby influence of a subtropical ridge to its east, Uesi moved southward, passing west of New Caledonia.[109] An increase in vertical wind shear from the northwest on February 12 caused the convective structure of the cyclone to weaken, resulting in the low-level circulation centre becoming exposed from the central dense overcast.[110][111] After passing near to New Caledonia on February 11, Uesi adopted a steady south-southwestwards track towards the Australian cyclone region. At 12:00 UTC on February 12, the FMS passed primary responsibility for Uesi over to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's (BOM) warning centre in Brisbane,[112] who indicated that the system had weakened to a high-end Category 2 tropical cyclone.[113] The extratropical remnants of Uesi reentered the South Pacific basin on a southeasterly heading towards South Island on February 15.[114]

Vanuatu and the French territory of New Caledonia were threatened by Uesi along its southward trek through the South Pacific basin. Warnings were issued by the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department for Uesi, noting the possibility of stream and coastal flooding.[115] Météo France (MFR) issued thunderstorm and rain warnings for four municipalities in New Caledonia on February 9,[116] and later raised warnings to an orange alert for six the following day.[117] Ferry and bus services in several New Caledonian communes were suspended.[118][119] Flights serviced by Air Calédonie were also delayed.[120] The first accommodation centers in the French territory were opened on February 10.[121] One person was injured while securing their roof in preparation for the storm.[122] Uesi passed between 100–150 km (62–93 mi) west of Belep, New Caledonia, on February 11, bringing heavy rains and strong winds. MFR stations recorded up to 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall in Poum over a 48-hour period;[123] this was roughly equal to two months of average rainfall.[124] Flooding from Uesi's rainfall blocked travel between Poum and Koumac,[125] as well as other bridges throughout the territory.[126] Several routes to Dumbéa were blocked by floodwaters.[126] Gusts of up to 120 km/h (75 mph) impacted New Caledonia's central mountain range.[127] Power outages afflicted at least 3,900 households serviced by EEC and Enercal and over 5,000 overall.[128][122] At least 565 homes lost power in Hienghène and Ponérihouen.[126] All warnings for New Caledonia were lifted by the morning of February 12.[128] Rough surf generated by Uesi forced the closure of beaches in Gold Coast, Queensland beginning that day.[129] The large extratropical stage of Uesi produced 6–8 m (20–26 ft) waves off the northwestern shores of South Island.[130]

Tropical Disturbance 07F

[edit]
Tropical disturbance (Australian scale)
 
DurationFebruary 14 – February 21
Peak intensityWinds not specified;
998 hPa (mbar)

During February 14, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 07F had developed, about 490 km (305 mi) to the northeast of Funafuti in Tuvalu.[131] The disturbance developed within a broad trough formed by a complex interaction between an amplified South Pacific convergence zone, a monsoon trough and a westerly wind burst in the region.[132][133] Despite lacking a clear wind circulation within a chaotic environment—the JTWC initially considered the disturbance to be a hybrid system rather than a tropical cyclone—the region's warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear were supportive of further organisation.[134] However, development was slow and convection remained displaced from the center of circulation three days later.[135] After an extended period of slow movement,[131][135] 07F accelerated south of Samoa on February 19.[136] Over the following days, the system tracked towards the east-southeast with little development. 07F turned towards the southwest by February 20, where strong wind shear began to degrade the convective structure of the system. The FMS issued the final advisory on the system on February 21 while it was passing to the south of Niue.[137]

The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency sent seven representatives to American Samoa in advance of the disturbance.[138] Before 07F's arrival, a moisture-laden convergence zone had already been affecting Samoa with heavy rainfall and high winds.[139] Warnings from the Samoa Meteorology Service for rain, wind, and flooding were in effect for Savai'i and Upolu,[140] resulting in cancellations of ferry services.[141] While the threat of both 07F and nearby 08F lessened on February 18, warnings remained posted due to the persistence of the active convergence zone.[142] The Ministry of Education Sports and Culture closed schools between February 18–19 in response to the inclement conditions.[143] Roads in three villages in Apia were flooded by rains associated with 07F.[144] Power outages affected Tutuila in American Samoa, where airports closed as the storm passed. Further southeast, in the Cook Islands, a civil defense emergency was declared. All schools were closed in Rarotonga. Large waves along the island's coast forced the closure of the seawall road.[145]

Tropical Disturbance 08F

[edit]
Tropical disturbance (Australian scale)
Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 16 – February 18
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
994 hPa (mbar)

On February 17, the FMS noted the formation of Tropical Disturbance 08F between American Samoa and Niue. The system was poorly organised, with a high wind shear environment displacing convection to the northeast of the low-level center of circulation as the disturbance moved southeast to east-southeast.[146][147] The JTWC considered the disheveled cyclone as subtropical in nature,[148] remaining in an environment hostile to increased organisation.[149] By February 18, the JTWC declared the disturbance to have dissipated.[150] Later that day, the center of 08F continued past the 25th parallel south, leading the FMS to issue their final tropical disturbance summary on the highly sheared system.[151]

Tropical Cyclone Vicky

[edit]
Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 19 – February 21
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

The FMS analysed the formation of Tropical Disturbance 09F on February 19 near Wallis and Futuna,[152] positioned within an area of low wind shear and divergent flow aloft.[153] The east-southeastward-moving storm was upgraded to a tropical depression the next day, prompting routine advisories from the FMS. Developing rainbands quickly organised atop the newly formed and compact low-level circulation center.[154][155] 09F tracked near Samoa on February 20 with maximum sustained winds of 55 km/h (34 mph),[156] with the center later passing just south of Tutuila in American Samoa.[157][158] Continuing to track towards the east-southeast, the depression strengthened into a Category 1 tropical cyclone later that day, receiving the name Vicky.[159] Though the cyclone's rainbands expanded further, the storm's convection remained disorganised.[160] Despite warm ocean waters and a conducive environment aloft for outflow, strong wind shear led to a deterioration of Vicky's shower activity.[161] On February 21, the FMS issued their final advisory on Vicky once it transitioned into an ex-tropical system.[162]

