Jump to content

Queensland

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Culture of Queensland)
For other uses, see Queensland (disambiguation).

Queensland
State
Flag of Queensland
Flag
Official seal of Queensland
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
The Sunshine State
Motto: 
Audax at Fidelis (Latin)
(English: Bold but Faithful)
Location of Queensland in Australia
CountryAustralia
First British settlementSeptember 1824 (1824-09) (Moreton Bay)
Separation from New South Wales6 June 1859 (1859-06-06) (as Colony of Queensland)
Federation1 January 1901 (1901-01-01)
Named forQueen Victoria
Capital
and largest city
Brisbane
27°28′08″S 153°1′25″E / 27.46889°S 153.02361°E / -27.46889; 153.02361
Administration77 local government areas
Demonym(s)Queenslander
GovernmentParliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
• Governor
Jeannette Young
• Premier
David Crisafulli (LNP)
LegislatureParliament of Queensland
JudiciarySupreme Court of Queensland and lower courts
Parliament of the Commonwealth
• Senate
12 senators (of 76)
• House of Representatives
30 seats (of 151)
Area
• Land
1,723,030[1] km2 (665,270 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Bartle Frere)
1,622 m (5,322 ft)
Population
• Estimate
5,528,000 (2023)[2]
GSP2020 estimate
• Per capita
$70,862 (5th)
HDI (2021)Increase 0.944[3]
very high · 5th
Time zoneUTC+10:00 (AEST)
Postal abbreviation
QLD
ISO 3166 codeAU–QLD
Symbols
BirdBrolga (Grus rubicunda)
FishBarrier Reef Anemone Fish
(Amphiprion akindynos)
FlowerCooktown orchid
(Dendrobium phalaenopsis)[4]
MammalKoala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
ColourMaroon
FossilMuttaburrasaurus langdoni
MineralSapphire
Websiteqld.gov.au

Queensland (locally /ˈkwiːnzlænd/ KWEENZ-land, commonly abbreviated as Qld)[note 1] is a state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous of the Australian states. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west and south, respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and the Pacific Ocean; to the state's north is the Torres Strait, separating the Australian mainland from Papua New Guinea, and the Gulf of Carpentaria to the north-west. With an area of 1,723,030 square kilometres (665,270 sq mi), Queensland is the world's sixth-largest subnational entity; it is larger than all but 16 countries. Due to its size, Queensland's geographical features and climates are diverse, and include tropical rainforests, rivers, coral reefs, mountain ranges and white sandy beaches in its tropical and sub-tropical coastal regions, as well as deserts and savanna in the semi-arid and desert climatic regions of its interior.

Queensland has a population of over 5.5 million,[6] concentrated along the east coast, particularly in South East Queensland. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australia's third-largest city. Ten of Australia's thirty largest cities are located in Queensland, the largest outside Brisbane being the Gold Coast, the Sunshine Coast, Townsville, Cairns, Ipswich, and Toowoomba. 24.2% of the state's population were born overseas.[7] The state has the highest inter-state net migration in Australia.[8]

Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians, with the Torres Strait Islands inhabited by Torres Strait Islanders.[9][10] Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, the first European to land in Australia, explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula in 1606. In 1770, James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1788, Arthur Phillip founded the colony of New South Wales, which included all of what is now Queensland. Queensland was explored in subsequent decades, and the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement was established at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. During the Australian frontier wars of the 19th century, colonists killed tens of thousands of Aboriginal people in Queensland while consolidating their control over the territory.

On 6 June 1859 (now commemorated as Queensland Day), Queen Victoria signed the letters patent to establish the colony of Queensland, separating it from New South Wales and thereby establishing Queensland as a self-governing Crown colony with responsible government. A large part of colonial Queensland's economy relied on blackbirded South Sea Islander slavery.[citation needed]

Queensland was among the six colonies which became the founding states of Australia with Federation on 1 January 1901. Since the Bjelke-Petersen era of the late 20th century, Queensland has received a high level of internal migration from the other states and territories of Australia and remains a popular destination for interstate migration.

Queensland has the third-largest economy among Australian states, with strengths in mining, agriculture, transportation, international education, insurance, and banking. Nicknamed the Sunshine State for its tropical and sub-tropical climates, Great Barrier Reef, and numerous beaches, tourism is also important to the state's economy.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Queensland

Pre-European contact

[edit]
Main article: History of Indigenous Australians

Queensland was one of the largest regions of pre-colonial Aboriginal population in Australia.[11] The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, and early migrants are believed to have arrived via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait. Through time, their descendants developed into more than 90 different language and cultural groups.

During the last ice age, Queensland's landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. The people developed the world's first seed-grinding technology.[12] The end of the glacial period brought about a warming climate, making the land more hospitable. It brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the state's tropical rainforests.[13]

The Torres Strait Islands is home to the Torres Strait Islander peoples. Torres Strait Islanders are ethnically and culturally distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples. They have a long history of interaction with both Aboriginal peoples of what is now Australia and the peoples of New Guinea.

European colonisation

[edit]
Captain James Cook claims the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain at Possession Island in 1770
Fighting between Burke and Wills's supply party and Aboriginal Australians at Bulla in 1861

In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa, on the western shore of Cape York. This was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between Europeans and the Aboriginal people of Australia.[13] The region was also explored by French and Spanish explorers (commanded by Louis Antoine de Bougainville and Luís Vaez de Torres, respectively) before the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the Kingdom of Great Britain on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming eastern Australia, including Queensland, New South Wales.[14]

The Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century and massacres by the European settlers.[15][page needed]

In 1823, John Oxley, a British explorer, sailed north from what is now Sydney to scout possible penal colony sites in Gladstone (then Port Curtis) and Moreton Bay. At Moreton Bay, he found the Brisbane River. He returned in 1824 and established a penal settlement at what is now Redcliffe. The settlement, initially known as Edenglassie, was then transferred to the current location of the Brisbane city centre. Edmund Lockyer discovered outcrops of coal along the banks of the upper Brisbane River in 1825.[16] In 1839 transportation of convicts was ceased, culminating in the closure of the Brisbane penal settlement. In 1842 free settlement, which had already commenced, was officially permitted. In 1847, the Port of Maryborough was opened as a wool port. While most early immigrants came from New South Wales, the first free immigrant ship to arrive in Moreton Bay from Europe was the Artemisia, in 1848.

