Cultural depictions of Henry II of England

Henry II ruled as King of England from 1154 to 1189 and at various times he also partially controlled Scotland, Wales, Ireland and the Duchy of Brittany. He has been depicted in various cultural media.

Theatre and film

Henry II appears as a character in several modern plays and films. He is a central character in James Goldman's 1966 play The Lion in Winter, set in 1183 and presenting an imaginary encounter between Henry's immediate family and Philip Augustus over Christmas at Chinon. The 1968 film adaptation communicates the modern popular view of Henry as a somewhat sacrilegious, fiery and determined king although, as Goldman acknowledges, Henry's passions and character are essentially fictional.^[1]^[2] The Lion in Winter has proved to be an enduring representation of Henry, being turned into an Academy-Award-winning film and remade in 2003 for television.

The relationship between Henry and Thomas Becket has been a rich source for dramatic interpretation, for example as early as 1923 in the film Becket. In the play Becket by Jean Anouilh, (filmed in 1964), the character of the King is deliberately fictitious, driven by the need to enhance the drama between them.^[3] The Becket controversy also forms the basis for T. S. Eliot's play Murder in the Cathedral, where the tensions between Henry and Becket allow a discussion of the more superficial events of Becket's death and Eliot's deeper religious interpretation of the episode.^[4] Murder in the Cathedral was adapted for a feature film in 1951, directed by George Hoellering: in this version Alexander Gauge played Henry.^[5]

Henry II appears as a character in the 1884 play Becket by Alfred, Lord Tennyson.^[6] In the 1924 adaption of Tennyson's Becket, A.V. Bramble played Henry II.

Beth Flintoff has written a trilogy of plays which feature Henry II, his mother Matilda and grandfather Henry I . These are fictionalised accounts of historic events. The first, Henry I of England,^[7]^[8] sets the scene by including the foundation of Reading Abbey in 1121 and the second Matilda the Empress shows the future Henry II as a child during The Anarchy period after Henry I's death when Matilda and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession.^[9] In the concluding part, Henry II, which was first performed in October 2018 at Reading's Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin, the king is the main focus. The action of the play is set over the Easter weekend of 1164 when Thomas Becket officiated at the dedication of the then-complete Abbey, of which Henry II was an important patron.^[1]^[10]

Historical fiction and television drama

Walter Scott wrote a novel The Betrothed (1825), which features Henry II as a character.^[11]
Thomas Miller wrote a three-volume historical romance Fair Rosamond; or The Days of King Henry II, first published in 1839.^[12]
Catherine Maberly's 1851 novel The Lady and the Priest is about Henry and his relationships with his mistress Rosamund Clifford, and his antagonist, Thomas à Becket.^[13]
Howard Pyle's 1883 novel The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood features Henry as an enemy of Robin. Following the archery match at Finsbury Fields, Henry attempts to capture him until Queen Eleanor intervenes and persuades Henry to give up the chase.
Henry Bailey's novel The Fool, published in 1921, focused on the young Henry II.^[14]
Alfred Duggan's novel God and My Right (1955) revolves around the conflict between Henry and Thomas à Becket.^[15]
In 1978, the BBC broadcast The Devil's Crown, a thirteen-part series dramatising the reigns of Henry II and two of his sons.
Ken Follett's novel The Pillars of the Earth, published in 1989, features Henry II. The Pillars of the Earth became his best-selling work and was adapted as a television miniseries and a video game
Sharon Penman has written several novels in her Plantagenet series about Henry II and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine
Ariana Franklin's Mistress of the Art of Death historical crime series, comprising Mistress of the Art of Death (2007), The Death Maze (UK), published as The Serpent's Tale in the US (2008), Relics of the Dead (UK), published as Grave Goods in the US (2009), and The Assassin's Prayer (UK), published as A Murderous Procession in the US (2010) includes Henry as character. He is depicted as a headstrong but wise king, concerned with the welfare of his people, reforming the legal system, and maximizing tax revenue.
Elizabeth Chadwick has written a series mainly concerned with Eleanor of Acquitaine in which Henry II is a major character
Alison Weir has written a biography of Eleanor of Aquitaine, and a novel The Captive Queen (2010) based on this work. The Captive Queen features Eleanor's relationship with Henry as part of its plot.^[16]
In the video game Age of Empires II HD: The African Kingdoms, Henry II featured as a two-handed swordsman.