Flights to Pago Pago were cancelled indefinitely by Samoa Airways, with delays impacting Faleolo International Airport.[163] Non-essential government employees in American Samoa were released from work on February 20 as Vicky passed to the south,[164] suspending United States Postal Service and United States Department of Veterans Affairs operations.[165] Vicky produced damaging winds and heavy rain in the Samoan islands as an intensifying system.[166] Brief power outages affected parts of Samoa early on February 21.[167] The combination of Vicky and two other tropical disturbances resulted in a peak rainfall of 203.2 mm (8.00 in) in Le'auva'a between February 17–20.[168] A 120 km/h (75 mph) gust was measured in Pago Pago International Airport in American Samoa and sustained winds of 85 km/h (53 mph) were observed in Tutuila.[157][164] One buoy off Aunu'u measured 3.7–4.3 m (12–14 ft) seas due to Vicky.[157]

Tropical Cyclone Wasi

[edit]
Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 21 – February 23
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

During February 21, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 10F had developed, about 145 km (90 mi) to the north of Mata Utu on the island of Wallis.[137] The disturbance was located within an area of low vertical windshear while atmospheric convection persisted over and had started to wrap into the systems low-level circulation centre.[137] 10F was upgraded to a tropical depression 12 hours after its initial designation.[169] Continuing to organise throughout the day,[170] the system was upgraded to Tropical Cyclone Wasi by February 22 while centred west of Samoa.[171] A transient eye-like feature emerged on satellite imagery early on February 22, suggesting a cyclone stronger than its organisation suggested.[172] While the cyclone was initially highly compact and within favourable conditions,[173] interaction with the nearby insular landmasses suppressed Wasi's convection.[174] Continued interaction ultimately caused Wasi to weaken and become increasingly disorganised after passing south of Samoa.[175][176] Accelerating towards the south-southeast, convective activity associated with Wasi became limited to the cyclone's eastern half,[177][178] eventually exposing the low-level centre of circulation on February 23.[179] This circulation quickly slackened during the day.[180]

The Samoa Meteorology Division issued a Category 1 Tropical Cyclone Warning for Samoa on 22 February,[181] prompting the activation of the country's National Emergency Operations Centre.[182] Heavy rain and flood warnings were also in effect for Samoa.[183] Wasi was the second tropical cyclone to affect the Samoan islands in two days.[184] Downpours from Wasi spread over the islands of Upolu and Savai'i.[185] Two rivers in Savai'i flooded their banks and inundated adjacent roads. River and small stream flooding was also documented in Upolu.[186][187] In American Samoa, 50 mm (2.0 in) of rain fell over a 12-hour span.[188] Gusts to 69 km/h (43 mph) were reported at Pago Pago International Airport,[189] which had suspended operations during Wasi's passage.[190] Two homes were destroyed and six sustained major damage from the combined effects of Cyclones Wasi and Cyclone Vicky in American Samoa, which had struck the territory in the same week. Minor damage was inflicted to another 58 homes.[191] A gale warning was issued by the FMS for Niue that was later cancelled upon Wasi's dissipation.[192]

Tropical Cyclone Gretel

[edit]
Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 14 (Entered basin) – March 16
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

During March 15, Tropical Cyclone Gretel moved into the basin from the Australian region, about 620 km (385 mi) to the northwest of Nouméa in New Caledonia. [193] Gretel continued to organise upon its entrance into the basin, exhibiting well-developed rainbands within a low-shear environment.[194][195] Forced southeast by a nearby subtropical ridge,[196] The storm passed 150 km (93 mi) south of New Caledonia on March 15.[197] During this time, an eye-feature was noted by the JTWC on microwave-wavelength satellite imagery.[198] The FMS upgraded Gretel to a Category 2 cyclone at 12:00 UTC that day.[199] However, the storm's convective activity soon began to diminish as dry air began to permeate the low-level circulation center.[200][201] The addition of strong vertical wind shear caused Gretel's remaining showers and thunderstorms to dislocate from the central vortex.[202] Gretel quickly developed frontal features on March 16—a sign of extratropical transition.[203]

Level 1 cyclone alerts were issued for New Caledonia's North and South provinces on March 15 and were lifted by the following morning.[204][205] Shelters were opened throughout the territory in anticipation of Gretel's passage.[206] Air Calédonie cancelled some of its March 15–16 flights;[204] some Aircalin were also cancelled or rescheduled.[207] All Raï bus routes were cancelled for March 15.[208] Several ports were closed and the Ouaième–Hienghène ferry was suspended.[204] Classes at the University of New Caledonia on March 16–17 were closed at their Nouméa and Koné campuses;[209] the Collège de Païamboué also closed its classes.[210] Power outages affected the greater Nouméa area on New Caledonia, particularly in Le Mont-Dore and Savannah sur Mer.[211] Across three municipalities, 791 homes were without power by the evening of March 15,[212] and ultimately at least 6,931 electricity customers lost power during Gretel's passage.[197] Some roads were blocked by downed trees. Gretel's effects disrupted some municipal elections, flooding a polling station and preventing voter travel in some municipalities;[211] voter turnout was diminished relative to the previous elections in 2014.[213] Northern parts of New Caledonia received 50–80 mm (2.0–3.1 in) of rain over a six-hour period,[214] and 100–150 mm (3.9–5.9 in) of rain overall was recorded on the northern and southern extents of Grande Terre.[215] Floods overtook a bridge between Pouébo and Ouégoa.[204] Rough seas grounded a barge in Nouville.[216] The Australian territory of Norfolk Island recorded maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 57 km/h (35 mph) and a maximum gust to 83 km/h (52 mph) on March 16.[citation needed]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Harold