Earlier than this immigrant ship was the arrival of the Irish famine orphan girls to Queensland. Devised by the then British Secretary of State for the Colonies, The Earl Grey Scheme established a special emigration scheme which was designed to resettle destitute girls from the workhouses of Ireland during the Great Famine. The first ship, the "Earl Grey", departed Ireland for a 124-day sail to Sydney. After controversy developed upon their arrival in Australia, a small group of 37 young orphans, sometimes referred to as The Belfast Girls or the Feisty Colleens, never set foot on Sydney soil, and instead sailed up to Brisbane (then Moreton Bay) on 21 October 1848 on board the Ann Mary. This scheme continued until 1852.[17]

In 1857, Queensland's first lighthouse was built at Cape Moreton.[18]

Frontier wars and massacres

[edit]
Further information: Australian frontier wars § Queensland, and List of massacres of Indigenous Australians § Queensland

The frontier wars fought between European settlers and Aboriginal tribes in Queensland were the bloodiest and most brutal in colonial Australia.[19] Many of these conflicts are now seen as acts of genocide.[20][21][22][23]

The wars featured the most frequent massacres of First Nations people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony.[24] Across at least 644 collisions at least 66,680 were killed — with Aboriginal fatalities alone comprising no less than 65,180.[25] Of these deaths, around 24,000 Aboriginal men, women and children were killed by the Native Police between 1859 and 1897.[26]

The military force of the Queensland Government in this war was the Native Police, who operated from 1849 to the 1920s. The Native Police was a body of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander troopers that operated under the command of white officers. The Native Police were often recruited forcefully from far-away communities.[27][28]

Aftermath of the 1861 Cullin-La-Ringo massacre in which 19 settlers were killed by Aboriginal people, the deadliest attack on settlers in the frontier wars

Conflict spread quickly with free settlement in 1838, with settlement rapidly expanding in a great rush to take up the surrounding land in the Darling Downs, Logan and Brisbane Valley and South Burnett onwards from 1840, in many cases leading to widespread fighting and heavy loss of life. The conflict later spread north to the Wide Bay and Burnett River and Hervey Bay region, and at one stage the settlement of Maryborough was virtually under siege.[29]

The largest reasonably well-documented massacres in southeast Queensland were the Kilcoy and Whiteside poisonings, each of which was said to have taken up to 70 Aboriginal lives by use of a gift of flour laced with strychnine. At the Battle of One Tree Hill in September 1843, Multuggerah and his group of warriors ambushed one group of settlers, routing them and subsequently others in the skirmishes which followed, starting in retaliation for the Kilcoy poisoning.[30][31]

Central Queensland was particularly hard hit during the 1860s and 1870s, several contemporary writers mention the Skull Hole, Bladensburg, or Mistake Creek massacre[a] on Bladensburg Station near Winton, which in 1901 was said to have taken up to 200 Aboriginal lives.[32] First Nations warriors killed 19 settlers during the Cullin-La-Ringo massacre on 17 October 1861.[33] In the weeks afterwards, police, native police and civilians killed up to 370 members of the Gayiri Aboriginal people in response.[34]

Frontier violence peaked on the northern mining frontier during the 1870s, most notably in Cook district and on the Palmer and Hodgkinson River goldfields, with heavy loss of Aboriginal lives and several well-known massacres.[35] Raids conducted by the Kalkadoon held settlers out of Western Queensland for ten years until September 1884 when they attacked a force of settlers and native police at Battle Mountain near modern Cloncurry. The subsequent battle of Battle Mountain ended in disaster for the Kalkadoon, who suffered heavy losses.[36] Fighting continued in North Queensland, however, with First Nations raiders attacking sheep and cattle while Native Police mounted heavy retaliatory massacres.[37][38]

Slavery

[edit]
Further information: Blackbirding § Queensland

Tens of thousands of South Sea Islanders were kidnapped from islands nearby to Australia and sold as slaves to work on the colony's agricultural plantations through a process known as blackbirding.

This trade in what were then known as Kanakas was in operation from 1863 to 1908, a period of 45 years. Some 55,000 to 62,500 were brought to Australia,[39] most being recruited or blackbirded from islands in Melanesia, such as the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu), the Solomon Islands and the islands around New Guinea.

South Sea Islander men standing in front of a row of sugarcane.
Blackbirded South Sea Islanders on a Sugarcane plantation in Queensland.

The majority of those taken were male and around one quarter were under the age of sixteen.[40] In total, approximately 15,000 South Sea Islander slaves died while working in Queensland, a figure which does not include those who died in transit or who were killed in the recruitment process. This represents a mortality rate of at least 30%, which is high considering most were only on three year contracts.[41] It is also similar to the estimated 33% death rate of enslaved Africans in the first three years of being taken to America.[42]

The trade was legally sanctioned and regulated under Queensland law, and prominent men such as Robert Towns made massive fortunes off of exploitation of slave labour, helping to establish some of the major cities in Queensland today.[43] Towns' agent claimed that blackbirded labourers were "savages who did not know the use of money" and therefore did not deserve cash wages.[44]

Following Federation in 1901, the White Australia policy came into effect, which saw most foreign workers in Australia deported under the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901, which saw the Pacific Islander population of the state decrease rapidly.[45]

Independent governance

[edit]
Parade of troops in Brisbane, prior to departure for the Boer War in South Africa
Kanaka workers in a sugar cane plantation, late 19th century

A public meeting was held in 1851 to consider the proposed separation of Queensland from New South Wales. On 6 June 1859, Queen Victoria signed letters patent[46] to form the separate colony of Queensland as a self-governing Crown colony with responsible government. Brisbane was selected as the capital city. On 10 December 1859, a proclamation was read by George Bowen, the first Governor of Queensland, formally establishing Queensland as a separate colony from New South Wales.[47] On 22 May 1860 the first Queensland election was held and Robert Herbert, Bowen's private secretary, was appointed as the first Premier of Queensland.

In 1865, the first rail line in the state opened between Ipswich and Grandchester. Queensland's economy expanded rapidly in 1867 after James Nash discovered gold on the Mary River near the town of Gympie, sparking a gold rush and saving the State of Queensland from near economic collapse. While still significant, they were on a much smaller scale than the gold rushes of Victoria and New South Wales.

Immigration to Australia and Queensland, in particular, began in the 1850s to support the state economy. During the period from the 1860s until the early 20th century, many labourers, known at the time as Kanakas, were brought to Queensland from neighbouring Pacific Island nations to work in the state's sugar cane fields. Some of these people had been kidnapped under a process known as blackbirding or press-ganging, and their employment conditions constituted an allegedly exploitative form of indentured labour. Italian immigrants entered the sugar cane industry from the 1890s.[48]

During the 1890s, the six Australian colonies, including Queensland, held a series of referendums which culminated in the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901. During this time, Queensland had a population of half a million people. Since then, Queensland has remained a federated state within Australia, and its population has significantly grown.

20th century

[edit]
Returned World War II soldiers march in Queen Street, Brisbane, 1944

In 1905 women voted in state elections for the first time. The state's first university, the University of Queensland, was established in Brisbane in 1909. In 1911, the first alternative treatments for polio were pioneered in Queensland and remain in use across the world today.[49]

World War I had a major impact on Queensland. Over 58,000 Queenslanders fought in World War I and over 10,000 of them died.[50]

Australia's first major airline, Qantas (originally standing for "Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services"), was founded in Winton in 1920 to serve outback Queensland.

In 1922 Queensland abolished the Queensland Legislative Council, becoming the only Australian state with a unicameral parliament.

