Crystal plasticity
Crystal plasticity is a mesoscale computational technique that takes into account crystallographic anisotropy in modelling the mechanical behaviour of polycrystalline materials. The technique has typically been used to study deformation through the process of slip, however, there are some flavors of crystal plasticity that can incorporate other deformation mechanisms like twinning and phase transformations.[1] Crystal plasticity is used to obtain the relationship between stress and strain that also captures the underlying physics at the crystal level. Hence, it can be used to predict not just the stress-strain response of a material, but also the texture evolution, micromechanical field distributions, and regions of strain localisation.[2] The two widely used formulations of crystal plasticity are the one based on the finite element method known as Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method (CPFEM),[3] which is developed based on the finite strain formulation for the mechanics, and a spectral formulation which is more computationally efficient due to the fast Fourier transform, but is based on the small strain formulation for the mechanics.[4][5]
Basic concepts
[edit]Crystal plasticity assumes that any deformation that is applied to a material is accommodated by the process of slip, where dislocation motion occurs on a slip system. Further, Schmid's law is assumed to be a valid, where a given slip system is said to be active when the resolved shear stress along the slip system exceeds the critical resolved shear stress of the slip system. Since the applied deformation occurs in the macroscopic sample reference frame and slip occurs in the single crystal reference frame, in order to consistently apply the constitutive relations, an orientation map (e.g. using Bunge Euler angles) is required for each grain in the polycrystal. This orientation information can be used to transform the relevant tensors between the crystal frame of reference and the sample frame of reference. The slip systems are described by the Schmid tensor, which is tensor product of the Burgers vector and the slip plane normal, and the Schmid tensor is used to obtain the resolved shear stress in each slip system. Each slip system can undergo different amounts of shearing, and obtaining these shear rates lies at the crux of crystal plasticity. Further, by keeping track of the accumulated strain, the critical resolved shear stress is updated according to various hardening models (e.g. Voce hardening law), and this recovers the observed macroscopic stress-strain response for the material. The texture evolution is captured by updating the crystallographic orientation of the grains based on how much each grain deforms.[2][5]
Further reading
[edit]- Dunne, Fionn; Petrinic, Nik (2005-06-09). Introduction to Computational Plasticity. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151380-0.
References
[edit]- ^ Courtney, Thomas H. (2000). Mechanical behavior of materials (2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-1577664253.
- ^ a b Pokharel, Reeju; Lind, Jonathan; Kanjarla, Anand K.; Lebensohn, Ricardo A.; Li, Shiu Fai; Kenesei, Peter; Suter, Robert M.; Rollett, Anthony D. (March 2014). "Polycrystal Plasticity: Comparison Between Grain - Scale Observations of Deformation and Simulations". Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics. 5 (1): 317–346. Bibcode:2014ARCMP...5..317P. doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031113-133846. OSTI 1763197.
- ^ Roters, F.; Eisenlohr, P.; Hantcherli, L.; Tjahjanto, D.D.; Bieler, T.R.; Raabe, D. (February 2010). "Overview of constitutive laws, kinematics, homogenization and multiscale methods in crystal plasticity finite-element modeling: Theory, experiments, applications". Acta Materialia. 58 (4): 1152–1211. Bibcode:2010AcMat..58.1152R. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2009.10.058.
- ^ Moulinec, H.; Suquet, P. (April 1998). "A numerical method for computing the overall response of nonlinear composites with complex microstructure". Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 157 (1–2): 69–94. arXiv:2012.08962. Bibcode:1998CMAME.157...69M. doi:10.1016/S0045-7825(97)00218-1. S2CID 120640232.
- ^ a b Lebensohn, Ricardo A.; Rollett, Anthony D. (February 2020). "Spectral methods for full-field micromechanical modelling of polycrystalline materials". Computational Materials Science. 173: 109336. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2019.109336.
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