[edit]
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationApril 2 (Entered basin) – April 10
Peak intensity230 km/h (145 mph) (10-min);
920 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Harold

During April 3, Tropical Cyclone Harold moved into the basin from the Australian region, as a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.[217][218] Atmospheric conditions were supportive of further intensification within the South Pacific as the storm tracked towards the southeast.[219][220] On April 3, Harold began to quickly gain in organisation and intensity, developing tightly wound rainbands and a pinhole eye.[221][222] Harold rapidly intensified into a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by April 4;[223][224] Category 4 intensity was reached by 12:00 UTC that day, with Harold exhibiting maximum ten-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (103 mph).[225] The JTWC assessed Harold three hours later as having one-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (134 mph), equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[226] Concurrently, an extension of an area of high pressure to Harold's east caused the storm's track to slow and curve increasingly southward.[223] Afterwards, the storm recurved eastwards and accelerated before turning east-southeastwards. On the next day, the storm intensified into a Category 5 Severe Tropical Cyclone, the highest rating on the Australian scale. Later that day, at 1:00 P.M. local time, the storm made landfall on Espiritu Santo. At landfall, the storm had 10-minute winds of 215 km/h (134 mph).[227] Intensification continued and by 12:00 UTC, it reached peak intensity as a Category 5-equivalent cyclone on the Saffir-Simpson scale, with 10-minute winds of 230 km/h (140 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 920 mbar (27.17 inHg). It maintained the intensity for only 6 hours before weakening back to a Category 4-equivalent cyclone. The storm began an Eyewall replacement cycle. And thus, both warning centers downgraded the system. After the cyclone was completed, a new eye formed. Thus, the FMS upgraded Harold to a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone for the second time.[228] Later that day, it reached Category 4 status on the SSHWS yet again. On April 8, the storm passed just south of Fiji and passed over Kadavu Island.[229] The system finally began to weaken as it accelerated towards Tonga. Later that day, the storm passed just 100 mi (160 km) south of Tongatapu, the main island of Tonga, as a Category 3-equivalent cyclone.[230] On the next day, the storm began an extratropical transition while it moved into MetService's area of responsibility.[citation needed] The JTWC subsequently issued its final advisory on Harold, as it was expected to gain frontal characteristics and complete its extratropical transition within 12 hours.[231] MetService subsequently declared Harold to be an extratropical cyclone during April 10, before the system was last noted during the following day around 1,500 km (930 mi) to the southwest of Adamstown in the Pitcairn Islands.[232][233] Cyclone warnings were issued for the entirety of the Solomon Islands as Harold approached on April 3.[234] Strong winds blew down trees in Honiara, causing power outages and blocking roads.[235][236][237] Rainfall associated with the passing storm also caused flooding, forcing dozens of families out of their homes.[238][236] A ferry repatriating 738 people from Honiara to Malaita Province amid the COVID-19 pandemic encountered the storm in the Ironbottom Sound; 28 people were washed overboard by the waves.[239] All but one of the people are presumed dead.

On April 3, the Vanuatu National Disaster Management Office (VNDMO) issued a Yellow Alert for Torba and Sanma provinces in Vanuatu. The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department also issued a tropical cyclone warning for these areas. The yellow alert was upgraded to a red alert on April 4, while yellow alerts were also issued for Malampa and Penama provinces. Red alerts eventually encompassed Malampa, Penama, Sanma, and Torba provinces, with a yellow alert for Shefa Province. The VNDMO advised for all residents under the red alert to remain indoors. All COVID-19 preparedness activities were suspended to facilitate preparations and evacuations for Harold. Harold was the first severe tropical cyclone to strike Vanuatu since Cyclone Pam in 2015, bringing gusts above 275 km/h (171 mph), 250–450 mm (9.8–17.7 in) of rain, and a storm surge of 0.8 m (2.6 ft) causing catastrophic damage, torrential flooding and communication disruptions and plunging Vanuatu into a blackout.

In Fiji, heavy rain alerts were issued for the western half of Viti Levu, Kadavu, and the Mamanuca and Yasawa islands on April 6. Storm warnings were later put in effect for the areas under a heavy rain alert, in addition to the Lomaiviti Islands. The highest warning, a hurricane warning, was issued for Kadavu and Ono-i-Lau on April 7. The Fiji National Disaster Management Office (FDNMO) activated their Emergency Operations Centre to streamline preparations and evacuations. A total of eighty-five shelters were opened, with at least two in each of Fiji's four districts. All village headmen and community leaders were directed to. All COVID-19-related activities were also cancelled in order to prepare for the impact of Harold. Early on April 7, the storm began affecting the nation with gusty winds, moderate coastal flooding, and storm surge. These conditioners worsened as the storm approached. In contrast to the forecasts, the passed only to the south of Fiji and thus, the northern islands received little damage. Kadavu Island was hit the worst as the storm's center passed over the island. Many infrastructures were damaged or destroyed due to the strong wind and storm surge.