In 1935 cane toads were deliberately introduced to Queensland from Hawaii in an unsuccessful attempt to reduce the number of French's cane and greyback cane beetles that were destroying the roots of sugar cane plants, which are integral to Queensland's economy. The toads have remained an environmental pest since that time. In 1962, the first commercial production of oil in Queensland and Australia began at Moonie.

During World War II Brisbane became central to the Allied campaign when the AMP Building (now called MacArthur Central) was used as the South West Pacific headquarters for General Douglas MacArthur, chief of the Allied Pacific forces, until his headquarters were moved to Hollandia in August 1944.[51] In 1942, during the war, Brisbane was the site of a violent clash between visiting US military personnel and Australian servicemen and civilians, which resulted in one death and hundreds of injuries. This incident became known colloquially as the Battle of Brisbane.[52]

The end of World War II saw a wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe than in previous decades.

In the later decades of the 20th century, the humid subtropical climate—regulated by the availability of air conditioning—saw Queensland become a popular destination for migrants from interstate.[53] Since that time, Queensland has continuously seen high levels of migration from the other states and territories of Australia.

In 1966, Lyndon B. Johnson became the first U.S. president to visit Queensland. During his visit, he met with Australia prime minister Harold Holt.[citation needed]

The end of the White Australia policy in 1973 saw the beginning of a wave of immigration from around the world, and most prominently from Asia, which continues to the present.

In 1981 the Great Barrier Reef off Queensland's northeast coast, one of the world's largest coral reef systems, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

21st century

[edit]

In 2003 Queensland adopted maroon as the state's official colour. The announcement was made as a result of an informal tradition to use maroon to represent the state in association with sporting events.[54]

After three decades of record population growth, Queensland was impacted by major floods between late 2010 and early 2011, causing extensive damage and disruption across the state.[55][56]

In 2020 Queensland was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite a low number and abrupt decline in cases from April 2020 onward, social distancing requirements were implemented from March 2020 including the closure of the state borders.

Geography

[edit]
Main article: Geography of Queensland
Commonly designated regions of Queensland, with Central Queensland divided into Mackay and Fitzroy subregions
The Great Barrier Reef, which extends along most of Queensland's Coral Sea coastline
The Mossman River, flowing through the Daintree Rainforest in Far North Queensland
The McPherson Range at Lamington National Park in South East Queensland
Lake McKensie, K'gari (Fraser Island)

With a total area of 1,729,742 square kilometres (715,309 square miles), Queensland is an expansive state with a highly diverse range of climates and geographical features. If Queensland were an independent nation, it would be the world's 16th largest.

Queensland's eastern coastline borders the Coral Sea, an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The state is bordered by the Torres Strait to the north, with Boigu Island off the coast of New Guinea representing the northern extreme of its territory. The triangular Cape York Peninsula, which points toward New Guinea, is the northernmost part of the state's mainland. West of the peninsula's tip, northern Queensland is bordered by the Gulf of Carpentaria. To the west, Queensland is bordered by the Northern Territory, at the 138th meridian east, and to the southwest by northeastern South Australia. The state's southern border with New South Wales is constituted in the east by the watershed from Point Danger to the Dumaresq River, and the Dumaresq, Macintyre and Barwon rivers. The west of the southern border is defined by the 29th parallel south (including some minor historical encroachments) until it reaches South Australia.

Like much of eastern Australia, the Great Dividing Range runs roughly parallel with, and inland from, the coast, and areas west of the range are more arid than the humid coastal regions. The Great Barrier Reef, which is the world's largest coral reef system, runs parallel to the state's Coral Sea coast between the Torres Strait and K'gari (Fraser Island). Queensland's coastline includes the world's three largest sand islands: K'gari (Fraser Island), Moreton, and North Stradbroke.

The state contains six World Heritage-listed preservation areas: the Great Barrier Reef along the Coral Sea coast, K'gari (Fraser Island) on the Wide Bay–Burnett region's coastline, the wet tropics in Far North Queensland including the Daintree Rainforest, Lamington National Park in South East Queensland, the Riversleigh fossil sites in North West Queensland, and the Gondwana Rainforests in South East Queensland.

The state is divided into several unofficial regions which are commonly used to refer to large areas of the state's vast geography. These include:

Climate

[edit]
Köppen climate types in Queensland

Because of its size, there is significant variation in climate across the state. There is ample rainfall along the coastline, with a monsoonal wet season in the tropical north, and humid sub-tropical conditions along the southern coastline. Low rainfall and hot humid summers are typical for the inland and west. Elevated areas in the south-eastern inland can experience temperatures well below freezing in mid-winter providing frost and, rarely, snowfall. The climate of the coastal regions is influenced by warm ocean waters, keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall.[57]

There are six predominant climatic zones in Queensland,[58] based on temperature and humidity:

The annual average climatic statistics[59] for selected Queensland cities are shown below:

City Mean daily min. temp Mean daily max. temp No. clear days Rainfall
Brisbane 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) 113.1 1,149.1 mm (45.24 in)[60]
Mackay 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) 123.0 1,570.7 mm (61.84 in)[61]
Cairns 21.0 °C (69.8 °F) 29.2 °C (84.6 °F) 89.7 1,982.2 mm (78.04 in)[62]
Townsville 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) 120.9 1,136.7 mm (44.75 in)[63]

The coastal far north of the state is the wettest region in Australia, with Mount Bellenden Ker, south of Cairns, holding many Australian rainfall records with its annual average rainfall of over 8 metres (26 ft).[64] Snow is rare in Queensland, although it does fall with some regularity along the far southern border with New South Wales, predominantly in the Stanthorpe district although on rare occasions further north and west. The most northerly snow ever recorded in Australia occurred near Mackay; however, this was exceptional.[65]

Natural disasters are often a threat in Queensland: severe tropical cyclones can impact the central and northern coastlines and cause severe damage,[66] with recent examples including Larry, Yasi, Ita and Debbie. Flooding from rain-bearing systems can also be severe and can occur anywhere in Queensland. One of the deadliest and most damaging floods in the history of the state occurred in early 2011.[67] Severe springtime thunderstorms generally affect the south-east and inland of the state and can bring damaging winds, torrential rain, large hail and even tornadoes.[68] The strongest tornado ever recorded in Australia occurred in Queensland near Bundaberg in November 1992.[69] Droughts and bushfires can also occur; however, the latter are generally less severe than those that occur in southern states.