References

^ ^a ^b Martinson, Amanda A. (2007). The Monastic Patronage of King Henry II in England, 1154–1189 (Ph.D. thesis). St Andrews, UK: University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/470.
^ Palmer, R. Barton (2007). "Queering the Lion Heart: Richard I in The Lion in Winter on Stage and Screen". In Kelly, Kathleen Coyne; Pugh, Tison (eds.). Queer Movie Medievalisms. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7546-7592-1.
^ Carlson, Marvin (1995). "Jean Anouilh" in Reference Guide to World Literature. Vol. 1. New York: St. James Press. ISBN 1558623329.
^ Tiwawi, Subha; Tiwawi, Maneesha (2007). The Plays of T.S. Eliot. New Delhi: Atlantic. p. 90. ISBN 978-81-269-0649-9.
^ The New York Times Movie Reviews Murder in the Cathedral; Retrieved on 24 May 2020.
^ Ormond, Leonée. Alfred Tennyson : a literary life. Publisher: New York : St. Martin's Press, 1993. ISBN 9780312095970 (pgs. 181-2)
^ Moss, Stephen (2016-11-02). "Henry I leads the charge to crown Reading as a cultural hotspot". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
^ "Review of Henry I of England". British Theatre Guide. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
^ "Review of Matilda The Empress". The Stage. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
^ "Review of Henry II". The Stage. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
^ Wagenknecht, Edward. Sir Walter Scott. New York : Continuum, 1991. ISBN 9780826404916 (p. 92)
^ "Fair Rosamond". ASIN B004W4M47W.
^ McGarry, Daniel D., White, Sarah Harriman, Historical Fiction Guide: Annotated Chronological, Geographical, and Topical List of Five Thousand Selected Historical Novels. Scarecrow Press, New York, 1963 (p. 62)
^ "Review of The Fool by H.C. Bailey". The Queenslander, 4 Feb 1922. (p.3)
^ Cam, Helen Maud. What of the Middle Ages is alive in England today? University of London, Athlone Press, 1961 (p.25)
^ Jones, Barney (August 13, 2010). "Review:Captive Queen". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 22, 2020.

[Martinson-1] Martinson, Amanda A. (2007). The Monastic Patronage of King Henry II in England, 1154–1189 (Ph.D. thesis). St Andrews, UK: University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/470.

[2] Palmer, R. Barton (2007). "Queering the Lion Heart: Richard I in The Lion in Winter on Stage and Screen". In Kelly, Kathleen Coyne; Pugh, Tison (eds.). Queer Movie Medievalisms. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7546-7592-1.

[Carlson-3] Carlson, Marvin (1995). "Jean Anouilh" in Reference Guide to World Literature. Vol. 1. New York: St. James Press. ISBN 1558623329.

[4] Tiwawi, Subha; Tiwawi, Maneesha (2007). The Plays of T.S. Eliot. New Delhi: Atlantic. p. 90. ISBN 978-81-269-0649-9.

[5] The New York Times Movie Reviews Murder in the Cathedral; Retrieved on 24 May 2020.

[6] Ormond, Leonée. Alfred Tennyson : a literary life. Publisher: New York : St. Martin's Press, 1993. ISBN 9780312095970 (pgs. 181-2)

[7] Moss, Stephen (2016-11-02). "Henry I leads the charge to crown Reading as a cultural hotspot". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-12-03.

[8] "Review of Henry I of England". British Theatre Guide. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 2018-12-03.

[9] "Review of Matilda The Empress". The Stage. Retrieved 2018-12-03.

[10] "Review of Henry II". The Stage. Retrieved 2018-12-03.

[11] Wagenknecht, Edward. Sir Walter Scott. New York : Continuum, 1991. ISBN 9780826404916 (p. 92)

[12] "Fair Rosamond". ASIN B004W4M47W.

[13] McGarry, Daniel D., White, Sarah Harriman, Historical Fiction Guide: Annotated Chronological, Geographical, and Topical List of Five Thousand Selected Historical Novels. Scarecrow Press, New York, 1963 (p. 62)

[14] "Review of The Fool by H.C. Bailey". The Queenslander, 4 Feb 1922. (p.3)

[15] Cam, Helen Maud. What of the Middle Ages is alive in England today? University of London, Athlone Press, 1961 (p.25)

[16] Jones, Barney (August 13, 2010). "Review:Captive Queen". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 22, 2020.

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v t e Cultural depictions of English and British monarchs
Kingdom of the English 886–1066	Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Æthelflæd Ælfweard Athelstan the Glorious¹ Edmund the Magnificent¹ Eadred¹ Eadwig the Fair¹ Edgar the Peaceable¹ Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Forkbeard Edmund Ironside Cnut¹ Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar the Ætheling
Kingdom of England 1066–1649	William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II² Henry the Young King Richard I John² Henry III² Edward I² Edward II² Edward III² Richard II² Henry IV² Henry V² Henry VI² Edward IV² Edward V² Richard III² Henry VII² Henry VIII² Edward VI² Jane² Mary I² with Philip² Elizabeth I ² James I³ Charles I³
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1653–1659	Oliver Cromwell⁴ Richard Cromwell⁴
Kingdom of England 1660–1707	Charles II³ James II³ William III and Mary II³ Anne³
Kingdom of Scotland 843–1707 (traditional)	Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I (II) Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II (III) Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III (IV) Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I the Lion Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI ⁵ Charles I⁵ Charles II⁵ James VII⁵ Mary II⁵ William III⁵ Anne⁵
British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707	Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III
¹Overlord of Britain. ²Also ruler of Ireland. ³Also ruler of Scotland and Ireland. ⁴Lord Protector. ⁵Also ruler of England and Ireland. Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

Theatre and film

Historical fiction and television drama

Further reading

References