Storm names

[edit]
See also: Tropical cyclone naming

Within the Southern Pacific a tropical depression is judged to have reached tropical cyclone intensity should it reach winds of 65 km/h (40 mph) and it is evident that gales are occurring at least halfway around the center. Tropical depressions that intensify into a tropical cyclone between the Equator and 25°S and between 160°E and 120°W are named by the FMS. However, should a tropical depression intensify to the south of 25°S between 160°E and 120°W it will be named by MetService in conjunction with the FMS. If a tropical cyclone moves out of the basin and into the Australian region, it will retain its original name. The names Sarai, Tino, Uesi, and Wasi would be used for the first time this year (and only, in the case of Sarai and Tino), after replacing the names Sose, Trina and Waka and after the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons respectively. Uesi was subsequently added to the list later on. The names that were used for 2019–20 season are listed below:[240]

  • Rita
  • Sarai
  • Tino
  • Uesi
  • Vicky
  • Wasi
  • Yasa (unused)
  • Zazu (unused)
  • Ana (unused)
  • Bina (unused)

If a tropical cyclone enters the South Pacific basin from the Australian region basin (west of 160°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The following storms were named in this manner:

Retirement

[edit]

After the season, the names Sarai and Tino were retired due to the damages they caused, and were replaced with Samadiyo and Tasi. While not forming in the basin, the name Harold was also retired and replaced with Heath.[240]

Season effects

[edit]

This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific to the east of longitude 160°E during the 2019–20 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, landfalls, deaths, and damages.

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
Rita November 22 – 26 Category 2 tropical cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu None None
02F December 19 – 23 Tropical disturbance Not specified 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) Samoan Islands None None
Sarai December 23 – January 2 Category 2 tropical cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) Fiji, Tonga, Niue, southern Cook Islands $2.3 million 2
Tino January 11 – 20 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 120 km/h (75 mph) 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Fiji, Niue, Solomon Islands
Samoan Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu		 $5.83 million 2 (missing)
05F January 24 – 25 Tropical disturbance Not specified 1003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Samoan Islands None None
Uesi February 4 – 13 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 130 km/h (80 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand Minor None
07F February 14 – 21 Tropical disturbance Not specified 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Tuvalu, Samoan Islands, Tokelau, Niue None None
08F February 17 – 18 Tropical disturbance Not specified 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) Samoan Islands, Niue, Cook Islands None None
Vicky February 19 – 21 Category 1 tropical cyclone 75 km/h (45 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Samoan Islands, Niue Minor None
Wasi February 21 – 23 Category 2 tropical cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Wallis and Futuna, Samoan Islands Minor None
Gretel March 14 – 16 Category 2 tropical cyclone 100 km/h (65 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, New Zealand None None
Harold April 2 – 10 Category 5 severe tropical cyclone 230 km/h (145 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga >$123.5 million 3
Season aggregates
12 systems November 22 –
April 10		 230 km/h (145 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) $131.63 million 5