The highest official maximum temperature recorded in the state was 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) at Birdsville Police Station on 24 December 1972.[70] The lowest recorded minimum temperature is −10.6 °C (12.9 °F) at Stanthorpe on 23 June 1961 and at The Hermitage (near Warwick) on 12 July 1965.[71]

Climate data for Queensland
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 49.0
(120.2) 		47.2
(117.0) 		46.7
(116.1) 		41.7
(107.1) 		39.3
(102.7) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.1
(97.0) 		38.5
(101.3) 		42.8
(109.0) 		45.1
(113.2) 		48.7
(119.7) 		49.5
(121.1) 		49.5
(121.1)
Record low °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		0.0
(32.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−10.6
(12.9)
Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology[72]
Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology[73]

Demographics

[edit]
See also: Demographics of Australia and Demographics of Brisbane
"Queenslanders" redirects here. For other uses, see Queenslander.
Brisbane, capital and most populous city of Queensland

In December 2021, Queensland had an estimated population of 5,265,043.[6] Approximately half of the state's population lives in Brisbane, and over 70% live in South East Queensland. Nonetheless, Queensland is the second most decentralised state in Australia after Tasmania. Since the 1980s, Queensland has consistently been the fastest-growing state in Australia, as it receives high levels of both international immigration and migration from interstate. There have however been short periods where Victoria and Western Australia have grown faster.

Cities

[edit]

Ten of Australia's thirty largest cities are located in Queensland. In 2019, the largest cities in the state by population of their Greater Capital City Statistical Area or Significant Urban Area (metropolitan areas) as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics were:[78]

Ancestry and immigration

[edit]
Country of Birth (2016)[79][80]
Birthplace[N 2] Population
Australia 3,343,657
New Zealand 201,206
England 180,775
India 49,145
Mainland China 47,114
South Africa 40,131
Philippines 39,661
Scotland 21,882
Germany 20,387
Vietnam 19,544
South Korea 18,327
United States 17,053
Papua New Guinea 16,120
Taiwan 15,592

Early settlers during the 19th century were largely English, Irish, Scottish and German, while there was a wave of immigration from southern and eastern Europe (most notably Italy) in the decades following the second world war. In the 21st century, Asia (most notably China and India) has been the primary source of immigration.

At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[N 3][79][80]

The 2016 census showed that 28.9% of Queensland's inhabitants were born overseas. Only 54.8% of inhabitants had both parents born in Australia, with the next most common birthplaces being New Zealand, England, India, Mainland China and South Africa.[79][80] Brisbane has the 26th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas.

4% of the population, or 186,482 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2016.[N 6][79][80]

Language

[edit]

At the 2016 census, 81.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (1.5%), Vietnamese (0.6%), Cantonese (0.5%), Spanish (0.4%) and Italian (0.4%).[82][83]

At the 2021 census, 80.5% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (1.6%), Vietnamese (0.6%), Punjabi (0.6%) and Spanish (0.6%).[84]

Religion

[edit]

At the 2016 census, the most commonly cited religious affiliations were 'No religion' (29.2%), Catholicism (21.7%) and Anglicanism (15.3%).[85]

According to the 2021 census, 45.7% of the population follows Christianity, and 41.2% identified as having No religion[84][86] About 5% of people are affiliated with a non-Christian religion, mainly Buddhism (1.4%), Hinduism (1.3%) and Islam (1.2%).[84]

Education

[edit]
The Great Court at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland's oldest university

Queensland is home to numerous universities. The state's oldest university, the University of Queensland, was established in 1909 and frequently ranks among the world's top 50.[87][88][89] Other major universities include Queensland University of Technology, Griffith University, the University of Southern Queensland, the University of the Sunshine Coast, James Cook University (which was the state's first university outside of South East Queensland), Central Queensland University and Bond University (which was Australia's first private university).

International education is an important industry, with 134,312 international students enrolled in the state in 2018, largely focused on Brisbane. Most of the state's international students are from Asia.[90]

At the primary and secondary levels, Queensland is home to numerous state and private schools.

Queensland has a public library system which is managed by the State Library of Queensland.[91] Some university libraries are also open to the public.

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Queensland
See also: Economy of Australia
Skyline of the Brisbane central business district. Brisbane is a global city and the state's largest economic hub.
Gold mine at Ravenswood in North Queensland. Mining is one of the state's major industries
The Gold Coast, Queensland's second-largest city and a major tourist destination
Noosa Heads on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland's third largest city and a major tourist destination

In 2019, Queensland had a gross state product of A$357,044 million, the third-highest in the nation after New South Wales and Victoria.[92] The construction of sea ports and railways along Queensland's coast in the 19th century set up the foundations for the state's export-oriented mining and agricultural sectors. Since the 1980s, a sizeable influx of interstate and overseas migrants, large amounts of federal government investment, increased mining of vast mineral deposits and an expanding aerospace sector have contributed to the state's economic growth.[93]

Primary industries include bananas, pineapples, peanuts, a wide variety of other tropical and temperate fruit and vegetables, grain crops, wineries, cattle raising, cotton, sugarcane, and wool. The mining industry includes bauxite, coal, silver, lead, zinc, gold and copper.[94][95]

Secondary industries are mostly further processing of the above-mentioned primary produce. For example, bauxite is shipped by sea from Weipa and converted to alumina at Gladstone.[96] There is also copper refining and the refining of sugar cane to sugar at a number of mills along the eastern coastline.

Major tertiary industries are retail, tourism, and international education. In 2018, there were 134,312 international students enrolled in the state, largely focused on Brisbane. Most of the state's international students are from Asia.[90]

Brisbane is categorised as a global city, and is among Asia-Pacific cities with largest GDPs. It has strengths in mining, banking, insurance, transportation, information technology, real estate and food.[97] Some of the largest companies headquartered in Brisbane, all among Australia's largest, include Suncorp Group, Virgin Australia, Aurizon, Bank of Queensland, Flight Centre, CUA, Sunsuper, QSuper, Domino's Pizza Enterprises, Star Entertainment Group, ALS, TechnologyOne, NEXTDC, Super Retail Group, New Hope Coal, Jumbo Interactive, National Storage, Collins Foods and Boeing Australia.[98]

Tourism

[edit]
See also: Tourism in Brisbane
Hill Inlet at the Whitsunday Islands.

As a result of its varied landscapes, warm climate, and abundant natural environment, tourism is Queensland's leading tertiary industry with millions of interstate and international visitors visiting the state each year. The industry generates $8.8 billion annually, accounting for 4.5% of Queensland's Gross State Product. It has an annual export of $4.0 billion annually. The sector directly employs about 5.7% of Queensland citizens.[99] Accommodation in Queensland caters for nearly 22% of the total expenditure, followed by restaurants/meals (15%), airfares (11%), fuel (11%) and shopping/gifts (11%).[100]

The most visited tourist destinations of Queensland include Brisbane (including Moreton and South Stradbroke islands and the Gold Coast) as well as the Sunshine Coast, the Great Barrier Reef, Cairns, Port Douglas, the Daintree Rainforest, K'gari and the Whitsunday Islands.[101][102][103]

Brisbane is the third most popular destination in Australia following Sydney and Melbourne.[104] Major attractions in its metropolitan area include South Bank Parklands, the Queensland Cultural Centre (including the Queensland Museum, Queensland Art Gallery, Gallery of Modern Art, Queensland Performing Arts Centre and State Library of Queensland), City Hall, the Story Bridge, the Howard Smith Wharves, ANZAC Square, St John's Cathedral, Fortitude Valley (including James Street and Chinatown), West End, the Teneriffe woolstores precinct, the Brisbane River and its Riverwalk network, the City Botanic Gardens, Roma Street Parkland, New Farm Park (including the Brisbane Powerhouse), the Kangaroo Point Cliffs and park, the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, the Mount Coot-tha Reserve (including Mount Coot-tha Lookout and Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens), the D'Aguilar Range and National Park, as well as Moreton Bay (including Moreton, North Stradbroke and Bribie islands, and coastal suburbs such as Shorncliffe, Wynnum and those on the Redcliffe Peninsula).[105][106][107]

The Gold Coast is home to numerous popular surf beaches such as those at Surfers Paradise and Burleigh Heads. It also includes the largest concentration of amusement parks in Australia, including Dreamworld, Movie World, Sea World, Wet 'n' Wild and WhiteWater World, as well as the Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary. The Gold Coast's hinterland includes Lamington National Park in the McPherson Range.[citation needed]

The Sunshine Coast includes popular surfing and beach destinations including Noosa Heads and Mooloolaba. It is also home to UnderWater World and Steve Irwin's Australia Zoo. Its hinterland includes the Glass House Mountains National Park.[108]

Cairns is renowned as the gateway to the Great Barrier Reef, Far North Queensland (including Port Douglas) and the Daintree Rainforest. The Whitsunday Islands off the coast of North Queensland are a popular tourist destinations for their resort facilities and access to the Great Barrier Reef.[109]

Politics and government

[edit]
Main article: Politics of Queensland
Parliament House, seat of the Queensland Parliament
Government House, seat of the Governor
Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law, headquarters of the Supreme Court of Queensland and District Court of Queensland

One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It may legislate on all matters not ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed in the absence of a referendum. There is also a statutory charter of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act 2019. Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.

The government power can be divided into three groups:

Executive authority is nominally vested in the Governor of Queensland (currently Jeannette Young) who represents and is appointed by the Monarch (currently Charles III) on the advice of the Premier of Queensland. The Premier, who is the state's Head of government, along with the Cabinet of Queensland (whose decisions are formalised by the Executive Council), exercise executive authority in practice. The Premier is appointed by the Governor and must have support of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is in practice a leading member of the Legislative Assembly and parliamentary leader of his or her political party, or coalition of parties, and members of the Cabinet will be drawn from the same party or coalition. The current Premier and Deputy Premier are David Crisafulli and Jarrod Bleijie of the Liberal National Party respectively. Government House at Paddington in Brisbane is the seat of the Governor, having replaced Old Government House at Gardens Point in Brisbane's CBD in the early 20th century. The executive branch is simply referred to as the Queensland Government.

Legislative authority is exercised by the Queensland Parliament which uniquely for Australian states is unicameral, containing only one house, the Legislative Assembly. The Parliament was bicameral until 1922 when the Legislative Council was abolished by the Labor "suicide squad", so called because they were appointed for the purpose of voting to abolish their own offices.[110] Bills receive royal assent from the Governor before being passed into law. The Parliament's seat is at Parliament House at Gardens Point in Brisbane's CBD. Members of the Legislative Assembly represent 93 electoral districts. Elections in Queensland are held at the end of each fixed four-year parliamentary term and are determined by instant-runoff voting.

The state's judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the District Court of Queensland, established by the Queensland Constitution, as well as the Magistrates Court of Queensland and other courts and tribunals established by legislation. Cases may be appealed to the High Court of Australia. As with all Australian states and territories, Queensland has a common law legal system. The Supreme and District courts are headquartered at the Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law in Brisbane's CBD.

The state's politics are traditionally regarded as being conservative relative to other states.[111][112][113][114][115] Historically, the lack of an upper house, the "Bjelkemander" (a malapportion favouring rural electoral districts) has meant that Queensland had a long tradition of domination by strong-willed, populist premiers, often accused of authoritarian tendencies, holding office for long periods. This tendency was exemplified by the government of the state's longest-serving Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen.

Local government

[edit]
Main article: Local government in Queensland

Local government is the mechanism by which local government areas can manage their own affairs to the extent permitted by the Local Government Act 2009. Queensland is divided into 77 local government areas, which are created by the state government under the legislation.[116] Each local government area has a council responsible for providing a range of local services and utilities. Local councils derive their income from both rates and charges on resident ratepayers, and grants and subsidies from the state and federal governments.[117]

Federal representation

[edit]
Queensland – Federal parliamentary delegations[118]
Election
House of Representatives Senate
Coalition[N 7] Labor Other[N 8] Coalition Labor Other
2001 19 7 1 5 4 3
2004 21 5 1 7 4 1
2007 13 15 1 7 5 0
2010 21 8 1 6 5 1
2013 22 6 2 6 4 2
2016 21 8 1 5 4 3
2019 23 6 1 6 3 3
2022 21 5 4 5 3 4

In the federal Parliament, Queensland accounts for 30 of the 151 electoral divisions in the House of Representatives (based on population size) and 12 of the 76 seats in the Senate (based on equality between the states).

The current partisan makeup of Queensland's House of Representatives delegation is 21 Liberal National, 5 Labor, 3 Australian Greens, and 1 Katter's Australian Party.

The current partisan makeup of Queensland's Senate delegation is 5 Liberal National, 3 Labor, 2 One Nation, and 2 Green.

Culture

[edit]
The Ekka (the Royal Queensland Exhibition) is held each August at the Brisbane Showgrounds.

Queensland is home to major art galleries including the Queensland Art Gallery and the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art as well as cultural institutions such as the Queensland Ballet, Opera Queensland, Queensland Theatre Company, and Queensland Symphony Orchestra, all based at the Queensland Cultural Centre in Brisbane. The state is the origin of musicians such as the Bee Gees, the Go-Betweens, the Veronicas, the Saints, Savage Garden, and Sheppard as well as writers such as David Malouf, Nick Earls and Li Cunxin.

Major annual cultural events include the Royal Queensland Exhibition (known locally as the Ekka), an agricultural exhibition held each August at the Brisbane Showgrounds as well as the Brisbane Festival, which includes one of the nation's largest annual fireworks displays called 'Riverfire', and which is held each September.

Sport

[edit]
Main article: Sport in Queensland
Cricket game at The Gabba, a 42,000-seat round stadium in Brisbane

The state of Queensland is represented in all of Australia's national sporting competitions and it is also host to a number of domestic and international sporting events. The most popular winter and summer team sports are rugby league and cricket, respectively.

In the National Rugby League, the Brisbane Broncos, North Queensland Cowboys, The Dolphins and Gold Coast Titans are based in the state. Rugby league's annual State of Origin series is a major event in the Queensland sporting calendar, with the Queensland Maroons representing the state.

In cricket, the Queensland Bulls represent the state in the Sheffield Shield and the Ryobi One Day Cup, while the Brisbane Heat compete in the Big Bash League.