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Climate Services Division (October 26, 2010). Tropical Cyclone Guidance for Season 2010/11 for the Fiji and the Southwest Pacific (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 19, 2024. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i 2019–20 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook [in the] Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR) (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. October 11, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook - October 2019 (Report). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. October 11, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d "South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook for 2019 to 2020". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. October 11, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  5. ^ Tropical Cyclone - 5 Day Outlook (21 November 2019) (5 Day Outlook). Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. November 21, 2019.
  6. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary for 22 November 0930 UTC (Tropical Disturbance Summary). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 22, 2019.
  7. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans (November 22 2000 UTC) (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 22, 2019.
  8. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary for November 22 2100 UTC (Tropical Disturbance Summary). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 22, 2019.
  9. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A1 for Tropical Depression 01F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 23, 2019.
  10. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A2 for Tropical Depression 01F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 23, 2019.
  11. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary for 24 November 0600 UTC (Tropical Disturbance Summary). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 24, 2019.
  12. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4 for Tropical Depression 01F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 24, 2019.
  13. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01P (One) Warning NR 001 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 24, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  14. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01P (One) Warning NR 002 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 24, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  15. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A8 for Tropical Cyclone Rita (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 25, 2019.
  16. ^ Hurricane Warning 013 for Tropical Cyclone Rita (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 25, 2019.
  17. ^ Hurricane Warning 015 for Tropical Cyclone Rita (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 25, 2019.
  18. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9 for Tropical Cyclone Rita (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 25, 2019.
  19. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01P (Rita) Warning NR 007 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  20. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10 for Tropical Cyclone Rita (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 25, 2019.
  21. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01P (Rita) Warning NR 005 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  22. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01P (Rita) Warning NR 009 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 26, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  23. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A13 for Tropical Cyclone Rita (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 26, 2019.
  24. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01P (Rita) Warning NR 011 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 26, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  25. ^ "Former Cyclone Rita now a Tropical Low". Radio New Zealand. November 26, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  26. ^ "Cyclone Rita becomes category two storm". Radio New Zealand. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  27. ^ "Cyclone Rita to pass east of Vanuatu". Radio New Zealand. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  28. ^ "Vanuatu - Tropical Cyclone RITA update (GDACS, JTWC, VMGD, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 27 November 2019)". ReliefWeb. European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations. November 27, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  29. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Summary December 19, 2019 21z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 19, 2019.
  30. ^ a b Significant Tropical Weather Advisory December 20, 2019 06z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 20, 2019.
  31. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory December 21, 2019 06z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 21, 2019.
  32. ^ a b c d Tropical Disturbance Summary December 24, 2019 00z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 24, 2019.
  33. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory December 23, 2019 06z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 23, 2019.
  34. ^ a b Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 23, 2019 19z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 23, 2019.
  35. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A1 December 25, 2019 00z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 25, 2019.
  36. ^ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert December 25, 2019 03z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 25, 2019.
  37. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A6 December 26, 2019 06z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 26, 2019.
  38. ^ a b Tropical Cyclone 04P Warning 2 December 26, 2019 15z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 26, 2019.
  39. ^ Tropical Cyclone Naming Bulletin December 26, 2019 12z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 26, 2019. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019.
  40. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Advisory A7 December 26, 2019 15z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 26, 2019.
  41. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A10 December 27, 2019 08z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 27, 2019.
  42. ^ a b Fiji Climate Summary: December 2019 Volume 40: Issue 12 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 9, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  43. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A14 December 28, 2019 09z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 28, 2019.
  44. ^ Tropical Cyclone 04P (Sarai) Warning NR 002 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 26, 2019.
  45. ^ Tropical Cyclone 04P (Sarai) Warning NR 006 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  46. ^ Storm Warning 020 for Tropical Cyclone Sarai (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 27, 2019.
  47. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A13 for Tropical Cyclone Sarai (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 28, 2019.
  48. ^ Tropical Cyclone 04P (Sarai) Warning NR 008 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  49. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A14 for Tropical Cyclone Sarai (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 28, 2019.
  50. ^ Tropical Cyclone 04P (Sarai) Warning NR 010 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  51. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A18 for Tropical Cyclone Sarai (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 29, 2019.
  52. ^ Tropical Cyclone 04P (Sarai) Warning NR 013 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  53. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A20 for Tropical Cyclone Sarai (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 29, 2019.
  54. ^ Tropical Cyclone 04P (Sarai) Warning NR 016 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  55. ^ Tropical Cyclone 04P (Sarai) Warning NR 021 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  56. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary for 01 January 0830 UTC (Tropical Disturbance Summary). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 1, 2020.
  57. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary for 02 January 0004 UTC (Tropical Disturbance Summary). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 2, 2020.
  58. ^ "Hundreds flee lowlands as Cyclone Sarai sweeps past Fiji". Phys.org. December 27, 2019.
  59. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Sarai claims two lives as more than 2,000 remain under evacuation in Fiji". ABC News (Australia). December 29, 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  60. ^ Kathrin Krishna (January 8, 2020). "FRA confirms $5 million damage from TC Sarai". Fijian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  61. ^ Tropical Cyclone - 5 Day Outlook (9 January 2020) (PDF) (5 Day Outlook). Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  62. ^ Tropical Cyclone - 5 Day Outlook (10 January 2020) (PDF) (5 Day Outlook). Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  63. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary for January 11 2253 UTC (Tropical Disturbance Summary). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 11, 2019.
  64. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans January 12, 2020 21z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 12, 2020.
  65. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans January 14, 2020 06z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 14, 2020.
  66. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A1 for Tropical Disturbance TD04F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 14, 2020.
  67. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A2 for Tropical Disturbance TD04F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 14, 2020.
  68. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A5 for Tropical Depression 04F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 15, 2020.
  69. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A10 for Tropical Cyclone Tino (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 16, 2020.
  70. ^ Tropical Cyclone 08P (Tino) Warning NR 001 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  71. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A14 for Tropical Cyclone Tino (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 17, 2020.
  72. ^ Tropical Cyclone 08P (Tino) Warning NR 004 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  73. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A16 for Tropical Cyclone Tino (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 17, 2020.
  74. ^ Tropical Cyclone 08P (Tino) Warning NR 006 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  75. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A18 for Tropical Cyclone Tino (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 18, 2020.
  76. ^ Tropical Cyclone 08P (Tino) Warning NR 011 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 19, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  77. ^ "Cyclone Tino downgraded but remnants to pummel eastern coastline". Radio New Zealand. Radio New Zealand. January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  78. ^ Kaukuki, Ian M. (January 13, 2020). "Cyclone Emerging". Solomon Star. Honiara, Solomon Islands: Solomon Star News. Solomon Star. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  79. ^ Heavy Rain Alert Now in Force for Parts of the Fiji Group (PDF) (Media Release). Nadi, Fiji: Fiji Meteorological Service. December 28, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  80. ^ Special Weather Bulletin Number FIVE FOR FIJI AND ROTUMA ON TROPICAL DEPRESSION TD04F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 15, 2020.
  81. ^ Kate, Talebula (January 15, 2020). "WAF: Boil and store drinking water". The Fiji Times. Suva, Fiji: Fiji Times Limited. The Fiji Times. Retrieved January 14, 2020. (subscription required)
  82. ^ Rizzo, Cailey (January 14, 2020). "Cruises Canceled as Fiji Prepares for a Tropical Cyclone (Video)". Travel+Leisure. Meredith Corporation. Travel+Leisure. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  83. ^ "Evacuation centres opened as Cyclone Tino aims for Fiji, Tonga". Radio New Zealand. January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  84. ^ Silaitoga, Serafina (January 16, 2020). "TD04F: Northerners prepare for approaching storm". The Fiji Times. Suva, Fiji: Fiji Times Limited. The Fiji Times. Retrieved January 16, 2020. (subscription required)
  85. ^ Silaitoga, Serafina (January 16, 2020). "TD04F: Udu villagers advised to move inland". The Fiji Times. Suva, Fiji: Fiji Times Limited. The Fiji Times. Retrieved January 16, 2020. (subscription required)
  86. ^ Vula, Timoci (January 16, 2020). "TD04F: FNU advises northern staff and students to stay home". The Fiji Times. Suva, Fiji: Fiji Times Limited. The Fiji Times. Retrieved January 16, 2020. (subscription required)
  87. ^ Lyons, Kate (January 17, 2020). "Fiji calls for urgent action on climate crisis as second cyclone hits in three weeks". The Guardian. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  88. ^ "Cyclone Tino: 2 missing as cyclone gains strength over Fiji". Stuff. January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  89. ^ a b c Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans January 23, 2020 20z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 23, 2020.
  90. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary January 24, 2020 09z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 24, 2020.
  91. ^ a b Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert January 24, 2020 22z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 24, 2019.
  92. ^ Tropical Cyclone 12P January 25, 2020 15z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020.
  93. ^ "Twelve. Trackfile". nrlmry.navy.mil. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  94. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Summary January 25, 2020 21z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 25, 2020.
  95. ^ Tropical Cyclone 12P Warning 3 January 26, 2020 03z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 26, 2020.
  96. ^ Tropical Cyclone 12P Warning 5 January 26, 2020 15z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 26, 2020.
  97. ^ a b c Tropical Disturbance Summary February 6, 2020 00z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 16, 2020.
  98. ^ a b Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans February 6, 2020 06z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 6, 2020.
  99. ^ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert February 8, 2020 03z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 8, 2020.
  100. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A1 for Tropical Disturbance 06F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 8, 2020.
  101. ^ Tropical Cyclone 15P (Fifteen) Warning NR 001 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 9, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  102. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A6 for Tropical Cyclone Uesi (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 9, 2020.
  103. ^ Tropical Cyclone 15P (Fifteen) Warning NR 004 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 9, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  104. ^ Tropical Cyclone 15P (Uesi) Warning NR 005 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  105. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A10 for Tropical Cyclone Uesi (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 10, 2020.
  106. ^ Hurricane Warning 013 for Tropical Cyclone Uesi (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 10, 2020.
  107. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A12 for Tropical Cyclone Uesi (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 11, 2020.
  108. ^ Tropical Cyclone 15P (Uesi) Warning NR 009 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  109. ^ Tropical Cyclone 15P (Uesi) Warning NR 011 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  110. ^ Tropical Cyclone 15P (Uesi) Warning NR 013 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  111. ^ Tropical Cyclone 15P (Uesi) Warning NR 014 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  112. ^ Storm Warning 020 for Tropical Cyclone Uesi (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 12, 2020.
  113. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Uesi Technical Bulletin #3 (12Z)". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. February 12, 2020. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
  114. ^ Tropical Cyclone Potential Bulletin, 2249 UTC 14 Feb 2020. Tropical Cyclone Bulletin (Report). Wellington, New Zealand: MetService. February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  115. ^ "Vanuatu issues warnings for new Tropical Cyclone". Radio New Zealand. February 9, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  116. ^ "La dépression tropicale 06F poursuit son évolution" (in French). France TV. NC1ere. February 9, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  117. ^ Mestre, Charlotte; Tromeur, Françoise (February 10, 2020). "Dépression tropicale forte Uesi : la Calédonie en préalerte à midi" (in French). France TV. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  118. ^ "Des bus Raï annulés en raison de l'approche d'Uesi". Les Nouvelles Caledonies. Nouméa, New Caledonia: LNC.nc. February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  119. ^ "Uesi: les navettes maritimes suspendues jusqu'à nouvel ordre". Les Nouvelles Caledonies. Nouméa, New Caledonia: LNC.nc. February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  120. ^ "Cyclone Uesi : la livraison des Nouvelles perturbée". Les Nouvelles Caledonies. Nouméa, New Caledonia: LNC.nc. February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  121. ^ Tromeur, Françoise (February 10, 2020). "Approche de la dépression Uesi, les conséquences" (in French). France TV. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  122. ^ a b "Nouvelle-Calédonie. Le cyclone Uesi s'éloigne en faisant une blessée" (in French). Ouest-France. Agence France-Presse. February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  123. ^ "Cyclone Uesi. Des trombes d'eau s'abattent sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie" (in French). Ouest-France. Agence France-Presse. February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  124. ^ Crepet, Regis (February 11, 2020). "La Nouvelle-Calédonie frappée par le cyclone Uesi" (in French). La Chaîne Météo. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  125. ^ "Uesi est devenu un cyclone, des axes coupés" (in French). France TV. NC1ere. February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  126. ^ a b c "[EN DIRECT CYCLONE UESI] Routes coupées, foyers privés d'électricité, consignes de sécurité… Suivez en temps réel l'évolution de la situation". Les Nouvelles Caledonies. Nouméa, New Caledonia: LNC.nc. February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  127. ^ "Uesi s'éloigne progressivement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie". Les Nouvelles Caledonies. Nouméa, New Caledonia: LNC.nc. February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  128. ^ a b Carboni, Lizzie (February 11, 2020). "Cyclone Uesi : après une nuit agitée, le phénomène s'éloigne progressivement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie" (in French). France TV. NC1ere. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  129. ^ St. Clair, Monique (February 12, 2020). "Multiple Gold Coast beaches closed, as Cyclone Uesi approaches". Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia: myGC. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  130. ^ Spamer, Courtney (February 15, 2020). "Uesi to batter New Zealand with heavy rainfall, strong winds". AccuWeather, Inc. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  131. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Summary February 14, 2020 23z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 14, 2020.