Queensland is also home to the Brisbane Lions and the Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League (Australian rules football), and the Brisbane Roar FC in the A-League (soccer). In netball, the Queensland Firebirds went undefeated in the 2011 season as they went on to win the Grand Final. Other sports teams are the Brisbane Bullets and the Cairns Taipans, who compete in the National Basketball League.

The state is represented by the Queensland Reds in the Super Rugby (rugby union).

Swimming is also a popular sport in Queensland, with many Australian team members and international medalists hailing from the state.

Brisbane will host the 2032 Summer Olympics, marking the third time Australia hosted the Olympic Games following Melbourne 1956 and Sydney 2000.[119] Major recurring sporting events hosted in Queensland include: the Gold Coast 600 (motorsport; since 1994), the Gold Coast Marathon (athletics; since 1979), the NRL All Stars Game (rugby league; since 2010), the Townsville 400 (motorsport; since 2009), the Quicksilver Pro and Roxy Pro (surfing) and Australian PGA Championship (golf; since 2000).

Symbols and emblems

[edit]
Main article: Symbols of Queensland

The official state emblems of Queensland are prescribed in the Emblems of Queensland Act 2005.

Queen Victoria granted the Queensland Coat of Arms to the Colony of Queensland in 1893, making it the oldest State Arms in Australia.[120] It depicts Queensland's primary industries in the 19th century with a sheaf of wheat, the heads of a bull and a ram, and a column of gold rising from a heap of quartz. Two stalks of sugar cane which surround the state badge at the top, and below is Queensland's state motto, Audax at Fidelis, which means "Bold but Faithful". In 1977, Queen Elizabeth II granted the supporting animals, the brolga and the red deer.[120][121]

In November 2003 maroon was officially named Queensland's state colour, after many years of association with Queensland sporting teams.

The koala was officially named the animal or faunal, emblem of Queensland in 1971 after a newspaper poll showed strong public support. The Queensland Government introduced the poll due to a proposal by state tourism ministers for all states to adopt a faunal emblem.[120] In January 1986, the brolga was announced as the official bird emblem of Queensland, after many years on the Coat of Arms.[121]

The Cooktown orchid became known as Queensland's floral emblem in 1959, during celebrations to mark the state's centenary,[122][123] and the Barrier Reef Anemone Fish was officially named as Queensland's aquatic emblem in March 2005.[124]

The sapphire was named the official state gem for Queensland in August 1985.[125][126]

Infrastructure

[edit]
See also: Transportation in Australia, Transport in Brisbane, TransLink (South East Queensland), and Queensland Rail City network

Transport

[edit]
Passenger train at Oxley railway station on the Ipswich/Rosewood line within the Queensland Rail City network
Cargo ships at the Port of Gladstone, Queensland's largest commodity seaport

Queensland is served by several National Highways and, particularly in South East Queensland, a network of freeways such as the M1. The Department of Transport & Main Roads oversees the development and operation of main roads and public transport, including taxis and local aviation.

Principal rail services are provided by Queensland Rail, predominantly between the major centres east of the Great Dividing Range. Freight rail services in Queensland have been provided mostly by Aurizon and Pacific National, with interstate intermodal services provided by Pacific National and SCT Logistics. Major seaports include the Port of Brisbane, Australia's third busiest by value of goods, as well as those at Gladstone, Townsville, and Bundaberg. There are large coal export facilities at Hay Point, Gladstone, and Abbot Point. Major sugar export facilities are located at Lucinda and Mackay.

Brisbane Airport is the main international and domestic gateway serving the state, and is the third busiest in Australia. Other international airports include the Gold Coast Airport, Cairns International Airport, and Townsville Airport. Regional airports with scheduled domestic flights include Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport, Great Barrier Reef Airport, Hervey Bay Airport, Bundaberg Airport, Mackay Airport, Mount Isa Airport, Proserpine / Whitsunday Coast Airport, Rockhampton Airport, and Sunshine Coast Airport.

South East Queensland has an integrated public transport system operated by Translink, which provides services bus, rail, light rail and Brisbane's ferry services through Queensland Rail and contracted operators. The region is divided into seven Fare zones radiating outwards from the Brisbane central business district, which is the central hub for the system. The Queensland Rail City network consists of 152 train stations along 13 suburban rail lines and across the region, and predominantly within Brisbane's metropolitan area. There is also a large bus network including Brisbane's large dedicated bus rapid transit network, the Brisbane busway network. Brisbane's popular ferry services include the CityCat, Cross River, and CityHopper services which have dedicated wharves along the Brisbane River. The G:link, Queensland's only light rail network, operates on the Gold Coast.[127]

The new Queensland Cross River Rail is a metro network that is currently under development within Brisbane and is part of the crucial infrastructure project to prepare the city for the 2032 Olympic games. It will be a transformative addition to the state's transportation infrastructure, set to revolutionise the way people move within Brisbane and its surrounding areas. Operating as a crucial link between the north and south sides of the city, the Cross River Rail introduces an innovative approach to urban mobility. It features state-of-the-art electric trains running on dedicated tracks, providing fast, efficient, and sustainable transit options for commuters. With improved connectivity, reduced congestion, and enhanced accessibility, this rail project aims to enhance the overall quality of life for residents and visitors alike, contributing significantly to Queensland's continued development and growth.[128]

Other utilities

[edit]