  132. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans (February 15 0600 UTC) (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 15, 2020.
  133. ^ "Area Forecast Discussion for February 15 2020". National Weather Service Raw Text Product. Pago Pago, American Samoa: National Weather Service Pago Pago, American Samoa. February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2020 – via Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
  134. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 93P Formation Alert (17Z)". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 16, 2020. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  135. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Summary February 19, 2020 09z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 18, 2020.
  136. ^ "Severe Weather Information Number Thirteen (13) – Developing tropical disturbance within the region issued by the Samoa Meteorology Division at 5:00am Thursday 20th February 2020". Apia, Samoa: Samoa Meteorology Division. February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020 – via ReliefWeb.
  137. ^ a b c Tropical Disturbance Summary February 21, 2020 03z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 21, 2020.
  138. ^ "Samoa group on alert for threatening weather system". Radio New Zealand. February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  139. ^ Wilson, Soli (February 15, 2020). "Tropical Depression upgraded; wild weather forecast". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 16, 2020. (subscription required)
  140. ^ "Severe Weather Information Number Six (6) – Tropical Disturbance 07F issued by the Samoa Meteorology Division at 5:00 pm Sunday 16th February 2020 [EN/SM]". Apia, Samoa: Government of Samoa. February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2020 – via ReliefWeb.
  141. ^ Von Dincklage, Vaelei (February 15, 2020). "Low pressure systems, tropical depression impact weather". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 16, 2020. (subscription required)
  142. ^ Von Dincklage, Vaelei (February 18, 2020). "Tropical depression moves; forecasters advise maintain caution". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 16, 2020. (subscription required)
  143. ^ Wilson, Soli (February 18, 2020). "Wild weather forecast closes schools". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 18, 2020. (subscription required)
  144. ^ Wilson, Soli (February 18, 2020). "Low pressure systems remain over Samoa". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 18, 2020. (subscription required)
  145. ^ "Damage assessments begin as Samoa storms ease". Radio New Zealand. February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  146. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary February 17, 2020 03z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 17, 2020.
  147. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary February 18, 2020 09z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 18, 2020.
  148. ^ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (Invest 93P) Cancellation February 17, 2020 13z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 17, 2020.
  149. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans February 18, 06z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 18, 2020.
  150. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans February 18, 1530z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 18, 2020.
  151. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary February 18, 2020 23z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 18, 2020.
  152. ^ Wilson, Soli (February 20, 2020). "Sunshine short lived, cyclone possible". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 20, 2020. (subscription required)
  153. ^ Tropical Disturbance Summary February 19, 2020 21z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 19, 2020.
  154. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A1 for Tropical Depression 09F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 19, 2019.
  155. ^ Tropical Cyclone 17P (Seventeen) Warning NR 001 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  156. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A3 for Tropical Depression 09F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 19, 2019.
  157. ^ a b c "Area Forecast Discussion for February 20 2020 1138 AM HST". National Weather Service Raw Text Product. Pago Pago, American Samoa: National Weather Service Pago Pago, American Samoa. February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020 – via Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
  158. ^ "Area Forecast Discussion for February 20 2020 0500 PM HST". National Weather Service Raw Text Product. Pago Pago, American Samoa: National Weather Service Pago Pago, American Samoa. February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020 – via Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
  159. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A5 for Tropical Cyclone Vicky (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 20, 2019.
  160. ^ Tropical Cyclone 17P (Vicky) Warning NR 002 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 21, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  161. ^ Tropical Cyclone 17P (Vicky) Warning NR 003 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 21, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  162. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A10 for Tropical Cyclone Vicky (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 21, 2019.
  163. ^ Wilson, Soli (February 21, 2020). "Weather grounds Pago flights". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 21, 2020. (subscription required)
  164. ^ a b "Latest storm updates: ASG workers off and HAL flight cancelled". Osini Faleatasi Inc. Samoa News. February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  165. ^ "After one depression passes, another approaches". InterTech Media LLC. Talanei. February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  166. ^ Wilson, Soli (February 21, 2020). "Samoa braced for storm". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 20, 2020. (subscription required)
  167. ^ Von Dincklage, Vaelei (February 21, 2020). "Samoa braced for storm". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 21, 2020. (subscription required)
  168. ^ Fruean, Adel (February 21, 2020). "Leauvaa Samoa's rainiest spot". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 21, 2020. (subscription required)
  169. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory B1 for Tropical Depression 10F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 21, 2019.
  170. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory B3 for Tropical Depression 10F (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 21, 2019.
  171. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A1 for Tropical Cyclone Wasi (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 22, 2020.
  172. ^ Tropical Cyclone 18P (Wasi) Warning NR 003 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  173. ^ Tropical Cyclone 18P (Wasi) Warning NR 004 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  174. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A2 for Tropical Cyclone Wasi (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 22, 2020.
  175. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4 for Tropical Cyclone Wasi (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 22, 2020.
  176. ^ "Area Forecast Discussion for February 22 2020". National Weather Service Raw Text Product. Pago Pago, American Samoa: National Weather Service Pago Pago, American Samoa. February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020 – via Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
  177. ^ Tropical Cyclone 18P (Wasi) Warning NR 005 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  178. ^ Tropical Cyclone 18P (Wasi) Warning NR 007 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 23, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  179. ^ Tropical Cyclone 18P (Wasi) Warning NR 008 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 23, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  180. ^ Tropical Cyclone 18P (Wasi) Warning NR 009 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 23, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  181. ^ Fruean, Adel (February 22, 2020). "Meteorology Office warns of Category 1 Cyclone in next 6-12 hours". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 20, 2020. (subscription required)
  182. ^ Lesa, Mata'afa Keni (February 22, 2020). "Govt. activates Emergency response as Samoa braces for cyclone Wasi". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 22, 2020. (subscription required)
  183. ^ "Samoa govt activates Emergency Ops Center, monitors likely track of Wasi". Osini Faleatasi Inc. Samoa News. February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
  184. ^ "Samoa prepares for Wasi, activates Emergency Operations Centre". RNZ. RNZ. February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
  185. ^ Rheeney, Alexander (February 22, 2020). "Samoa drenched by rain as TC Wasi warning remains". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 22, 2020. (subscription required)
  186. ^ "Residents stranded after Cyclone Wasi floods rivers in Samoa". RNZ. February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  187. ^ Fruean, Adel (February 24, 2020). "Parts of Upolu continue flooding". Samoa Observer Online. Samoa Observer. Retrieved February 24, 2020. (subscription required)
  188. ^ "TS Wasi continues to move away". InterTech Media LLC. Talanei. February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
  189. ^ Tropical Cyclone 18P (Wasi) Warning NR 005 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  190. ^ "Samoa Airways Service to Pago Pago Resumes Today". Samoa Global News. February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  191. ^ "Cyclones leave homes in American Samoa damaged". RNZ. February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  192. ^ "Warning for Niue cancelled as Cyclone Wasi dissipates". RNZ. February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  193. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Gretel Forecast Track Map #17 (00Z)". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. March 15, 2020. Archived from the original on March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  194. ^ Tropical Cyclone Gretel (0131 UTC 15/03/2020) (Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin: Australia - Eastern Region). Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. March 15, 2020.
  195. ^ Tropical Cyclone 23P (Gretel) Warning NR 002 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  196. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A1 for Tropical Cyclone Gretel (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. March 15, 2020.
  197. ^ a b "[MàJ] Gretel s'éloigne par le Sud-Ouest mais la Calédonie subit encore son influence" (in French). France TV. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  198. ^ Tropical Cyclone 23P (Gretel) Warning NR 003 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  199. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A3 for Tropical Cyclone Gretel (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. March 15, 2020.
  200. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4 for Tropical Cyclone Gretel (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. March 15, 2020.
  201. ^ Tropical Cyclone 23P (Gretel) Warning NR 004 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  202. ^ Tropical Cyclone 23P (Gretel) Warning NR 005 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  203. ^ Tropical Cyclone 23P (Gretel) Warning NR 006 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 16, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  204. ^ a b c d Madec, Alix; Nollet, Martine (March 15, 2020). "Dépression tropicale Gretel : la province Sud en alerte cyclonique de niveau 1 à 15h [MÀJ]" (in French). France TV. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  205. ^ "Dépression Gretel : la préalerte cyclonique levée sur la province des Iles, levée de l'alerte 1 pour le Nord à 8h et le Sud à 11h" (in French). France TV. NC la 1ère. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  206. ^ "Gretel : les centres d'accueil opérationnels dans le Grand Nouméa". Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes. LNC.nc. March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  207. ^ Tromeur, Françoise (March 15, 2020). "Dépression Gretel : les vols Aircalin chamboulés" (in French). France TV. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  208. ^ "Gretel : annulation de tous les bus Raï ce dimanche". Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes. LNC.nc. March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  209. ^ "Mesures de prévention liées au phénomène climatique GRETEL" (PDF) (in French). Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  210. ^ "A Pouembout, le collège de Païamboué est fermé jusqu'à mercredi". Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes. LNC.nc. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  211. ^ a b "Gretel au plus près du Caillou cette nuit" (in French). France TV. March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  212. ^ Tromeur, Françoise (March 15, 2020). "Dépression Gretel : près de 800 foyers sans électricité [MàJ]" (in French). France TV. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  213. ^ Madec, Alix (March 15, 2020). "Municipales : un scrutin perturbé par les intempéries dans l'extrême Nord" (in French). France TV. NC la 1ère. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  214. ^ Tromeur, Françoise (March 15, 2020). "Le Sud bascule à son tour en alerte 1, comme le Nord" (in French). France TV. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  215. ^ "[MàJ 11h40] La province Sud passe à son tour en alerte 1 à 15 heures". Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes. LNC.nc. March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  216. ^ Wakahugnème, Cédrick; Le Tenneur, Antoine (March 17, 2020). "Dépression Gretel : une barge sous le pont de Nouville" (in French). France TV. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  217. ^ Tropical Cyclone Harold Technical Bulletin April 3, 2020 00z (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. April 3, 2020. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  218. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory A1 for Tropical Cyclone Harold April 3, 2020 06z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 3, 2020. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  219. ^ Tropical Cyclone 25P (Harold) Warning NR 002 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  220. ^ Tropical Cyclone 25P (Harold) Warning NR 003 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  221. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A2 for Tropical Cyclone Harold (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 4, 2020.
  222. ^ Tropical Cyclone 25P (Harold) Warning 4 April 3, 2020 15z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 3, 2020. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  223. ^ a b Tropical Disturbance Advisory A4 for Tropical Cyclone Harold (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 4, 2020.
  224. ^ Tropical Cyclone 25P (Harold) Warning NR 006 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  225. ^ Hurricane Warning Number 010 for Tropical Cyclone Harold (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. April 4, 2020.
  226. ^ Tropical Cyclone 25P (Harold) Warning NR 008 (Tropical Cyclone Warning). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020 – via Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  227. ^ "Cyclone Harold updates: Storm makes landfall on Vanuatu's Santo". RNZ. April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  228. ^ "Hurricane Warning 026 for Severe Tropical Cyclone Harold". Fiji Meteorological Service. April 8, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  229. ^ Kaye, Bryan (April 8, 2020). "Cyclone Harold Slams Into Fiji As Category 5 Storm". HuffPost. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  230. ^ Capucci, Matthew (April 8, 2020). "Cyclone Harold slams Tonga, third island nation hit in 3 days". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  231. ^ Tropical Cyclone 25P (Harold) Warning 28 April 9, 2020 15z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 9, 2020. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  232. ^ Tropical Cyclone 25P (Harold) Running Best Track Analysis (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 2020.
  233. ^ Storm Warning 135 April 10, 2020 06z (Report). New Zealand MetService. April 10, 2020. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  234. ^ "TC Harold batters Solomon Islands as it heads to Vanuatu". RNZ. Radio New Zealand. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  235. ^ Keka, Georgina (April 3, 2020). "Solomon Islands is Bracing Itself for Tropical Cyclone Harold". Solomon Times. Solomon Times Online. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  236. ^ a b "Australia donates emergency funds to Solomons amid cyclone". Radio New Zealand. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  237. ^ "TC Harold batters Solomon Islands as it heads to Vanuatu". Loop Pacific. Trend Media Inc. April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  238. ^ Nolan, Jimmy (April 3, 2020). "Bridge Washed Away by Torrential Rain". Solomon Times. Solomon Times Online. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  239. ^ Wickham, Dorothy (April 3, 2020). "Ferry accident during Solomon Islands cyclone leaves 28 missing". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  240. ^ a b RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2024). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2019-20 South Pacific cyclone season.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019–20_South_Pacific_cyclone_season&oldid=1258712560#Tropical_Cyclone_Vicky"