Queensland Health operates and administers the state's public health system. There are sixteen regional Health and Hospital Services corresponding to geographical regions which are responsible for delivering public health services within their regions. Major public hospitals include the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Princess Alexandra Hospital, the Mater Hospital, the Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, and the Queensland Children's Hospital in Brisbane, as well as the Townsville University Hospital, Cairns Hospital, Gold Coast Hospital and Gold Coast University Hospital in the regional cities. There are smaller public hospitals, as well as private hospitals, around the state.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In the UK and US, /ˈkwiːnzlənd/ KWEENZ-lənd is the preferred variant.[5]
  1. ^ Pre-1971 figures may not include the Indigenous population.
  2. ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately
  3. ^ As a percentage of 4,348,289 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.
  4. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[81]
  5. ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate from the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
  6. ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate from the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
  7. ^ Includes the Liberal Party of Australia, National Party of Australia, Liberal National Party of Queensland and Country Liberal Party. In 2008, all Coalition parties in Queensland merged into the Liberal National Party of Queensland.
  8. ^ Includes independents and minor parties.
  1. ^ Not to be confused with the 1915 Mistake Creek massacre in Western Australia.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Area of Australia - States and Territories". Geoscience Australia. 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024.
  2. ^ ABS National, state and territory population
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  4. ^ "Floral Emblem of Queensland". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  5. ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
  6. ^ a b "National, state and territory population – September 2022". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  7. ^ "Australia's Population by Country of Birth". Australian Bureau of Statistics. June 2023 [cited 24 April 2024].
  8. ^ "National, state and territory population". Australian Bureau of Statistics. March 2024 [cited 19 September 2024].
  9. ^ "How Old is Australia's Rock Art?". Aboriginal Art Online. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  10. ^ Dortch, C.E.; Hesp, Patrick A. (1994). "Rottnest Island artifacts and palaeosols in the context of Greater Swan Region prehistory". Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 77. Perth: Royal Society of Western Australia: 23–32. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  11. ^ Ørsted-Jensen (2011), pp. 10–11.
  12. ^ Hayes, Elspeth H.; Fullagar, Richard; Field, Judith H.; Coster, Adelle C. F.; Matheson, Carney; Nango, May; Djandjomerr, Djaykuk; Marwick, Ben; Wallis, Lynley A.; Smith, Mike A.; Clarkson, Chris (11 July 2022). "65,000-years of continuous grinding stone use at Madjedbebe, Northern Australia | Abstract". Scientific Reports. 12 (1). Nature: 11747. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15174-x. PMC 9273753. PMID 35817808.
  13. ^ a b A History of Queensland by Raymond Evans, Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-521-87692-6.
  14. ^ "European discovery and the colonisation of Australia". culture.gov.au. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  15. ^ Cumpston, JHL (1914). The History of Small-Pox in Australia 1788–1908. Melbourne: Australian Government Printer.
  16. ^ "New Hope Group". Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  17. ^ Harrison, Jennifer (4 July 2014), The Forty-Niners: Brisbane : schemes and dreams nineteenth century arrivals, Brisbane History Group; Salisbury Qld. : Boolarong Press (published 2014), p. 47, ISBN 978-1-925046-99-1
  18. ^ "Cape Moreton Lightstation (entry 600257)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  19. ^ Loos, Noel (1970). Frontier conflict in the Bowen district 1861–1874 (other). James Cook University of North Queensland. doi:10.25903/mmrc-5e46. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  20. ^ Baldry, Hannah; McKeon, Alisa; McDougal, Scott. "Queensland's Frontier Killing Times – Facing Up to Genocide". QUT Law Review. 15 (1): 92–113. ISSN 2201-7275. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  21. ^ Palmer, Alison (1998). "Colonial and modern genocide: explanations and categories". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 21 (1): 89–115. doi:10.1080/014198798330115.
  22. ^ Tatz, Colin (2006). Maaka, Roger; Andersen, Chris (eds.). "Confronting Australian Genocide" (PDF). The Indigenous Experience: Global Perspectives. 25. Canadian Scholars Press: 16–36. ISBN 978-1551303000. PMID 19514155.
  23. ^ Rogers, Thomas James; Bain, Stephen (3 February 2016). "Genocide and frontier violence in Australia". Journal of Genocide Research. 18 (1): 83–100. doi:10.1080/14623528.2016.1120466. S2CID 147512803. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  24. ^ Ørsted-Jensen (2011).
  25. ^ Evans, Raymond & Ørsted–Jensen, Robert: 'I Cannot Say the Numbers that Were Killed': Assessing Violent Mortality on the Queensland Frontier" (paper at AHA 9 July 2014 at University of Queensland) publisher Social Science Research Network
  26. ^ R Evans, quoted in T Bottoms (2013) Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland's Frontier Killing Times, Allen & Unwin, p.181
  27. ^ "Episode Three". Frontier. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  28. ^ "Frontier wars". Queensland Government. 29 May 2023. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  29. ^ Broome (1988), p. 102.
  30. ^ Kerkhove, Ray (19 August 2017). "Battle of One Tree Hill and Its Aftermath". Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. Ray Kerkhove, owner of this site, is a reputable historian. See here Archived 24 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine and here Archived 20 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ^ Marr, David (14 September 2019). "Battle of One Tree Hill: remembering an Indigenous victory and a warrior who routed the whites". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  32. ^ Queenslander 20 April 1901, page 757d-758c and Carl Lumholtz Among Cannibals (London 1889) page 58–59; See also Bottoms 2013, pp. 172–174.
  33. ^ Connor (2008), p. 220.
  34. ^ Jackson, Russell (18 September 2021). "Research discovery suggests AFL pioneer Tom Wills participated in massacres of Indigenous people". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  35. ^ Queenslander, 8 March 1879, page 313d
  36. ^ Coulthard-Clark (2001), pp. 51–52.
  37. ^ Connor (2008), p. 221.
  38. ^ Queensland State Archives A/49714 no 6449 of 1884 (report); QPG re 13 July 1884, Vol 21:213; 21 July 1884 – COL/A395/84/5070; Q 16 August 1884, p253; 20 August 1884 Inquest JUS/N108/84/415; POL/?/84/6449; 15 Queensland Figaro November 1884 and Queensland State Archives A/49714, letter 9436 of 1889.
  39. ^ Tracey Flanagan, Meredith Wilkie, and Susanna Iuliano. "Australian South Sea Islanders: A Century of Race Discrimination under Australian Law" Archived 14 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Human Rights Commission.
  40. ^ Corris, Peter (13 December 2013), Passage, port and plantation: a history of Solomon Islands labour migration, 1870–1914 (Thesis), archived from the original on 27 July 2020, retrieved 5 July 2019
  41. ^ McKinnon, Alex (July 2019). "Blackbirds, Australia had a slave trade?". The Monthly. p. 44.
  42. ^ Ray, K.M. "Life Expectancy and Mortality rates". Encyclopedia.com. Gale Library of Daily Life: Slavery in America. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  43. ^ Sparrow, Jeff (4 August 2022). "Friday essay: a slave state - how blackbirding in colonial Australia created a legacy of racism". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  44. ^ "A fair thing for the Polynesians". The Brisbane Courier. 20 March 1871. p. 7. Retrieved 1 June 2019 – via Trove.
  45. ^ "Documenting Democracy". Foundingdocs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  46. ^ "Documenting Democracy". Museum of Australian Democracy. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  47. ^ "Q150 Timeline". Queensland Treasury. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  48. ^ Rickard, John (2017). Australia: A Cultural History. Monash University. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-921867-60-6.
  49. ^ Patrick, Ross. "Elizabeth Kenny (1880–1952)". Kenny, Elizabeth (1880–1952). Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  50. ^ "Queensland Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages World War One commemorative death certificates | Queensland's World War 1 Centenary". blogs.slq.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  51. ^ Peter Dunn (2 March 2005). "Hirings Section". Australia @ War. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
  52. ^ Dunn, Peter (27 August 2005). "The Battle of Brisbane — 26 & 27 November 1942". Australia @ War. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
  53. ^ Lowe, Ian (2012). Bigger Or Better?: Australia's Population Debate. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702248078.
  54. ^ "State colour | State flags, emblems, and icons". Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  55. ^ Berry, Petrina (13 January 2011). "Brisbane braces for flood peak as Queensland's flood crisis continues". The Courier-Mail. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
  56. ^ "Brisbane floods: Up close". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  57. ^ National Climate Centre. "Climate of Queensland". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  58. ^ "Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology – Australian climatic zones". Bom.gov.au. Retrieved 4 August 2010.[dead link]
  59. ^ "Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology – Climate statistics for Australian locations". Bureau of Meteorology. 19 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  60. ^ "Brisbane Regional Office". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  61. ^ "Mackay M.O." Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  62. ^ "Cairns Aero". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  63. ^ "Townsville Aero". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  64. ^ "Rainfall and Temperature Records". Climate Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  65. ^ "Queensland Snow Events". Weather Armidale. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  66. ^ "Queensland Cyclones". Emergency Management Queensland. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  67. ^ "Queensland Floods Summary". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  68. ^ "Queensland Severe Storms". Emergency Management Queensland. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  69. ^ "Tornadoes". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
  70. ^ "Rainfall and Temperature Records". Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government). Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  71. ^ "Rainfall and Temperature Records: National" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  72. ^ "Official records for Queensland in September". Daily Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. 31 December 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  73. ^ "Official records for Queensland in October". Daily Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  74. ^ "Official records for Queensland in February". Daily Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  75. ^ "Historical tables, demography, 1823 to 2008 (Q150 release)". Queensland Government Statistician's Office. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  76. ^ "Population by capital city and rest of state, Queensland, 1823 to 2007". Queensland Government Statistician's Office. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019.
  77. ^ "3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics, Jun 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  78. ^ "Regional population". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  79. ^ a b c d "2016 Census Community Profiles". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  80. ^ a b c d "2016 Census of Population and Housing: General Community Profile" (ZIP). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  81. ^ "Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. January 1995. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  82. ^ "2016 Census Community Profiles". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  83. ^ "2016 Census of Population and Housing: General Community Profile" (ZIP). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  84. ^ a b c "Snapshot of Queensland". 28 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  85. ^ "Media Release – 2016 Census: Queensland". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  86. ^ "Media Release – 2016 Census: Queensland". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  87. ^ "World University Rankings". TopUniversities.com. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  88. ^ "Top World University Rankings | US News Best Global Universities". Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  89. ^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking - Ranking 2017". Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  90. ^ a b "International students studying in regional areas" (PDF). February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  91. ^ Queensland, c=AU; o=The State of Queensland; ou=State Library of. "State Library of Queensland - Queensland public libraries directory". www.data.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 21 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  92. ^ "Australian National Accounts: State Accounts 2019-20 financial year". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  93. ^ Tom Dusevic (17 December 2009). "Queensland falls back with the pack". The Australian. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  94. ^ "Queensland's significant mineral mines, advanced mineral projects and new intersections" (PDF). Queensland Government. July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  95. ^ "Mineral and coal industry outlook and statistics". Business Queensland. Queensland Government. 12 July 2018. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  96. ^ "Gladstone". Comalco.com. Rio Tinto Aluminium. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  97. ^ "Brisbane business visitor numbers skyrocket". Brisbane Marketing Convention Bureau. e-Travel Blackboard. 3 January 2008. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
  98. ^ "Brisbane Top Companies". Business News Australia. 11 October 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  99. ^ "About TQ – Profile". Tourism Queensland. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  100. ^ "Tourism related information and statistics". Discoverqueensland.com.au. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  101. ^ "The Great Barrier Reef and beyond: a beginner's guide to Queensland's coast". Lonely Planet. 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  102. ^ Haines, Kristof (19 August 2015). "Earth's Top Travel Destinations Revealed". Writer for AirportRentals.com. AirportRentals.com. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  103. ^ TravelTreks (8 September 2016). "Australia's Top 50 Small Towns". Stapylton, Queensland, Australia: DiscountMyFlights.com.au. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  104. ^ "International Market Tourism Facts" (PDF). Tourism Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007.
  105. ^ "DISCOVER BRISBANE'S TOP MAJOR ATTRACTIONS". Brisbane. BEDA. 18 January 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  106. ^ "Things to Do in Brisbane". Tripadvisor. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  107. ^ "BRISBANE TOURIST DESTINATIONS". Brisbane Australia. Intaanetto.com Social Media. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  108. ^ "Glass House Mountains National Park". Parks and forests | Department of Environment and Science, Queensland. 2 September 2022. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  109. ^ Australia, Tourism (12 October 2022). "Guide to the Whitsunday Islands - Tourism Australia". www.australia.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  110. ^ Wanna, John (2003). "Queensland". In Moon, Campbell; Sharman, Jeremy (eds.). Australian Politics and Government: The Commonwealth, the States, and Territories. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-82507-8. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  111. ^ Daly, Margo (2003). The Rough Guide To Australia. Rough Guides Ltd. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-84353-090-9.
  112. ^ Penrith, Deborah (2008). Live & Work in Australia. Crimson Publishing. p. 478. ISBN 978-1-85458-418-2.
  113. ^ "Why Labor struggles in Queensland". Brisbane Times. 23 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013.
  114. ^ George Megalogenis, "The Green and the Grey", Quarterly Essay, Vol. 40, 2010, p69.
  115. ^ "Australia ready for first female leader". BBC News. 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012.
  116. ^ Local Government Act 1993 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, s.34. (Reprint 11E, as in force at 22 November 2007.)
  117. ^ "Rates and valuations". Queensland: Department of Local Government, Sport and Recreation. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  118. ^ "Historical information on the Australian Parliament". Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  119. ^ IOC (12 July 2021). "Brisbane 2032 Summer Olympics - Summer Olympic Games in Australia". Olympics.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  120. ^ a b c "Coat of Arms". Queensland State Government Website. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  121. ^ a b "Queensland Flags & Emblems". Australias Guide. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  122. ^ "Floral emblem | State flags, emblems, and icons". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  123. ^ Parks Australia. "Queensland - Floral Emblems - Australian Plant Information". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  124. ^ "Aquatic emblem | State flags, emblems, and icons". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  125. ^ "State gem | State flags, emblems, and icons". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  126. ^ "Australia For Everyone: State and Territory Emblems". Australia Guide. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  127. ^ "Sharing the road with trams | Transport and motoring". Department of Transport and Main Roads. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  128. ^ "Home". Cross River Rail. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.

Sources

[edit]
  • Bottoms, Timothy (2013). Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland's frontier killing times. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74331-382-4.
  • Broome, Richard (1988). "The Struggle for Australia : Aboriginal-European Warfare, 1770–1930". In McKernan, Michael; Browne, Margaret; Australian War Memorial (eds.). Australia Two Centuries of War & Peace. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian War Memorial in association with Allen and Unwin, Australia. pp. 92–120. ISBN 0-642-99502-8.
  • Connor, John (2008). "Frontier Wars". In Dennis, Peter; et al. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-19-551784-2.
  • Coulthard-Clark, Chris D. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Australia's Battles (Second ed.). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1865086347.
  • Ørsted-Jensen, Robert (2011). Frontier History Revisited – Queensland and the 'History War'. Cooparoo, Brisbane, Qld: Lux Mundi Publishing. ISBN 9781466386822.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queensland.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Queensland.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queensland&oldid=1255367326#Culture"